Sind River#Dam
{{short description|River in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, tributary of the Jhelum River}}
{{About|the river in Jammu and Kashmir|the river in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh |Sindh River}}
{{cleanup|reason=Unencyclopedic language.|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sind River
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| image = Nallah Sindh.jpg
| image_size = 290 px
| image_caption = Sind River
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| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = Union territory
| subdivision_name2 = Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = Kashmir Valley
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = Ganderbal
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| length_km = 108
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| discharge1_avg = {{convert|290|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
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| source1 = {{Coord|34|12|14.860|N|75|35|21.94|E|display=inline,title}}
| source1_location = Machoi Glacier
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| source1_elevation = {{convert|4800|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = {{Coord|34|11|2.382|N|74|40|36.21|E|display=inline}}
| mouth_location = Jhelum river at Shadipora
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| mouth_elevation = {{convert|1600|m|abbr=on}}
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The Sind River or the Sindh River is a river in the Ganderbal district of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is a major tributary of the Jhelum River and is {{Convert|108|km|mile|abbr=on}} long.
Geography
The Sind River forms the Sind Valley. The source of the river lies in the Machoi Glacier at an elevation of {{Convert|4800|m|ft|abbr=on}}, east of the Amarnath temple and south of the Zoji La.{{cite book | author=Lulu | title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=Sind+river+has+its+source+in+inner+himalayas&pg=PA37 | access-date=11 October 2013 | publisher=Lulu.com | isbn=9780963479860 | page=37–}}{{cite book | author=Kalhana | title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rcwLQDFh-EC&q=source+of+Sind+river&pg=RA1-PA12 | access-date=11 October 2013 |year=2001 | publisher=Elibron.com, 2001 | isbn=9781402173486 | page=12–}} It flows through Panjtarni (a camping site of Amarnath yatra) southwards up to Domail where it joins a tributary which doubles its flow from the Kolhoi Glacier. It then flows mostly westwards along the NH 1D and is fed by many glacial streams on its way to Ganderbal town. At Kichpora Preng it is fed by the Wangath river which flows down from the Gangabal Lake, which is considered the source of the river per tradition.{{cite book |last=Rabbani |first=G.M. |date=1981 |title=Ancient Kashmir: A Historical Perspective |place=India |publisher=Gulshan Publishers |page=29}} The major tributaries of the river are: the Amarnath stream, Kolhoi Grar, Shitkadi Nallah, Gund Nallah, Surfraw Nallah and Wangath Nallah.
Surfraw Nallah is a big Nallah which joins the Sind river at Surfraw (Soraf raw). This Nallah is also known for its beauty and fish.{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/iNDUS_PROJECTS.htm|title=Upper Sindht II, Water Resources Projects in Indus Basin|publisher=nih.ernet.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710143538/http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/iNDUS_PROJECTS.htm|archive-date=10 July 2015|df=dmy-all}} The Sind river is navigable from Ganderbal town. It joins the Jhelum River at Shadipora, 17 kilometres northwest of Srinagar.{{cite web|url=http://www.villages.ws/india/jammu_kashmir/bandipora/shadipora_sumbal_0248368.htm|title=Shadipora|publisher=wikiedit.org}} The river also passes through the famous alpine hill station Sonamarg where river rafting{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/Sonmarg-Two-die-in-rafting-accident/Article1-713725.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912083409/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/Sonmarg-Two-die-in-rafting-accident/Article1-713725.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2012|title=Sonamarg, two died in river rafting|publisher=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2012-04-19}} tournaments are organised annually by the Tourism Department of Jammu and Kashmir.{{cite web|url=http://www.sonamarg.org/hello-world/|title=Sonamarg, Kashmir-Travel and tourist guide|publisher=sonamarg.org}} The Sind River is also the only river in Jammu and Kashmir on which three hydroelectric power plants are functional. The waters of the river are used for irrigation by way of different canals{{cite web|url=http://www.ikashmir.net/geography/chapter2.1.html|title=Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State|publisher=ikashmir.net}} and for domestic use.
Ecology
=Fishing=
The Sind River is the natural habitat of trout, and various other fish. The most famous among them are:{{cite web|url=http://www.growfish.com.au/content.asp?ContentId=7373|title=Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network-Gain|publisher=growfish.com.au|access-date=2012-02-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220165637/http://www.growfish.com.au/content.asp?ContentId=7373|archive-date=20 February 2012|df=dmy-all}} brown trout,{{cite book|editor-last=Petr|editor-first=T.|title=Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes : Asia|year=1999|publisher=FAO|location=Rome|isbn=92-5-104309-4|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HESCeJyZcC&q=Vishansar+Lake&pg=PA72}} (Salmo trutta) rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss), snow trout (Schizothorax plagiostomus), Shuddgurn and Anyour.
===Issues===
Trout and hence trout fishing are at risk along the Sind river. This is for several reasons.
The extraction of sand/bajri by engagement of heavy machines is destroying the natural habitat of trout and other fish.{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Apr/26/sand-extraction-human-waste-destroy-trout-habitat-46.asp|title=sand extraction, human waste destroy trout habitat|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|access-date=2011-04-26}} Waste from the use of pesticides, DDT and insecticides by farmers kills many fish every day. The change in topography leads to the destruction of aquatic fauna of the river.
In various riverine villages people catch fish through the conventional way of angling and using nets. These methods are replaced today by resorting to unconventional and illegal methods. The most ecologically destructive method is using bleaching powder, procured from officials of the PHE department. Bleaching powder not only kills fish but other aquatic life as well. This process is very common during summers, especially in the Wayil catchment area.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
The Fisheries Department and other government agencies have not been able to effectively intervene. Mismanagement of water diversion to power canals is another concern for the survival of fish.{{cite web|url=http://www.jammukashmirholidays.com/ganderbal.aspx|title=Jammu Kashmir Holidays|publisher=jammukashmirholidays.com}}
Infrastructure
=Dams =
{{see also | Indus_River#Barrages,_bridges,_levees_and_dams | l1 = Dams on Indus | Jhelum_River#Dams | l2= Dams on Jhelum | Chenab_River#Dams | l3= Dams on Chenab | Ravi_River#Dams | l4= Dams on Ravi | Beas_River#Dams | l5= Dams on Beas| Sutlej_River#Dams | l6= Dams on Sutlej}}
From east to west:
- Upper Sind Hydroelectric Power Project 2nd at Kangan.{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Sep/15/upper-sindh-project-still-not-working-72.asp|title=Upper Sindh Project still not working|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|access-date=2009-09-15}}
- Lower Sind Hydroelectric Power project at Ganderbal.[https://ganderbal.nic.in/about-district Genderbal district], ganderbal.nic.in, accessed 18 May 2025.
- Upper Sind Hydroelectric Power project 1st at Sumbal.{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Apr/27/upper-sindh-partially-resumes-generation-88.asp|title=Upper Sindh partially resumes generation|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|access-date=2010-04-27}}
=Water treatment plants=
=Bridges=
Major bridges in Ganderbal district are:
- Wayil Road Bridge of NH 1D. It is a steel structure bridge for two way vehicular traffic at a time.
- Shithkadi Bridge of NH 1D. It is a steel structure bridge for two way vehicular traffic at a time.
- Hariganiwan Link Road Bridge. It is one of the major steel bridge on River Sind for two way Vehicular traffic at time.
- Ramwari Gund Link Road Bridge is another steel bridge on River Sind & The Construction work is in progress.
- Duderhama Road Bridge, connecting Ganderbal town.
- Gadoora Bridge, connecting District Ganderbal with Srinagar via Umerhaira-Gadoora Rd.
- Bamloora-Fatehpura Bridge connecting Saloora, Bamloora and adjacent villages to Fatehpura, Kujjar & District Hospital.
- Syed Kadal at Pati-Bamloora connecting adjacent villages with Kujjar, Fatehpur & Gadoora.
- Gundrehman Bridge connecting villages of Sherpathri with Gadoora & Srinagar.
- Paribal Shallabugh-Takenwari Bridge (under construction) connecting Ganderbal District with Srinagar and Bandipora.
- Gundroshan Bridge connecting Rabitar village with Gundroshan and Pati Shallabugh and Narayan Bagh.
- Nayaran Bagh Bridge connecting Ganderbal District with Shadipora Town.
See also
References
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{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir}}