Sinhanch'on

{{See also|Koryo-saram#History|Korean diaspora#History}}

File:Koreansvladivostokearly1900s.jpg in Vladivostok, early 1900s]]

Before the late 19th century, few Koreans left the Korean peninsula.{{Cite journal |last=Yoon |first=In-Jin |date=March 2012 |title=Migration and the Korean Diaspora: A Comparative Description of Five Cases |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2012.658545 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=413–435 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2012.658545 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=143696849 |access-date=2024-04-01 |archive-date=2024-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213042016/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2012.658545 |url-status=live }} Koreans occasionally ventured out into what is now Primorsky Krai to gather resources, but did not migrate there in significant numbers until a famine happened in Korea in 1869.{{Sfn|Akulenko|2022|p=229}}{{Citation |last=예 |first=지숙 |script-title=ko:신한촌 (新韓村) |trans-title=Sinhanch'on |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0033537 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401194552/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0033537 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture}}{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ko:신한촌 |trans-title=Sinhanch'on |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?treeId=&levelId=tg_004_1720&ganada=&pageUnit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401202047/http://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?treeId=&levelId=tg_004_1720&ganada=&pageUnit=10 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=우리역사넷 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=ko}} The first Koreans arrived in Vladivostok around 1870. In 1886, their population was 400; this number more than doubled to 840 by 1891.

The Koreans of Vladivostok initially settled in the city center, but were relocated to the suburbs by the city authorities.{{Sfn|Akulenko|2022|pp=230–231}} The Koreans congregated in an area they called Kaech'ŏk-ri ({{Korean|hangul=개척리|hanja=開拓里|labels=no}}; now around the intersection of Ulitsa Pologaya and Pogranichnaya Ulitsa{{Cite web |last=안 |first=영배 |date=January 18, 2020 |title= |script-title=ko:두만강 건너간 한인들이 세운 '신한촌'… 해외 독립운동 상징으로 |trans-title='Sinhanch'on', Established by Koreans that Crossed the Tumen River... A Symbol of the Overseas Independence Movement |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Culture/article/all/20200118/99276233/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401203725/https://www.donga.com/news/Culture/article/all/20200118/99276233/1 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=The Dong-A Ilbo |language=ko}}). In recognition of their presence there, the local Vladivostok government named what is now Pogranichnaya Ulitsa to "Kareiskaya Ulitsa" ({{Lit|Korean Street}}); this name persisted until 1941.{{Citation |last=방 |first=일권 |script-title=ko:개척리 (開拓里) |trans-title=Kaech'ŏk-ri |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0072255 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401203724/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0072255 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture}}{{Cite web |last=김 |first=형우 |date=June 26, 2021 |script-title=ko:[사진톡톡] 서양인 눈에 비친 연해주 고려인의 삶 |trans-title=[Photo Snap Snap] The Lives of Koryo-saram in the Russian Far East Through the Eyes of a Westerner |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210618086200096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423095102/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210618086200096 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |access-date=April 27, 2024 |website=Yonhap News Agency |language=ko}}

In 1892, a plan was approved for the Koreans and other East Asians to again be relocated. The plan called for the creation of a settlement for Chinese and Korean people{{Sfn|Akulenko|2022|p=229}} {{cvt|2|km|mi}} away from Kaech'ŏk-ri in the northwest outskirts of the city. Koreans were more willing to obey the order than Chinese people, and began gradually moving over.{{Sfn|Akulenko|2022|p=231}} In 1911, Kaech'ŏk-ri was forcefully emptied of Koreans, and military facilities were installed in the area.{{Sfn|Choung|2019|p=70}} This was done under the pretext of combatting an outbreak of cholera, although this justification has since been doubted by South Korean historians.

The Korean settlers dubbed their new settlement "Sin'gaech'ŏk-ri" ({{Lit|New Kaech'ŏk-ri}}){{Cite web |last=Oh |first=Se-Ik |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Lost Korea in Vladivostok |url=http://www.sstimes.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=2780 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=The Soongsil Times |language=en |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401220257/http://www.sstimes.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=2780 |url-status=live }} or "Sinhanch'on". The enclave was not the only one to use this name; several other Korean settlements in Primorskaya Oblast and Jiandao ("Gando" in Korean) went by this name. It was located on top of a small mountain, and was centered on what is now the street Khabarovskaya Ulitsa.{{Efn|Akulenko writes in a 2022 paper that old residents of the city still called the streets Khabarovskaya and Amurskaya "Koreyka", in reference to their former association with the Koreans.{{sfn|Akulenko|2022|p=234}}}} Initially, conditions in the enclave were poor, as many constructed and lived in temporary shelters. The community soon developed, and built around 200 wood and stone houses.{{Sfn|Choung|2019|p=70}} Buildings and infrastructure combined elements of Korean and Russian architecture and planning. Houses and streets were constructed in the Russian style, though they still incorporated elements of traditional Korean architecture; some incorporated ondol heated floors{{Sfn|Choung|2019|p=70}} and had kitchens or separate facilities for gamasot (cauldrons).{{Sfn|Choung|2019|p=70}}

Korean culture and language continued to flourish in the community. A Korean-language school called Hanmin Hakkyo ({{Korean|hangul=한민학교|hanja=韓民學校|labels=no}}) was established in March 1912.{{Citation |last=윤 |first=병석 |script-title=ko:한민학교 (韓民學校) |trans-title=Hanmin Hakkyo |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0061623 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401195438/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0061623 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture}} While not directly inside of the enclave, local Korean universities such as the Chŏson College of Education ({{Korean|hangul=조선사범대학|labels=no}}) and Wŏndong Korean College of Education ({{Korean|hangul=원동고려사범대|labels=no}}) served the community. Korean-language newspapers like Kwŏnŏp sinmun and Koryo Ilbo were published in Vladivostok for the community, with Koryo Ilbo still publishing today.{{Cite web |script-title=ko:전로한족회중앙총회 |trans-title=Chŏllohanjokhoejungangch'onghoe |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?treeId=&levelId=tg_004_1760&ganada=&pageUnit=10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225225015/http://contents.history.go.kr/front/tg/view.do?treeId=&levelId=tg_004_1760&ganada=&pageUnit=10 |archive-date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=우리역사넷 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=ko}}{{Citation |last=박 |first=성진 |script-title=ko:선봉 (先鋒) |trans-title=Sŏnbong |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0066522 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213005002/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0066522 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture}} A theatre company was founded, which now operates in Kazakhstan as the Korean Theatre.{{Cite web |last=이 |first=희용 |date=July 24, 2017 |script-title=ko:[고려인 강제이주 80년] ⑥ 신한촌의 어제와 오늘 |trans-title=[80th Anniversary of the Forced Migration of Koryo-saram] No. 6 Sinhanch'on's Yesterday and Today |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170724096200371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427223102/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170724096200371 |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=April 27, 2024 |website=Yonhap News Agency |language=ko}} A community organization called the Sinhanch'on People's Assembly ({{Korean|hangul=신한촌민회|hanja=新韓村民會|labels=no}}) represented the community and organized the creation of various services and amenities for Koreans.{{Citation |last=방 |first=일권 |script-title=ko:신한촌민회 (新韓村民會) |trans-title=Sinhanch'on Minhoe |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0072248 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401195436/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0072248 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture}}

{{See also|Korean independence movement}}

Around the time of the 1910 annexation of Korea, Sinhanch'on served as a hub for the Korean independence movement. Koreans moved to the area in significant quantities. The population in 1911 was 1,500, but by 1915 it was around 10,000. As it developed, it became a center for Koreans in the region, and was even dubbed the "Seoul of the Russian Far East" ({{Korean|hangul=원동의 서울|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Choung|2019|p=70}}

The organization Kwŏnŏphoe was founded on June 1, 1911, in Sinhanch'on.{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ko:권업회[勸業會] |trans-title=Kwŏnŏphoe |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o400410&code=kc_age_40 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213011252/http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o400410&code=kc_age_40 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=February 13, 2024 |website=우리역사넷 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=ko}} On the surface, the group was meant to serve as a regional body for Koreans across Primorskaya Oblast that forwarded agriculture, commerce, industry, and education. Secretly, the group funded and supported the Korean independence movement. It established Korea's first provisional government-in-exile, the {{Ill|Korean Independence Army Government|ko|대한광복군 정부}}, and gradually began secretly building an army, in part by misusing local government grants, to fight for Korea's liberation.{{Cite web |last=반 |first=뱡률 |date=July 14, 2003 |script-title=ko:러시아지역 한인신문 약사 |trans-title=History of Korean Newspapers in Russia |url=http://www.dongponews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213011253/http://www.dongponews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=869 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=February 13, 2024 |website=재외동포신문 |language=ko}}{{Cite web |last=배 |first=항섭 |date=May 31, 2004 |script-title=ko:[개교 100주년]조부의 유지이어 교육사업과 항일투쟁에 매진 |trans-title=[100th Anniversary of a School] Following their Ancestors' Legacy, Devoting Themselves to Education and the Anti-Japanese Struggle |url=http://www.kunews.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=3896 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213062318/http://www.kunews.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=3896 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=February 13, 2024 |website=고대신문 |language=ko}} These activities drew the attention of the Empire of Japan, which established a consulate around 1 km away from the enclave.{{Sfn|Choung|2019|p=70}} With the rise of World War I in 1914, Russia and Japan established agreements to suppress and extradite Korean independence activists in Vladivostok, which led to the movement being greatly suppressed.File:Shinhanchon March 1st Movement Anniversary Protest (1920) 05.jpg

After the March First Movement protests in Korea began in 1919, news of the protests reached Sinhanch'on by March 8. The news was celebrated, and Koreans there scheduled their own peaceful protest for March 15. Under Japanese pressure, Russian authorities declared martial law and ordered that no protests be held. Elsewhere in the province, in Ussuriysk a protest was held and suppressed on March 17. In support of this, that same day, Koreans in Sinhanch'on closed their businesses for the day, and a group of young Koreans distributed translated copies of the Korean Declaration of Independence to the local Japanese consulate, government buildings, and consulates beginning around 3 p.m. At 4 p.m., they held a rally and public march that distributed copies of the declaration and eventually made its way downtown by 6 p.m. The rally was suppressed by 7:30 p.m., and many of its members were arrested. Protests continued the following day; Korean workers striked and another rally was held in Sinhanch'on.

In April 1920, amidst the Russian Civil War and spiking Japan–Bolshevik tensions, Japanese soldiers conducted a massacre of Korean civilians in Sinhanch'on in what is now remembered as the "Sinhanch'on Incident" or "April Disaster". It is not known how many were killed,{{Cite web |last=안 |first=영배 |date=February 1, 2020 |script-title=ko:일제, 1920년 4월 4일밤 연해주 한인지역 습격 '광란의 학살극' |trans-title=On the Evening of April 4, 1920, During the Colonial Period, in a Korean area of the Russian Far East, an Attack "Frantic Massacre" |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Culture/article/all/20200201/99488149/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208081627/https://www.donga.com/news/Culture/article/all/20200201/99488149/1 |archive-date=February 8, 2024 |access-date=January 21, 2024 |website=The Dong-A Ilbo |language=ko}} although one estimate puts the number at several hundred.{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2014 |script-title=ko:[고려인 이주 150주년 특별연재-7] 신한촌 학살 |trans-title=[150th Anniversary of the Koryo-saram Forced Migration Special No. 7] The Sinhanch'on Massacre |url=http://www.worldkorean.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=13137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208081629/https://www.worldkorean.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=13137 |archive-date=February 8, 2024 |access-date=January 21, 2024 |website=월드코리안뉴스 |language=ko}} Buildings were burnt down and looted during the raid. In the aftermath of the incident, numerous independence activists fled the enclave, with a number congregating in Shanghai to join the Korean Provisional Government.

Pro-independence sentiment was not uniform in the community. Some Koreans, while not necessarily actively pro-Japanese, saw value in aligning with Japan to improve their living situations. Around the time of the civil war, groups like the Sinhanch'on Korean People's Association ({{Korean|hangul=신한촌 조선인민회|labels=no}}) and Sinhanch'on East Village Korean People's Association ({{Korean|hangul=신한촌 동촌 조선인민회|labels=no}}) formed around these ideologies. These organizations disbanded in late 1922 after the Japanese army withdrew and the Bolsheviks took control of the city.

Thereafter, independence activism was allowed greater freedom by the Soviet Union. On each anniversary of the March First Movement, a feast and rally was held. Korean independence activists of the region attended the event. Militant Korean independence activism was discouraged. The movement's strength in Vladivostok also declined after the June 1921 Free City Incident.

The community came to an end in 1937, amidst the forced relocation of Koreans to Central Asia. The residents were reportedly given just 24 hours notice before their eviction. The Korean population of Vladivostok at the time was 7,994 (4,236 men and 3,758 women). Among them, only 3,408 lived in the enclave itself.{{Cite web |last=Akulenko |first=Vadim S. |date=2019 |title=Vladivostok and the migration of Korean people to the Russian Empire |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/vladivostok-migration-korean-people-russian-empire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025194245/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/vladivostok-migration-korean-people-russian-empire |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=www.iias.asia |publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies |language=en}} Afterwards, the community was virtually deserted, and came to be taken over by Russian residents.{{Sfn|Akulenko|2022|p=234}}

The enclave holds an important historical place in both the Korean independence movement and the history of Koryo-saram.{{Cite web |last=최 |first=수호 |date=January 14, 2023 |title= |script-title=ko:[특파원 시선] 항일역사 간직 '신한촌 기념탑'의 복잡한 속사정 |trans-title=[Special Reporter's Eye] Complicated Situation of the Memorial for the History of the Independence Movement "Sinhanch'on Monument" |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230113095800096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401205817/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230113095800096 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=Yonhap News Agency |language=ko}}{{Cite web |last=Kwak |first=Yeon-soo |date=March 14, 2019 |title=Tracing freedom fighters in Russian Far East |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2024/04/632_265369.html |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=The Korea Times |language=en |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401215722/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2024/04/632_265369.html |url-status=live }} Important independence activists, such as {{Ill|Ch'oe Chaehyŏng|ko|최재형 (독립운동가)}}, Yi Dong-hwi, Yi Sang Sul, Hong Beom-do,{{Cite web |last=최 |first=하얀 |date=February 26, 2019 |script-title=ko:러시아 동쪽 끝 '신한촌'…대접받지 못한 항일운동의 본산 |trans-title="Sinhanch'on", at the Edge of the Far East of Russia... The Suppressed Center of the Independence Movement |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/883593.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401210757/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/883593.html |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=The Hankyoreh |language=ko}} and Chŏng Sangjin lived in or were from the enclave.{{Citation |last=배 |first=진영 |script-title=ko:어진「양반」洪命熹, 가난한 인민들 안타까워한 崔承喜,「순수문학가」로 몰려 고민하던 李泰俊… 홍명희의 병간호 받다 숨진 李光洙 |work=Monthly Chosun |publication-date=August 2007 |trans-title=The lost "Yangban" Hong Myeong-hui, Choe Seung-hui who felt sorry for poor civilians, Lee Tae-jun who worried about being remembered as a "pure writer"... Lee Gwang-soo, who died being nursed by Hong Myeong-hui |url=http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?nNewsNumb=200708100063 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |language=ko |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418204902/http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?nNewsNumb=200708100063 |url-status=live }}

Few traces of the enclave now remain. A gate with red wooden pillars and a sign reading "Independence Gate" ({{Korean|hangul=독립문|labels=no}}) once stood at the entrance of the enclave, but is now lost; only photos of it remain. In 2008, a South Korean reporter contrasted the fact that the Japanese consulate building where Korean independence activists had been tortured and killed still remained, while sites of the Korean independence movement in the area are now lost.{{Cite web |last=강 |first=창구 |date=August 14, 2009 |title=<8.15 특집> ③'흔적도 없는 러, 신한촌' |trans-title=Liberation Day Special No. 3 'Place Without a Trace, Sinhanch'on' |url=https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ru-vladivostok-ko/brd/m_7804/view.do?seq=855437&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427225212/https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/ru-vladivostok-ko/brd/m_7804/view.do?seq=855437&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&multi_itm_seq=0&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&company_cd=&company_nm= |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=April 27, 2024 |website= |publisher=Yonhap News Agency |language=ko |via=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}

Many early photographs of Koreans in the enclave were taken by the American photographer {{ill|Eleanor Pray|ru|Прей, Элеонора}}, who lived in Vladivostok for 36 years. Many of these photos and other resources on the enclave are held at the Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History.

A small park and Sinhanch'on Memorial ({{Korean|hangul=신한촌 기념탑|labels=no}}) stand near the former site of the enclave; these were completed on August 15,{{Sfn|Choung|2019|p=75}} 1999 by the Institute of Overseas Korean Affairs ({{Korean|hangul=해외한민족연구소|labels=no}}). The monument consists of three white pillars and eight stones around them. The middle pillar symbolizes South Korea, the left North Korea, and the right the Korean diaspora. The eight stones represent the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea. For years, the park was described by multiple people as frequently locked and inaccessible to visitors. A Yonhap News Agency reporter wrote in January 2023 that the monument had never been properly registered with the government, and that it was unknown who currently managed it. The reporter reached out to the Korean embassy and local Vladivostok government on the issue. After an investigation into the matter, on April 22, the Vladivostok government announced that it would assume ownership over the monument and take charge of its maintenance.{{Cite web |last=최 |first=수호 |date=April 22, 2023 |title= |script-title=ko:블라디보스토크 "항일기념물 신한촌기념탑, 한러 공동역사 상징" |trans-title=Vladivostok "The Independence Movement Sinhanch'on Memorial, Korea–Russia, a Symbol of Shared History" |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230422031900096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401210224/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230422031900096 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |access-date=April 1, 2024 |website=Yonhap News Agency |language=ko}}

A monument to An Jung-geun used to exist in the city, but was relocated to the Ussuriysk Korean Cultural Center.{{Cite web |last=김 |first=미나 |date=2020-09-07 |script-title=ko:블라디보스토크 조명희 문학비 설명석 설치 |trans-title=Vladivostok Cho Myŏnghŭi Literature Memorial Explanation Stone Installation |url=http://www.dynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=514994 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=동양일보 |language=ko}} Since 2006, there has been a monument to writer {{Ill|Cho Myŏnghŭi|ko|조명희 (작가)}} in a park next to Aksakovskaya Ulitsa. It was restored in 2017 amidst renewed interest after the visit of South Korean president Moon Jae-in. A house at the northern end of the nearby Amur Street has a unique street address "Seoul Street" (Сеульская улица; Seul'skaya Ulitsa) which dates from the Sinhanch'on period. In 2014, a memorial was established in the original Kaech'ŏk-ri location that is written only in Cyrillic.

• {{Cl|Koryo-saram communities}}
• {{Cl|Korean communities in Russia}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Akulenko |first=Vadim |date=2022 |title=Shuttles of the Ethnic Borders－Case of the Mixed Identity of Chagubya and Argubya in Vladivostok, Russia |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002848141 |journal=사이間SAI |language=en |issue=32 |pages=225–255 |doi=10.30760/inakos.2022..32.008 |issn=1975-7743}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Choung |first=Eun-Hye |date=2019 |script-title=ko:경관을 통해 살펴본 문화역사관광지로서의 블라디보스토크 고찰: 신한촌과 아르바트 거리를 중심으로 |trans-title=A Study on Vladivostok as Cultural-Historical Tourism Places through Landscape: Focusing on Sinhanchon (New Korean Town) and Arbat Street |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002494315 |journal=Journal of the Korean Urban Geographical Society |language=ko |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=63–77 |doi=10.21189/JKUGS.22.2.6 |issn=1226-9492}}

{{Commons category-inline|Sinhanch'on}}{{Koryo-saram}}

Category:Korean communities in Russia

Category:1911 establishments in the Russian Empire

Category:1937 disestablishments in the Soviet Union

Category:Koryo-saram communities

Category:Koryo-saram history

Category:History of Vladivostok

Category:Korean independence movement

Category:Russia–South Korea relations

Category:Korea–Russia relations