Sikh Studies

The field focuses on "the Sikh community, its history, and religious culture, Sikhism."

{{Sikh literature}}

The majority of serious academic literature produced remains in European languages, such as English, French, and German, but there are many works being produced in Indic languages, such as in Hindi, Urdu, and especially Punjabi.

The field is seen as beginning around the mid-20th century, during the time of the partition of the Indian subcontinent into two domains: Pakistan and India. Literature in European languages regarding Sikhs and Sikhism has existed since the 18th century but the institutional environment did not exist at that period to further these inquiries and attempts into a proper field of study. With worldwide interest in the Sikhs growing in the aftermath of the partition, increased Sikh migration around the world, plights of ethnic and religious minorities being recognized, the institutional apparatus needed to birth the field of Sikh studies began to form and take shape.

Initially, the field focused on historical and philological textual study but later-on delved into philosophy and ethics. The early works were authored with the aim to "assert the uniqueness of Sikhs as a separate world religion". However, recent works produced have ventured into exploring anthropology, sociology, and political sciences of the Sikhs. Whilst the field looks at the Sikhs as being a production of the cultural framework and tapestry of the Indian subcontinent and its civilization, scholars in the field admit that the Sikhs oftentimes "confounds categorical schema at every turn".

Recently, a newfound direction of the field is toward "incorporation of critical modes of thinking, theory, philosophy, and antiphilosophy which uses central Sikh texts, culture, and history to engage and actualize Sikh thinking to force an encounter with its hegemonic other."

The University of Toronto Mississauga (UTM) established a Sikh Studies endowed chair in 2024 to improve research in the field.{{Cite web |last=Easton |first=Megan |date=9 October 2024 |title=UTM establishes Ontario's first endowed chair in Sikh studies, propelling study of Sikhism at U of T |url=https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/main-news/utm-establishes-ontarios-first-endowed-chair-sikh-studies-propelling-study-sikhism-u-t |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=University of Toronto Mississauga}} It is the only one of its kind in Canada.

Pashaura Singh's scholarly work has faced push-back and criticism from some traditionalist and conservative sections of the Sikh community.{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=December 1998 |title=Recent trends and prospects in Sikh studies |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000842989802700404 |journal=Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=407–425 |doi=10.1177/000842989802700404 |via=Sage|url-access=subscription }}

A few Sikh groups have put pressure on universities to stifle academic criticism of popular Sikh literature and theories of Sikh history.{{cite book |author1=John Stratton Hawley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC |title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |author2=Gurinder Singh Mann |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2 |page=3}} In the early 1990s, Pashaura Singh, an academic of the Macleodian school, was campaigned against for challenging the authenticity of Guru Granth Sahib. Singh was pressured to withdraw sections of his thesis.{{cite book |author=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPQtDwAAQBAJ |title=The Bhagats of the Guru Granth Sahib: Sikh Self-Definition and the Bhagat Bani |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-908772-3 |pages=Foreword by WH McLeod}}[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19930915-professor-of-sikh-studies-pashaura-singh-refuses-to-honour-akal-takht-decree-811562-1993-09-15 Professor of Sikh Studies Pashaura Singh refuses to honour Akal Takht decree], India Today (15 September 1993), Viji Sundaram[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/clat-to-be-held-on-2020-changes-in-question-paper-format/articleshow/72171705.cms Sikh bodies object Punjabi University's call to controversial Sikh scholar at International Conference], The Times of India (22 November 2019) The Akal Takht issued a statement that Pashaura Singh was afforded due opportunity by the Akal Rakhta and other Sikh scholars on his comparative method (borrowed from Trumpp) and his hypothesis of the draft theory was rejected as forcibly injecting undated texts dated much beyond the timeline of the Adi Granth.{{Cite web |title=Professor of Sikh Studies Pashaura Singh refuses to honour Akal Takht decree |date=15 September 1993 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19930915-professor-of-sikh-studies-pashaura-singh-refuses-to-honour-akal-takht-decree-811562-1993-09-15}} Another academic also praised by MacLeod, Harjot Oberoi, was also campaigned against for his removal by parties which denounced his methodology towards the study of Sikhism.{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |title=The transmission of Sikh heritage in the diaspora |author2=Norman Gerald Barrier |publisher=Manohar Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-8-17304-1556 |pages=281–282}}

According to the Indologist Mark Juergensmeyer, the largest group of scholars dedicated to Sikh Studies are based in and near Punjab, but these scholars project themselves as proud Sikhs and predominantly focus on showing distinctiveness of their faith rather than examine the connections and similarities of Sikhism to other religious traditions based on comparative studies of texts and manuscripts.{{cite book |author=Mark Juergensmeyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC |title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2 |editor=John Stratton Hawley and Gurinder Singh Mann |pages=12–21}} Sikh writers criticize methodologies to "coldly dissect" their personal faith and Sikh history by "methods of social science" and by critical comparative textual or literary analysis. This, critiques Juergensmeyer, has set the stage for an "unhappy confrontation" between the academic scholars versus those motivated in defending the dignity of their faith, including publications by Sikh institutions that are hostile to W. H. McLeod and other scholars who are based outside India, and as Juergensmeyer states, some conservative Sikh scholars have made important contributions to the scholarship of Sikhism by discovering old Sikh manuscripts and publishing their analysis.

There are five identified schools of historiography within the field of Sikh studies:{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurharpal |title=Sikh Nationalism: From a Dominant Minority to an Ethno-Religious Diaspora |last2=Shani |first2=Giorgio |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781009213448 |edition=1st |series=New Approaches to Asian History |pages=31–32}}

• Traditional School, this school is labelled as "rhetorical" and "ideological" and is based primarily upon the envisionment of the religion by the late 19th century Singh Sabha movement reformers, using a "retrospective lens".
• Colonial School, this school was founded by the British colonial-era officials, administrators, and scholars, such as Max Arthur Macauliffe, and attempted to write about Sikhs in a way that asserted their distinctiveness from the prevailing Hinduism. It was heavily influenced by the traditional Sikh narratives.
• Sanatanist School, this school views Sikhism as under the umbrella of Hinduism at-large and an expression of Hinduism. They did not agree with the views of both the Traditional School and Colonial School. Many unorthodox, heterodox, and heretical Sikh sects (sampradya), whom continue a lineage of living Gurus, were and are followers of this school of thought.
• Positivist School, formed in the 1960s, it was pioneered by W. H. McLeod.{{Cite book |title=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh |year=2005 |volume=7 |pages=92}} This school challenges the views of the prior three schools and asserts that it relies upon "empirical research" and "critical appraisal" of the religion's community, scriptural, historical, and literary sources.
• Modernist School, formed recently, it uses methodologies sourced from feminism, post-colonialism, subaltern, post-structuralism. They assert that prevailing narratives commonly accepted as truths of the religion must be critically questioned and analyzed. They focus on the intersectionality of gender and marginalized socio-religious groups within Sikhism.

These schools may disagree on facts but also on interpretation of said facts. Differences between the various schools of thought have increased since 1984, a tumultuous year for the Sikhs.

• Max Arthur Macauliffe
• Ernest Trumpp
• Kahn Singh Nabha
• Puran Singh
• Teja Singh
• Ganda Singh
• Hari Ram Gupta
• Vir Singh
• Balbir Singh
• Karam Singh
• Randhir Singh
• Sahib Singh

• William Hewat McLeod
• Pashaura Singh
• Gurinder Singh Mann
• Harjeet Singh Grewal
• Jagtar Singh Grewal
• Jaswant Singh Neki
• Harjot Oberoi
• Harjinder Singh Dilgeer
• Gurbachan Singh Talib
• Khushwant Singh
• Harbans Singh
• Devinder Pal Singh
• Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
• Jagbir Jhutti Johal
• Jvala Singh

• Sikh Research Institute (SRI){{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Sikh Research Institute (SikhRI) |url=https://sikhri.org/about |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=sikhri.org |language=en}}
• Institute of Sikh Studies (IOSS; Chandigarh), founded in 1989{{Cite web |title=AN INTRODUCTION |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/an_int.htm |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh}}

• Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory, began in 2005, 19 volumes published as of 2023{{Cite web |title=Sikh Formations |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rsfo20 |website=Taylor & Francis Online}}{{Cite web |title=List of issues |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsfo20 |website=Taylor & Francis Online}}
• Sikh Research Journal (SRJ), published by The Sikh Foundation International, with eight volumes published as of 2023{{Cite web |title=Main |url=https://sikhresearchjournal.org/ |website=Sikh Research Journal}}{{Cite web |date=2021-04-17 |title=Archive |url=https://sikhresearchjournal.org/archive/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Sikh Research Journal |language=en-US}}
• Nishaan Nagaara, published since 1999 by the Chardi Kala Foundation{{Cite web |title=Collection Nishaan – Nishaan Nagaara Magazine |url=https://nishaannagaara.com/collection-nishaan/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=nishaannagaara.com}}
• Journal of Sikh & Punjab Studies, originating in the United Kingdom under the title 'International Journal of Punjab Studies', published since 1994.{{Cite web |title=Global Institute for Sikh Studies {{!}} Journal of Sikh & Punjab Studies {{!}} Gurinder Singh Mann, Manager |url=http://giss.org/researchnew.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=giss.org}} Currently operates under the purview of Gurinder Singh Mann. 29 volumes published as of 2023
• Panjab Journal of Sikh Studies, published by the Panjab University, Chandigarh. Eight volumes have been published as of 2021.{{Cite web |title=Panjab Journal of Sikh Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh Official |url=https://pjss.puchd.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=pjss.puchd.ac.in}}
• Journal of Sikh Studies, published since 1972 by Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.{{Cite web |title=About Journal |url=https://researchjournals.gndu.ac.in/SikhStudies/aboutjournal.aspx |website=Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar}}
• Sikh Courier
• Sikh Review
• Abstracts of Sikh Studies, published the Institute of Sikh Studies (IOSS; Chandigarh) since 2003 with 25 volumes published{{Cite web |title=ABSTRACTS OF SIKH STUDIES |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/jou.htm |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh}}
• Gurmat Parkash

• List of writers on Sikhism
• Criticism of Sikhism
• Sikh scriptures
• History of Sikhism
• Punjabi literature

{{Reflist}}

{{Modern Sikh writers}}

{{Sikhism}}