Sima (geology)
{{Short description|Rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2022}}
File:BasaltUSGOV.jpg when on the surface]]
In geology, sima ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ai|m|ə}}) is an antiquated{{Cite journal |last1=Cawood |first1=Peter A. |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Priyadarshi |last3=Mulder |first3=Jacob A. |last4=Hawkesworth |first4=Chris J. |last5=Capitanio |first5=Fabio A. |last6=Gunawardana |first6=Prasanna M. |last7=Nebel |first7=Oliver |date=2022 |title=Secular Evolution of Continents and the Earth System |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022RG000789 |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |doi=10.1029/2022RG000789 |bibcode=2022RvGeo..6000789C |issn=8755-1209|hdl=2440/137671 |hdl-access=free }} blended term for the lower layer of Earth's crust. This layer is made of rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals. Typically, when the sima comes to the surface, it is basalt, so sometimes this layer is called the 'ocean layer' of the crust. The sima layer is also called the 'basal crust' or 'basal layer' because it is the lowest layer of the crust. Because the ocean floors are mainly sima, it is also sometimes called the 'oceanic crust'.
The name 'sima' was taken from the first two letters of silica and of magnesia.
Comparable is the term sial (another antiquated blended term),{{Cite journal |last1=Cawood |first1=Peter A. |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Priyadarshi |last3=Mulder |first3=Jacob A. |last4=Hawkesworth |first4=Chris J. |last5=Capitanio |first5=Fabio A. |last6=Gunawardana |first6=Prasanna M. |last7=Nebel |first7=Oliver |date=2022 |title=Secular Evolution of Continents and the Earth System |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022RG000789 |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |doi=10.1029/2022RG000789 |bibcode=2022RvGeo..6000789C |issn=8755-1209|hdl=2440/137671 |hdl-access=free }} which is the name for the upper layer of Earth's crust (continental crust) , namely rocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals.
Petrology
The sima has a higher density (2800 to 3300 kg/m3) than the sial, which is due to larger amounts of iron and magnesium, and smaller amounts of aluminium. When the denser sima comes to the surface it forms mafic rocks, or rocks with mafic minerals. The most dense sima has less silica and forms ultramafic rocks.
See also
{{wiktionary|sima}}
References
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- Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., (1987) Glossary of geology American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia.
- Cottingham, Kenneth. “The Geologist's Vocabulary.” The Scientific Monthly, vol. 72, no. 3, 1951, pp. 154–163. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20222. Accessed 19 June 2020.
- Dilek, Y. and Newcomb, S. (eds.) (2003) Ophiolite Concept and the Evolution of Geological Thought Geological Society of America Special Paper 373, Boulder, Colorado.