Siroccopteryx

{{Short description|Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Cenomanian}}

| image = Siroccopteryx moroccensis.jpg

| image_alt =

| image_caption = Holotype snout fragment

| display_parents = 2

| taxon = Siroccopteryx

| authority = Mader & Kellner, 1999

| synonyms = *Coloborhynchus moroccensis (Mader & Kellner, 1999)

| synonyms_ref =

| type_species = {{extinct}}Siroccopteryx moroccensis

| type_species_authority = Mader & Kellner, 1999

}}

Siroccopteryx is an extinct genus of anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaur which lived in Morocco during the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. Some researchers, such as David M. Unwin, consider the genus a junior synonym of Coloborhynchus.

Description

File:Pterosauria tooth 01.jpg

The genus was named and described in 1999 by Bryn Mader and Alexander Kellner. The name Siroccopteryx means "wing of the Sirocco", referring to the warm wind that originates in the North Africa and then goes through the Mediterranean, and the Greek word pteryx, a standard suffix for pterosaur genera that means "wing". The epithet of the type species S. moroccensis refers to its country of origin.{{Cite journal |author1=Mader, BJ |author2=Kellner, Alexander W. A. | year = 1999 | title = A new pterosaur from the Cretaceous of Morocco | journal = Boletim do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro), Geologia |series=Nova Série | volume = 45 | pages = 1–11}}{{Cite journal|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Nizar|author-link=Nizar Ibrahim|last2=Unwin|first2=David M.|last3=Martill|first3=David M.|last4=Baidder|first4=Lahssen|last5=Zouhri|first5=Samir|date=2010-05-26|title=A New Pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e10875|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010875|issn=1932-6203|pmc=2877115|pmid=20520782|bibcode=2010PLoSO...510875I|doi-access=free}}

This pterosaur is known only from the front part of the jaw with teeth. The holotype fossil, LINHM 016 (Long Island Natural History Museum), was found near Ksar es Souk, in the province of Errachidia in the region of Meknes-Tafilalet at 30.4 ° N, 4.9 ° longitude (17.6 ° N, 4.2 ° W longitude) in Beg'aa, west of Hamada du Guiren in southeastern Morocco, in a layer of red sandstone, a fine-grained alluvium from the Albian to Cenomanian.{{cite journal|author1=Mader, B. J. |author2=Alexander W. A. Kellner |title=First occurrence of Anhangueridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) in Africa|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=17|issue=Suppl. 3|year=1997|pages=1–93 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028}} It consists of front teeth and a snout that's not compressed. The muzzle was long and narrow, with a large elongated terminal part, along with some sort of shaped crest anterior keel higher than that of Anhanguera but not as high as that of Coloborhynchus or Tropeognathus. The teeth were sharp but short and more robust than in Anhanguera. The bone is rough and leathery, with strange marks of wrinkles and depressions, this may be a consequence of the conditions of preservation, but the descriptors suggest that indicate a disease, possibly caused by dental abscesses. According to André Veldmeijer, is probably that this damage was post-mortem and indicate the presence of a horn cover in the ridge.

The wingspan of this large pterosaur should be {{convert|4|to|5|m|ft|sp=us}}. It is likely that this animal was a specialized glider, and ventured into the sea off the coast of Africa, to capture fishes and other prey that swim near the surface.

Phylogeny

File:Tropeognathine palates.png of Siroccopteryx (C) compared to the palates of Ferrodraco (A) and Tropeognathus (B), all of them are in occlusal view]]

The descriptors of Siroccopteryx placed this genus in the family Anhangueridae sensu Kellner. David Unwin suggested in 2001 that it was a species of Coloborhynchus, and thus a member of the Ornithocheiridae.{{Cite journal | last = Unwin | first = David M. | year = 2001 | title = An overview of the pterosaur assemblage from the Cambridge Greensand (Cretaceous) of eastern England | journal = Fossil Record | volume = 4 | pages = 189–221 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307694785 | doi = 10.1002/mmng.20010040112| doi-access = free }}{{cite book | last1 = Frey | first1 = Eberhard | last2 = Martill | first2 = David M. | last3 = Buchy | first3 = Marie-Céline | chapter = A new crested ornithocheirid from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil and the unusual death of an unusual pterosaur |editor1= Eric Buffetaut |editor2=Mazin Jean-Michel | title = Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs | publisher = The Geological Society | location = London | year = 2003 | pages = 55–63 | isbn = 978-1-86239-143-7}} This has been controversial. In the same year, Michael Fastnacht suggested it was closer to Anhanguera. Kellner and Rodrigues (2009) considered Siroccopteryx a distinct genus, and suggested that it formed a clade with Coloborhynchus clavirostris and Uktenadactylus.{{Cite journal |author1=Rodrigues, Taissa |author2=Alexander W. A. Kellner | year = 2009 | title = Review of the pterosaur pterodactyloid Coloborhynchus | journal = Zitteliana B | volume = 28 | pages = 219–228}}

In 2018, a topology recovered by Longrich et al. assigned Siroccopteryx to the family Ornithocheiridae as the sister taxon of Coloborhynchus.Longrich, N.R., Martill, D.M., and Andres, B. (2018). [http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663 "Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary."] PLoS Biology, 16(3): e2001663. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663|doi-access=free}} In 2019 however, Jacobs et al. published an analysis that also recovers Siroccopteryx within the family Ornithocheiridae, but they concluded that it would have been more closely related to, and therefore the sister taxon of both Ornithocheirus and Tropeognathus, which contradicts the conclusion of Siroccopteryx being more closely related to Coloborhynchus.{{cite journal|author=Jacobs, M.L. |author2=Martill, D.M. |author3=Ibrahim, N. |author4=Longrich, N. |year=2019|title=A new species of Coloborhynchus (Pterosauria, Ornithocheiridae) from the mid-Cretaceous of North Africa|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=95|pages=77–88|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.018|bibcode=2019CrRes..95...77J |s2cid=134439172 |url=https://sites.udmercy.edu/campusconnection/wp-content/uploads/sites/106/2018/10/New-species-of-Coloborhynchus-from-Africa.pdf}} In 2020, a study made by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas again recovered Siroccopteryx as the sister taxon to Tropeognathus, however, they assigned both genera to the family Anhangueridae instead of the Ornithocheiridae.{{cite journal |last1=Holgado |first1=B. |last2=Pêgas |first2=R.V. |year=2020 |title=A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=65 |doi=10.4202/app.00751.2020|doi-access=free |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2020/236263/actpalpol_a2020v65n4p743-761.pdf }}