Sigeberht of East Anglia

Sigeberht ruled the kingdom of East Anglia ({{langx|ang|Ēast Engla Rīce}}), a small independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom that comprised what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Cambridgeshire Fens.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

It is not known when Sigeberht was born and nothing is known of his life before he was exiled from East Anglia prior to becoming king, as few records have survived from this period of English history. The most reliable source for Sigeberht's background and career is Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People (produced in 731), in which Bede stated that Sigeberht was the brother of Eorpwald{{refn|1=Bede, ii, 15: 'His temporibus regno Orientalium Anglorum, post Erpualdum Redualdi successorem, Sigberct frater eius praefuit, homo bonus ac religiosus'. {{sfn|Bede|1999|loc=ii, 15}}|group=note}} and the son of Rædwald, who ruled the kingdom of East Anglia from about 599 to 624, but William of Malmesbury described him as Rædwald's stepson.'His son, Eorpwald, embraced pure Christianity, and poured out his immaculate spirit to God, being barbarously murdered by the heathen Richbert. To him succeeded Sigebert, his brother by the mother's side.' [https://archive.org/stream/williammalmesbu00malmgoog#page/n111/mode/2up William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England] chapter 5 p.89 (a 1904 translation). The stepson theory is strengthened by the fact that the name Sigeberht is without comparison in the East Anglian Wuffingas dynasty, but closely resembles the naming fashions of the East Saxon royal house. If this identification is correct, Rædwald's wife had previously been married to an East Saxon prince or ruler.{{CN|date=June 2023}}{{dubious|date=June 2023|reason=Even the unreliable source this was originally referenced to considered this dubious}} Rædwald's own principal heir was Rægenhere (a youth of warrior age in 616, when he was slain in battle){{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=72}} and his second heir was Eorpwald, slain by the heathen Ricberht in about 627.Uerum Eorpuald non multo, postquam fidem accepit, tempore occisus est a uiro gentili nomine Ricbercto ([http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bede/bede2.shtml#15 Bede]).{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=99}}

Rædwald was baptised before 616 and a Christian altar existed in his temple, but his son Eorpwald was not himself a convert when he succeeded Rædwald in about 624.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=97}} Since it is known that Rædwald's wife (who was Sigeberht's mother) did not become a Christian, Sigeberht must have received limited encouragement to convert to Christianity before being sent to Gaul and remaining there as an exile for many years during the lifetime of Eorpwald, "while fleeing from the enmity of Rædwald", as Bede reports.Bede, Historia iii. 18. His exile supports the stepson theory, if Rædwald was protecting Eorpwald's succession against a possible claim by a son who was not of the Wuffingas line.{{sfn|Yorke|2002|p=68}}

Whilst living in Gaul as an exile, Sigeberht was converted and baptized and became a devout Christian and a man of learning. He was strongly impressed by the religious institutions and schools for the study of reading and writing which he found during his long exile.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|pp=100-101}}

File:Britain peoples circa 600.svg

After an interregnum prompted by Eorpwald's assassination, Sigeberht returned from Gaul to become ruler of the East Angles. It is likely that he gained the kingdom by military means, because his prowess as a commander was later remembered. During his reign, part of the kingdom was governed by Ecgric his 'kinsman', a relationship described by the Latin term cognatus.Tantumque rex ille caelestis regni amator factus est, ut ad ultimum, relictis regni negotiis, et cognato suo Ecgrice commendatis, qui et antea partem eiusdem regni tenebat, (Bede iii, 18). This may mean that Ecgric was a son of Rædwald. However, the historian Steven Plunkett is amongst those that consider Ecgric to be the same person as Æthelric, named in the East Anglian tally (in the Anglian collection) as a son of Eni, Rædwald's brother.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=100}} Whoever the pagan Ecgric was, Sigeberht had equal or senior power while he ruled, because the influence of his religious patronage was felt throughout his kingdom.

Sigeberht's Christian conversion may have been a decisive factor in his achieving royal power, since at that time Edwin of Northumbria (616–632 or 633) was the senior English king and he and Eadbald, who ruled Kent, were Christian. Eadbald certainly had contacts with the Frankish rulers. After Dagobert succeeded Clothar II in Francia in 628, Sigeberht's emergence helped to strengthen the English conversion upon which Edwin's power rested.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|pp=99-100}} Sigeberht is likely to have encouraged the conversion of Ecgric, if he was not already Christian. Edwin's encouragement took shape in the marriage of his grand-niece Hereswitha, sister of Hilda of Whitby, to Æthelric, Rædwald's nephew. Hereswith and Hilda were under Edwin's protection and were baptised with him in 626.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=98}}

File:Williamson p16 3.svg

Bede relates that the East Anglian apostle Felix of Burgundy came to England from Burgundy as a missionary bishop and was sent by Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, to assist in establishing Christianity in Sigeberht's kingdom.{{sfn|Warner|1996|p=109}} William of Malmesbury had the later story that Felix accompanied Sigeberht to East Anglia. In either case, this dates Sigeberht's accession to around 629–630, because Felix was bishop for seventeen years, his successor Thomas for five and Thomas' successor Berhtgisl Boniface for seventeen – and Berhtgisl died in around 669.{{sfn|Kirby|2000|p=66}} Sigeberht established the bishop's seat of his kingdom for Felix at Dommoc,Bede, ii., 15. claimed variously for Dunwich or Walton, Felixstowe (both coastal sites in Suffolk). If the seat was at Walton (as Rochester claimed during the 13th century), the site of Dommoc may have been within the precinct of a Roman fort which formerly stood there.{{sfn|Haslam|1992|p=41}}

Sigeberht secured the future of the Church in East Anglia when he established a school in his kingdom so that boys could be taught reading and writing in Latin, on the model that he had witnessed in Gaul.{{sfn|Warner|1996|p=109}} Felix assisted him by obtaining teachers of the kind who taught in Kent.{{sfn|Stenton|1988|p=116}} According to the Life of Gregory the Great, Paulinus of York, who from 633 to 644 was the Bishop of Rochester in northern Kent, had been connected with Rædwald's court during the exile of Edwin.{{sfn|Yorke|2002|p=60}}The 8th-century Life of Gregory the Great was written at Whitby. The passage (in Latin) that describes Paulins' connection with Rædwald's court can be found at the [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029389271#page/n43/mode/2up/search/Paulinus Internet Archive].

The allegiance of Felix to Canterbury determined the Roman basis of the East Anglian Church, influenced along continental lines,{{sfn|Stenton|1988|p=117}} though Felix's training in Burgundy may have been coloured by the teaching of the Irish missionary Saint Columbanus in Luxeuil.{{sfn|Yorke|2002|p=65}} In around 633, perhaps shortly before Saint Aidan was sent to Lindisfarne from Iona, the Irish royal hermit and missionary Saint Fursey came to East Anglia from the Athlone area, along with his priests and brethren. Sigeberht granted him a monastery site in an old Roman fort called Cnobheresburg,{{sfn|Warner|1996|pp=111-112}} usually identified as Burgh Castle, near Great Yarmouth. Felix and Fursey both effected a large number of conversions and established many churches in Sigeberht's kingdom. Bede records that Archbishop Honorius and Bishop Felix much admired the work of Saint Aidan of LindisfarneBede, iii., 25. and it is therefore likely that they also appreciated the tasks accomplished by Saint Fursey, whose community also lived according to the ascetic principles of Irish Christianity.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=105}}

At some point during his reign, Sigeberht abdicated his power to Ecgric and retired to lead a religious life within a monastery he had built for his own use. Bede does not name the location of Sigeberht's monastery, but later sources name it as Beodricesworth, afterwards called Bury St Edmunds. If that identification is accepted, the likely site was in the original precinct of the mediaeval abbey at Bury St Edmunds, probably the 'worth' or curtilage of Beodric after whom the place was originally named.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|p=106}} The site occupied a strong position on the upper reaches of the Lark valley, which drains north-west into the Great Fen through important early settlements at Icklingham, Culford, West Stow and others. This was a line of access towards Ely, where a foundation of Saint Augustine may already have existed, and towards Soham, where Saint Felix is thought to have founded a monastery.{{sfn|Plunkett|2005|pp=73, 102}}

At an unknown date, which may have been in the early 640s,{{sfn|Yorke|2002|p=62}} East Anglia was attacked by a Mercian army and Ecgric was obliged to defend it with a much smaller force, though one that was not negligible. The East Angles appealed to Sigeberht to leave his monastery and lead them in battle, hoping that his presence and the memory of his former military exploits would encourage the army and make them less likely to flee. Sigeberht refused, saying that he had renounced his worldly kingdom and now lived only for the heavenly kingdom. However, he was dragged from the monastery to the battlefield where, unwilling to bear arms, he went into battle carrying only a staff. The Mercians were victorious and Sigeberht, Ecgric and many of the East Angles were slain and their army was routed. In this way Sigeberht became a Christian martyr.Bede, iii., 18. He is among the names of the kings who according to an ancient saying, were avenged by the slaying of Penda in 654.{{sfn|Henry of Huntingdon|1996|p=121}}Plunkett, Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times, p.115: 'Thus came about the saying, that the slaying of Anna, of Sigeberht and Ecgric, and of Oswald and Eadwine, in Winwed amne vindicata est.'

The Church that Sigeberht had done so much to establish in East Anglia survived for two centuries, enduring 'evil times' (such as the period when the kingdom was under attack by the armies of Penda of Mercia). It lasted continuously under a succession of bishops until the Danish Great Heathen Army invaded East Anglia in the 860s.{{sfn|Stenton|1988|pp=117, 248}}

The feast day of Sigeberht is commemorated on various dates, even within the same religious tradition. For example, different Catholic calendars of saints designate 16 January 27 September, or 29 October, or note two dates as alternatives.{{sfnp|Thua|2019}}{{sfnp|Young|2015}}{{sfnp|Celtic Saints|2021}} Lives of the English Saints, written by John Henry Newman in 1843, is amongst the texts that gives Sigeberht's feast day as being observed on 29 October.Sigeberht's feast date can be found in both [http://www.newmanreader.org/works/apologia65/saints.html Newman Reader] and [https://archive.org/stream/livesofsaints12bari#page/711/mode/2up Lives of Saints]. Eastern Orthodox sources also give 16 January, but in addition list 25 January and 27 September as the relevant feast day.{{sfnp|Orthodox Church in America|2022}}{{sfnp|Orthodox England|n.d.}}{{sfnp|Holy Trinity Orthodox Church|2012}}

• For more information on Ecgric's Wuffingas identity, see the family trees in Ecgric of East Anglia.

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{EB1911|wstitle=East Anglia }}

{{reflist|2}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Bede

| author-link =Bede

| title = Ecclesiastical History of the English People

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| year = 1999

| isbn = 978-0-19-283866-7}} (available at [https://books.google.com/books?id=egy-k7LV-e4C&q=Sigeberht Google Books])

• {{cite journal |last1=Haslam |first1=Jeremy |year=1992 |title=Dommoc and Dunwich: A Reappraisal |journal=Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History |volume=5 |pages=41 |publisher=Oxford |url=http://jeremyhaslam.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/dunwich-pdf.pdf |access-date=8 February 2011 }}
• {{Cite book

| last1= Henry of Huntingdon

| author-link1 = Henry of Huntingdon

| translator-last1= Greenway |translator-first1= Diana E.

| title = Historia Anglorum: the history of the English people

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| year = 1996

| isbn = 978-0-19-822224-8

}}

• {{Cite book

| last = Kirby

| first = D.P.

| title = The Earliest English Kings

| publisher = Routledge

| location = London and New York

| year = 2000

| isbn = 978-0-415-24211-0

}}

• {{Cite book

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| first = Steven

| title = Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times

| publisher = Tempus

| location = Stroud

| year = 2005

| isbn = 978-0-7524-3139-0 }}

• {{Cite book

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| location = London and New York

| year = 2002

|url=https://archive.org/details/KingsAndKingdomsOfEarlyAngloSaxonEngland/page/n1/mode/2up

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• {{cite web |date=2021|title=Celtic and Old English Saints|quote=Saint Sigebert: Died 635; feast day 16 January, sometimes 27 September |url=https://celticsaints.org/2021/0927b.html |website=Celtic Saints|ref={{sfnref|Celtic Saints|2021}}}}
• {{cite web |last1=Thua |first1=Laban |title=Saint Sigeberht of East Anglia - Feast Day - January 16 |url=https://catholicreadings.org/saint-sigeberht-of-east-anglia/ |website=Catholic Daily Readings |access-date=30 January 2023 |date=8 May 2019}}
• {{cite web |last1=Young |first1=Francis |title=St Sigebert: East Anglia's first martyr king |url=https://drfrancisyoung.com/2015/10/29/st-sigebert-east-anglias-first-martyr-king/ |website=Dr Francis Young − publications |access-date=30 January 2023 |language=en |date=29 October 2015}}
• {{cite web |title=Orthodox Calendar: January 16, 2012 (Church Calendar) |url=http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/index.php?year=2012&today=29&month=1&trp=0&tzo=-4 |website=Holy Trinity Orthodox Church |quote= St. Sigebert, king of the East Angles, martyr (635) (Celtic & British), January 16.|ref={{sfnref|Holy Trinity Orthodox Church|2012}}}}
• {{cite web |title=Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome |url=http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdjan.htm |website=Orthodox England.org.uk |quote=Sigebert Jan 25|ref={{sfnref|Orthodox England|n.d.}}}}
• {{cite web |title=Saint Felix of Burgundy, Bishop of Dunwich, Enlightener of East Anglia|date=March 2022 |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/03/08/100704-saint-felix-of-burgundy-bishop-of-dunwich-enlightener-of-east-an |website=Orthodox Church in America |access-date=30 January 2023 |quote=It was he who converted Sigebert (September 27), King of East Anglia{{nbsp}}...|ref={{sfnref|Orthodox Church in America|2022}}}}

• A poem written in 1879 by {{cite web |url= https://archive.org/stream/a570571200deveuoft#page/n121/mode/2up |title= King Sigebert of East Anglia, and Heida the Prophetess |author= Aubrey De Vere |author-link=Sir Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Baronet |work= Legends of the Saxon Saints|year= 1879 |access-date=7 February 2011 |page=67 |ref=none}}
• A. Williams, A.P. Smyth and D.P. Kirkby (1991), A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain (Seaby 1991). {{ISBN|978-1-85264-047-7}}.
• {{cite web |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029389271 |title=A life of Pope St. Gregory the Great |author= Gasquet, Francis Aidan / 8th-century monk at Whitby |year= 1904 |access-date=9 February 2011 |ref=none}}

• {{PASE|1776|Sigeberht 3}}

{{S-start}}

{{S-roy|en}}

{{Succession box|

before=Ricberht |

title=King of East Anglia with Ecgric |

years= 629–634|

after=Ecgric (alone) |

}}

{{S-end}}

{{Kings of East Anglia}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sigeberht Of East}}

Category:7th-century deaths

Category:East Anglian monarchs

Sigebert

Category:7th-century Christian saints

Category:7th-century English monarchs

Category:Year of birth unknown

Category:Monarchs who abdicated

Category:House of Wuffingas