Sierra Sciences

In humans, aging is strongly correlated with the length of an individual's telomeres, the repetitive DNA at the ends of each chromosome. Each time a cell in the body divides, its telomeres become shorter.{{Citation|year=2008 |title=Are Telomeres the Key to Aging and Cancer? |author=Siegel, Lee J. |publisher=The University of Utah, Genetic Science Learning Center |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/features/telomeres/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220114436/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/features/telomeres/ |archivedate=December 20, 2007 }} Eventually, telomeres shorten to the point where the cell is unable to divide (the "Hayflick limit"). The enzyme telomerase adds these DNA sequence repeats to the telomere, re-lengthening it. In humans, telomerase is expressed in embryonic stem cells and some other cells, but most somatic cells do not express it.{{Citation

| year = 2002 | title = The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer|author1=Coleman, William B. |author2=Tsongalis, Gregory J. |name-list-style=amp | publisher = Humana Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ0JCCoPEz4C

| isbn = 978-0-89603-634-5}}

While working at Geron Corporation, Andrews co-discovered the RNA component of human telomerase (hTR).{{Citation | year = 1996 | title = Mammalian telomerase| publisher = United States Patent | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US5583016}}{{Citation

| year = 1995 | title = The RNA component of human telomerase.| publisher = Science | pmid = 7544491 | doi=10.1126/science.7544491 | volume=269 | journal=Science | pages=1236–41 | vauthors=Feng J, Funk WD, Wang SS |display-authors=etal }} For this discovery, Andrews was awarded second place as "National Inventor of the Year" in 1997 by the Intellectual Property Owners Association.{{Citation|year=2006 |title=Company overview |publisher=Sierra Sciences |url=http://www.sierrasci.com/company/index.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228071229/http://www.sierrasci.com/company/index.html |archivedate=December 28, 2007 }} Andrews also co-discovered the protein component of human telomerase (hTERT).{{Citation | year = 2001 | title = Telomerase| publisher = United States Patent | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US6261836}} The hTERT gene is present in all human cells, but is repressed in most.

In 1997, Andrews left Geron, and, in 1999, founded Sierra Sciences to pursue the anti-aging implications of these discoveries, intending to find a drug that would "switch on" this repressed gene.

{{Outdated section|date=July 2015}}

At the time of its inception, Sierra Sciences' President was Dan Fylstra, founder of VisiCorp.

In 2002, Richard Offerdahl, co-founder of Zycad Corporation and former director of Digi International, assumed the position of Chairman of the Board of Sierra Sciences.

In 2003, Offerdahl was elected Chief Operating Officer and Pierluigi Zappacosta (co-founder of Logitech) was elected President and Chief Executive Officer.

In 2008, Andrews was promoted to President and CEO, and Zappacosta took the roles of Co-Chairman of the Board and Vice President, Business Development.

In early 2016, Bill Andrews announced that Sierra Sciences was working with BioViva and will be to starting a new venture BioViva FIJI on Fiji and they will be the first company to use gene therapy to treat biological aging in humans. However, when contacted for comment, authorities in Fiji denied any such claim.{{cite news|author=Jyoti Pratibha |url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2016/06/08/authorities-deny-anti-ageing-clinic-being-set-up-here/ |title=Authorities deny anti-ageing clinic being set up here |work=Fiji Sun |date=8 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130830/https://fijisun.com.fj/2016/06/08/authorities-deny-anti-ageing-clinic-being-set-up-here/ |archive-date=8 November 2020}}

In 2001, Sierra Sciences discovered a repressor binding site (dubbed "Site C") that blocks the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase ("TERT"), patented in 2004.{{Citation | year = 2004 | title = Methods and compositions for modulating telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression| publisher = United States Patent | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US6686159}} Sierra Sciences discovered another repressor bind site, "GC-Box 5," in 2004, patented in 2007.{{Citation | year = 2007 | title = Methods and compositions for modulating telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression| publisher = United States Patent | url = http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=7,279,328.PN.&OS=PN/7,279,328&RS=PN/7,279,328}}

Sierra Sciences discovered methods of assaying TERT promoter modulatory agents, allowing the company to efficiently check a variety of compounds to see if they inhibit repression of hTERT, in 2005.{{Citation | year = 2007 | title = Assays for TERT promoter modulatory agents using a telomerase structural RNA component| publisher = United States Patent | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US7226744}}

In 2007, the company discovered a small-molecule drug-like compound, "C0057684", that activates telomerase expression in human cells.{{Citation|year=2008 |title=The Discovery of C0057684, a Telomerase Activity Inducing Compound |author=Tanglao, Shawna |publisher=The Methuselah Foundation |url=http://www.mfoundation.org/UABBA/presenting/abstracts/tanglao/ |display-authors=1 |author2= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629050239/http://www.mfoundation.org/UABBA/presenting/abstracts/tanglao/ |archivedate=June 29, 2008 }} In 2008, using C0057684 as a positive control, Sierra Sciences developed a quantitative PCR based high-throughput screening assay to more efficiently screen for compounds that transiently induce the expression of endogenous telomerase in human cells. Sierra Sciences has identified more than fifty such drugs and is characterizing their mechanism of action.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

• Telomere
• Telomerase

{{reflist|2}}

• [https://sierrasci.com/ Company web site]

{{Life extension}}

Category:Biogerontology organizations

Category:Biotechnology companies of the United States

Category:Companies based in Reno, Nevada

Category:Life extension organizations

Category:Privately held companies based in Nevada

Category:American companies established in 1999