Siege of Gurganj

{{Short description|Seizure and destruction of Gurganj by the Mongol army}}

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Siege of Gurganj (1221)

| width =

| partof = Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire

| image = File:The Mongols executing a Muslim Emir.jpg

| image_size = 300px

| alt = Depiction of an execution in Gurganj

| caption = A depiction of an execution following the siege

| date = 1221

| place = Gurganj, present-day Turkmenistan

| coordinates = {{coord|42.32|59.18|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| result = Mongol victory

| combatants_header = Belligerents

| combatant1 = Mongol Empire

| combatant2 = Khwarazmian Empire

| commander1 = {{unbulleted list|Ogedei Khan

|Chagatai Khan

|Jochi

}}

| commander2 = Unknown

| units1 = {{plainlist|

• Horse archers
• Auxiliaries, and engineers
• Siege engines, including Chinese gunpowder weapons}}

| units2 = City garrison

| strength1 = Unknown

| strength2 = Unknown

| casualties1 = Unknown

| casualties2 = All

| notes =

| campaignbox =

| map_type = Turkmenistan

| map_relief =

| map_size = 280px

| map_marksize =

| map_caption = Location of the siege on a map of modern Turkmenistan

| map_label = Gurganj

}}

{{Campaignbox Ögedei Khan's Campaigns}}

{{Campaignbox Mongol Invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire}}

The siege of Gurganj was a siege that occurred during the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire. The siege's length is variable, with historians such as Rashid al-Din Hamadani stating that it lasted for seven months, but it is largely agreed that it ended with the defeat and annihilation of the city in April 1221.{{Sfn|Saunders|2023|p=59}}{{Cite book |last=Bartolʹd |first=Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich |url= |title=Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion |date=1977 |publisher=Gibb Memorial Trust |isbn=9780906094655 |pages=434–437 |language=en}} Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire, had launched a multi-pronged assault on the Khwarazmian Empire, ruled by Shah Muhammad II.{{cite journal |last=Golden |first=Peter |date=2009 |title=Inner Asia c.1200 |url= |journal=The Cambridge History of Inner Asia |volume=The Chinggisid Age |issue= |pages=9–25 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004 |isbn=9781139056045}} Through a combination of efficient planning and excellent manoeuvering, the Khan's army managed to take the border town of Otrar swiftly, followed by the large cities of Bukhara and Samarkand.{{cite book |last=Buniyatov |first=Z. M. |trans-title=A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231 |script-title=ru:Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов: 1097-1231 |orig-date=1986 |date=2015 |location=Moscow |publisher=Nauka |isbn= 978-9943-357-21-1 |translator-last1=Mustafayev |translator-first1=Shahin |translator-last2=Welsford |translator-first2=Thomas}} The siege, among others, was witnessed by the Persian biographer Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, who recorded an account in Arabic c. 1241.{{cite book |last1=Levi |first1=Scott Cameron |title=Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources |last2=Sela |first2=Ron |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0253353856 |location=Bloomington, IN |page=125}}

Genghis sent a detachment, led by his sons Jochi and Chagatai, northwest to lay siege to the former capital of Gurganj. Immensely wealthy, the city lay on marshy grounds on the delta of the Amu Darya, making it difficult to assault.{{cite journal |last=Biran |first=Michal |date=2009 |title=The Mongols in Central Asia from Chinggis Khan's invasion to the rise of Temür |url= |journal=The Cambridge History of Inner Asia |volume=The Chinggisid Age |issue= |page=47 |isbn=9781139056045}} Adapting to the lack of stones to use as projectiles, the Mongols cut down huge groves of mulberry trees, soaked the trunks in water to harden them, and used them as battering rams and catapult projectiles.{{Sfn|Saunders|2023|p=59}}

The siege was complicated by disagreements between the two commanding brothers.{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Peter |date=2009 |title=The Mongol Age in Eastern Inner Asia |url= |journal=The Cambridge History of Inner Asia |volume=The Chinggisid Age |issue= |pages=26–45 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139056045.005 |isbn=9781139056045}} Eventually, Genghis sent Ogedai, his third son and eventual heir, as sole commander for the siege.{{Sfn|Saunders|2023|p=73}}

When the city was eventually taken, it was annihilated, in one of the bloodiest massacres in human history.{{cite book |last=May |first=Timothy |date=2018 |title=The Mongol Empire |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |jstor=10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68 |isbn= 9780748642373 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68}} In the final assault on the city walls, thousands of civilians were herded together by the Mongols and pushed into the city's moats. The corpses eventually filled the moats, upon which a ramp was built to attack the walls.{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |url= |title=Subotai the Valiant: Genghis Khan's Greatest General |date=2004-06-30 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780275975821 |pages=42 |language=en}}

The Mongols destroyed the dams on the Oxus River, flooding the city. They enslaved the women, children, and the city's artisans, totaling to around 100,000 people and killed the remaining population.{{Sfn|Saunders|2023|p=60}} The dams were never repaired, possibly because no one alive knew how to repair them, and the Oxus then flowed into the Caspian Sea for the next 300 years.{{Sfn|Saunders|2023|p=60}}

After the destruction of Gurganj, the Mongols established the nearby city of Ürgenč, which quickly became a flourishing commercial centre.