Slapping (strike)

The word slap was first recorded in 1632, probably as a form of onomatopoeia.[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=slap slap], Online Etymology Dictionary It shares its beginning consonants with several other English words related to violence, such as "slash", "slay", and "slam".{{Cite book|title=English Lexicogenesis|first=D. Gary|last=Miller|year=2014|isbn=978-0199689880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNfQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|page=166|publisher=Oxford University Press }} The word is found in several English colloquialisms, such as, "slap fight", "slap-happy", "slapshot", "slapstick", "slap on the wrist" (as a mild punishment), "slap in the face" (as an insult or, alternatively, as a reproof against a lewd or insulting comment), and "slap on the back" (an expression of friendship or congratulations).

{{Main|Slapping (music)}}

In jazz and other styles of music, the term refers to the action of pulling an instrument's strings back and allowing them to smack the instrument.

{{redirect|bitch slap||Bitch Slap (disambiguation)}}

"Bitch slap" is a slang phrase that dates to the 1990s.{{Cite book|title=Cassell's dictionary of Slang|first=Jonathon|last=Green|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA114|page=114|year=2006|isbn=978-0304366361|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}} It means to slap someone to express dominance, contempt, or disrespect.{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bitch-slap|title = Definition of BITCH-SLAP}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bitch-slap|title=Definition of bitch-slap | Dictionary.com|website=www.dictionary.com}}

{{Main|Happy slapping}}

For about five years beginning in 2004, happy slapping became a UK fad. Happy slapping is the phenomenon whereby kids assault someone while being taped by a friend on their mobile phone: afterwards the video is uploaded to a site like YouTube.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgFpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |title=Kids online: opportunities and risks for children |publisher=Policy |year=2009 |isbn=978-1847424389 |editor-last=Livingstone |editor-first=Sonia |location=Bristol |page=150 |editor2=Haddon, Leslie}}{{cite book|last=Levy|first=Frederick|title=15 minutes of fame: becoming a star in the YouTube revolution|year=2008|publisher=Alpha|location=Indianapolis, IN|isbn=978-1592577651|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/15minutesoffameb0000levy}}{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Andrea Clifford-Poston ; foreword by Liz|title=A playworker's guide to understanding children's behaviour : working with the 8–12 age group|year=2008|publisher=Karnac|location=London|isbn=978-1855754942|pages=145}} Media coverage of the alleged trend led to a nationwide moral panic, including a call by one member of parliament for schools to block mobile phone signals.{{Cite book|title=Cell Phone Culture: Mobile Technology in Everyday Life|publisher=Routledge|first=Gerard|last=Goggin|year=2006|isbn=978-0415367431|url=https://archive.org/details/cellphoneculture0000gogg|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/cellphoneculture0000gogg/page/122 122]}}

The purpose of a slap is often to humiliate, more than injure. A "slap in the face" is a common idiom, dating back to the late 1800s, that means to rebuke, rebuff or insult.{{cite book|last=Ammer|first=Christine|title=The American heritage dictionary of idioms|year=1997|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston, Mass. [u.a.]|isbn=039572774X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00amme_0/page/589 589]|edition=1st pbk.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00amme_0/page/589}}

In his 2004 text The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body, anthropologist Desmond Morris defines what he calls the "cheek slap," which he describes as "the classic action of a lady responding to the unwelcome attentions of a male." Morris categorizes the cheek slap as a "display blow", meaning one that is impossible to ignore but doesn't cause much damage.{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&pg=PA76 |title=The naked woman: a study of the female body |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0312338534 |edition=Reprint. |location=New York |pages=76 |author-link=Desmond Morris}}

The word "slap" is frequently used to minimize the perceived violence of an act, even if the act was especially severe. One person may hit another across the face and injure them severely, but in calling it a slap, it may seem less severe, since slapping is often associated with minor violence.Cotterill, Janet. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FoYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 Language in the Legal Process]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. pp. 81–82, {{ISBN|0333969022}}Renzetti, Claire and Raquel Bergen. Violence against Women. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 45, {{ISBN|0742530558}}

Slapping is viewed differently by different cultures. In many countries, such as Iceland, slapping a child is viewed as a form of physical abuse, and is illegal (see corporal punishment of children), whereas in others, such as England, it is seen by only some parents as abusive, and even then only moderately so.{{cite book|editor-last=Malley-Morrison|editor-first=Kathleen|title=International perspectives on family violence and abuse: a cognitive ecological approach|year=2004|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum|location=Mahwah, NJ|isbn=0805842454|pages=20, 36}} The slapping of children in England and Northern Ireland remains legal as of 2023, despite being illegal in the two other UK constituent countries of Scotland (since 2020) and Wales (since 2022).

In some cultures,{{which|date=January 2020}} when girls menstruate for the first time, their mothers often slap them across the face, a cultural tradition thought by some to signify the difficulties of life as a woman.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2A93c_JS6sQC&pg=PA29 |title=The Girls' History and Culture Reader; The Twentieth Century |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0252077685 |editor-last=Forman-Brunell |editor-first=Miriam |location=Urbana |pages=29 |editor2=Paris, Leslie}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSSrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Learning religion: anthropological approaches |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1845455941 |editor-last=Berliner |editor-first=David |location=New York |page=35 |editor2=Sarró, Ramon}}{{cite book|last=Arnett|first=Jeffrey Jensen|title=International encyclopedia of adolescence|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0001arne|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Routledge/Taylor & Francis|location=New York|isbn=978-0415966672|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0001arne/page/492 492]}}

Studies have shown that although Americans frown upon domestic violence regardless of whether the perpetrator is male or female, generally they are more accepting of minor violence, such as slapping, when it is perpetrated by a woman against a man or vice versa. Women who inflict minor acts of violence on their male partners have a higher-than-normal probability of being severely assaulted by those partners, and domestic violence experts therefore advise at-risk women to refrain from even minor acts of physical aggression against their partners.Loseke, Donileen et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YBVGswoPYqMC&pg=PA67 Current Controversies on Family Violence]. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. pp. 66–67 {{ISBN|0761921060}} It has been suggested by Michael Lamb that both men and women who are violent toward their spouses are more likely to be so with their children as well.Lamb, Michael. Parenting and Child Development in "Nontraditional" Families. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. p. 311 {{ISBN|080582748X}}

In India, the "insult slap" is a political maneuver used to express disapproval of ideas of a particular public figure or politician.https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/the-etiquette-of-the-insult-slap/ {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}

Slapping is very often portrayed in films and television programs. For example, in Slap Her... She's French girls and women typically slap boys, men and other females who offend them in some way and humiliate them.

{{split|History of Slap Fighting|date=May 2025|section=list}}

In the 2020s, slapping contests began to gain popularity and attention as a combat sport via viral videos; opponents stand across from each other and exchange blows until one concedes or is knocked out.{{Cite web |last=Lamoureux |first=Mack |date=2019-03-21 |title=Professional Slapping Is the World's Greatest Sport |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evewxm/competitive-slapping-is-the-worlds-greatest-sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322121704/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evewxm/competitive-slapping-is-the-worlds-greatest-sport |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |website=Vice}}{{Cite web |last=Nark |first=Jason |title='I'll do it until I die': Pennsylvania man tries to slap the pain away |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/slap-fighting-mma-danawhite-boxing-sport-20230225.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Inquirer.com |date=25 February 2023 |language=en}}

In 2023, UFC president Dana White attempted to popularize slapping contests via his promotion Power Slap, which also received sanctioning from the Nevada State Athletic Commission with rules patterned upon those of mixed martial arts.{{Cite news |last=Cantor |first=Matthew |date=2022-10-24 |title='Like 13-year-olds invented a sport': face-slapping league gets go-ahead in Vegas |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/24/nevada-new-face-slapping-league-ufc-dana-white |access-date=2023-04-27 |issn=0261-3077}} The series Power Slap: Road to the Title, which had also been delayed after White was filmed slapping his wife in response to her attacking him at a New Year's party, faced poor viewership and was cancelled by TBS after one season.{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=Report: Dana White's Power Slap canned by TBS |url=https://bloodyelbow.com/2023/03/14/dana-white-power-slap-canned-by-tbs/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Bloody Elbow |language=en}}{{cite web |last=Saqib |first=Faiza |date=January 21, 2023 |title='A recipe for disaster': The Power Slap League - and why neurologists are so concerned |url=https://news.sky.com/story/a-recipe-for-disaster-the-power-slap-league-and-why-neurologists-are-so-concerned-12790902 |website=sky.com}} However, White's promotion continues to produce shows throughout the year.

In February 2025 a slap fighting contest was to take place at the Glasgow University Union, Scotland, as part of a weight-lifting evening; it would have been the first slap fighting event in Scotland.{{cite web |title=SlapFIGHT UK 5, Glasgow |url=https://www.visitscotland.com/info/events/slapfight-uk-5-p3267301 |website=www.visitscotland.com |access-date=23 February 2025 |language=en}} It was cancelled after advice from one of the university's neuroscience researchers that it could lead to brain damage. Dr Willie Stewart urged the organisers not to "encourag[e] people to risk their brain health in the name of 'sport'".{{cite news |title=Scotland's first 'slap fight' event in Glasgow cancelled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckg1lj5qx42o |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=BBC News |date=22 February 2025}}{{cite news |last1=Ferguson |first1=Alasdair |title=Scotland's first-ever 'slap fight' event cancelled after concerns over brain injuries |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/24955733.scotlands-first-ever-slap-fight-event-cancelled-glasgow/ |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=The National |date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}

Polish strongman {{ill|Artur Walczak|pl}} died in 2021 after taking part in a slap fighting contest.{{cite news |last1=Toom |first1=Sarah |title=Slap fighting: Controversial event makes Scottish debut |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy05l5xrzvlo |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=BBC News |date=20 February 2025}} In 2024, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh investigated the links between slap fighting and brain injury using video analysis and concluded that: {{quote|more than half of the slap sequences resulted in participants exhibiting visible signs of concussion. By the end of their matches, nearly 40% of sequences resulted in signs of poor motor coordination, about a third of the sequences resulted in participants having a blank and vacant look, and a quarter of the sequences featured participants who were slow to get up after being brought down by a blow. Nearly 80% of the fighters demonstrated a visible sign of concussion at least once in the series of matches.{{cite web |title=Slap Fighting Trauma |url=https://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/news/study-examines-trauma-signs-slap-fighters |website=www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=23 February 2025 |date=18 February 2024}}
{{cite journal |last1=Lavadi |first1=Raj Swaroop |last2=Kumar |first2=Rohit Prem |last3=Kann |first3=Michael R. |last4=Shah |first4=Manan J. |last5=Hamilton |first5=D. Kojo |last6=Maroon |first6=Joseph C. |last7=Agarwal |first7=Nitin |title=Video Analysis of Concussion Among Slap Fighting Athletes |journal=JAMA Surgery |date=1 December 2024 |volume=159 |issue=12 |pages=1435–1436 |doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2024.2605|pmid=39292488 |pmc=11411441 |pmc-embargo-date=September 18, 2025 }}}}

• In the early 1930s, Russian poet Osip Mandelstam publicly slapped Alexey Tolstoy, a prominent Soviet writer and loyal Bolshevik supporter, over unpaid debts and perceived insults to his wife. The incident played a role in Mandelstam's arrest and eventual exile to Siberia, where he later died.{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-06-16 |title=Expansive Poetics - (The Arrest of Osip Mandelstam) |url=https://allenginsberg.org/2014/06/expansive-poetics-66-the-arrest-of-osip-mandelstam/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The Allen Ginsberg Project |language=en-US}}
• In 1943, while touring an evacuation hospital during WWII, U.S. Lieutenant General George S. Patton slapped two soldiers who were hospitalized with no visible physical injuries.
• In 1946, Soviet actress {{Ill|Evgenia Garkusa|lt=Evgeniya Garkusha|ru|Гаркуша, Евгения Александровна}} slapped Lavrentiy Beria, the head of the NKVD, after he made indecent advances toward her. She was later arrested and sentenced to eight years in a labor camp, where she died under mysterious circumstances.{{Cite web |last=Manaev |first=Georgy |date=4 November 2024 |title=What happened to the actress who slapped Soviet head of security in the face? |url=https://www.gw2ru.com/history/2331-what-happened-to-actress-who-slapped-beria?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Gateway to Russia}}
• In 1989, Hungarian-American socialite and actress Zsa Zsa Gabor was convicted for slapping a Beverly Hills police officer when he stopped her for a traffic violation.{{Cite web |date=2016-12-19 |title=Zsa Zsa Gabor, the Beverly Hills cop and 'the slap heard 'round the world' |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-zsa-zsa-gabor-retrospective-20161219-story.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}
• In 2005, the "happy slapping" trend emerged, involving individuals recording assaults to share online. This phenomenon escalated to severe violence, including the fatal attack on David Morley in October 2004.{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Angus |date=2018-02-26 |title=A Complete History of Happy-Slapping |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-complete-history-of-happy-slapping/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Vice |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last= |date=2005-12-14 |title=Four guilty of killing bar manager in random attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/14/ukcrime |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}
• In 2017, Palestinian teenager Ahed Tamimi slapped an Israeli soldier during a confrontation in the West Bank. The incident, captured on video, became a symbol of resistance and sparked international debate about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.{{Cite web |date=2018-02-08 |title=How the slap moved from a treatment for hysteria to political confrontation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/slap-history-hysteria-treatment-films-ahed-tamim-israel-soldiers-women-groundhog-day-a8189896.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The Independent |language=en}}
• In 2021, French President Emmanuel Macron was slapped in the face by a man while greeting the public during a visit to southeastern France. The attacker was sentenced to four months in prison.{{Cite news |date=2021-06-08 |title=France President Emmanuel Macron slapped in the face |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57402753 |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}
• In 2022, at the 94th Academy Awards, actor Will Smith controversially slapped Chris Rock on-stage in response to a joke directed towards his wife Jada Pinkett Smith.{{Cite magazine |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Why Will Smith Wasn't Ejected From the Oscars After Chris Rock Slap |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/why-will-smith-wasnt-ejected-from-oscars-chris-rock-slap-1235217098/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |publication-place=Los Angeles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329025321/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/why-will-smith-wasnt-ejected-from-oscars-chris-rock-slap-1235217098/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022}}
• In 2024, Chinese therapist Xiao Hongchi, an exponent of the "paida lajin" method, which sees patients being slapped or slapping themselves repeatedly, was jailed for 15 years at Winchester Crown Court, after a jury found him guilty of the manslaughter of Danielle Carr-Gomm. The victim, aged 71, had Type 1 diabetes and fell fatally ill after she stopped taking her insulin and fasted during one of his paida lajin therapy retreats.{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2015 |title=What happens at a slapping workshop? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-32545591 }}{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Steven |date=December 6, 2024 |title='Slapping therapy' healer jailed for gross negligence manslaughter of woman |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/dec/06/slapping-therapy-healer-hongchi-xiao-jailed-gross-negligence-manslaughter }}{{Cite web |title=UPDATED WITH SENTENCE: Self-healing practitioner jailed for gross negligence manslaughter after death of diabetic woman | The Crown Prosecution Service |url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/cps/news/updated-sentence-self-healing-practitioner-jailed-gross-negligence-manslaughter-after |website=www.cps.gov.uk}}
• In 2025, Georgian journalist Mzia Amaglobeli was arrested after slapping the Batumi police chief during protests against the Georgian Dream government. She faces up to seven years in prison for assault, a charge widely seen as politically motivated. Amaglobeli went on a hunger strike, drawing international attention and condemnation.{{Cite web |last=Demytrie |first=Rayhan |date=2025-02-05 |title=Hunger-striking journalist challenges Georgia's government from jail |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp82d5k474yo |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}

{{Wiktionary|slapping}}

• Battery (crime)
• Bullying
• Child abuse
• Corporal punishment in the home
• The Slap, 2008 novel

{{Reflist|30em}}

Category:Strikes (martial arts)

Category:Abuse

Category:Harassment and bullying