Sleeping Giants
{{Short description|Social media activism organization}}
{{About|the internet activism initiative||Sleeping Giant (disambiguation){{!}}Sleeping Giant}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{EngvarA|date=December 2020}}
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| formation = {{start date and age|2016|11}}
| founders = Matt Rivitz, Nandini Jammi
| founding_location = United States
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File:Matt Rivitz on Basis Technologies.jpg
File:Nandini Jammi on Stiftung Neue Verantwortung.jpg
Sleeping Giants is a social media activism organization aiming to pressure companies into removing advertisements from several conservative news outlets by publicly accusing them of malpractices such as misinformation and hate speech.{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=2017-09-22 |title=The mysterious group that’s picking Breitbart apart, one tweet at a time |language=en-US |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-mysterious-group-thats-picking-breitbart-apart-one-tweet-at-a-time/2017/09/22/df1ee0c0-9d5c-11e7-9083-fbfddf6804c2_story.html |access-date=2020-10-05 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170922150522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-mysterious-group-thats-picking-breitbart-apart-one-tweet-at-a-time/2017/09/22/df1ee0c0-9d5c-11e7-9083-fbfddf6804c2_story.html?utm_term=.4f34a5d80e78 |url-status=live }} The campaign started in November 2016,{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/boycott-breitbart-lyft-hewlett-packard-t-mobile-autodesk-uber-amazon/ |title=Tech companies' newest cause celebre? Boycott Breitbart |last=Kerr |first=Dara |date=February 3, 2017 |newspaper=CNET |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611084108/https://www.cnet.com/news/boycott-breitbart-lyft-hewlett-packard-t-mobile-autodesk-uber-amazon/ |url-status=live }} shortly after Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 United States presidential election, with the launch of a Twitter account aiming to boycott Breitbart News.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/07/opinion/sunday/how-to-destroy-the-business-model-of-breitbart-and-fake-news.html |title=How to Destroy the Business Model of Breitbart and Fake News |last=Kennedy |first=Pagan |date=January 7, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=November 21, 2018 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170918023712/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/07/opinion/sunday/how-to-destroy-the-business-model-of-breitbart-and-fake-news.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/protesters-hitting-trump-actually-hurts/ |title=These Protesters Are Hitting Trump Where It Actually Hurts |work=The Nation |date=May 23, 2017 |first=Mattea |last=Kramer |access-date=November 21, 2018 |issn=0027-8378 |archive-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213150432/https://www.thenation.com/article/protesters-hitting-trump-actually-hurts/ |url-status=dead }} The campaign has sections in Australia,{{Cite web |date=2018-11-28 |title=Sleeping Giants Oz: How an anonymous Twitter account took on Sky News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/how-sleeping-giants-oz-took-on-sky-news/10563792 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=ABC News (Australia) |language=en-AU |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625222221/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/how-sleeping-giants-oz-took-on-sky-news/10563792 |url-status=live }} Brazil,{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Richard |date=2020-05-24 |title=Rapidly Growing, Sleeping Giants Movement Annoys Bolsonarist Shock Troops |url=https://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/rapidly-growing-sleeping-giants-movement-annoys-bolsonarist-shock-troop-and-government/ |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=The Rio Times |language=en-US |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027215407/https://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/rapidly-growing-sleeping-giants-movement-annoys-bolsonarist-shock-troop-and-government/ |url-status=live }} Canada, France and Germany.{{Cite web |last=Wirminghaus |first=Niklas |date=2017-02-27 |title=Keine Werbung auf Breitbart – Initiative "Sleeping Giants" kommt nach Deutschland |trans-title=No advertising on Breitbart – "Sleeping Giants" initiative comes to Germany |url=https://www.gruenderszene.de/allgemein/sleeping-giants-breitbart-deutschland |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=Gründerszene Magazin |language=de |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026154453/https://www.gruenderszene.de/allgemein/sleeping-giants-breitbart-deutschland |url-status=live }}
The American campaign operated anonymously until The Daily Caller identified freelance copywriter Matt Rivitz as the founder, a story confirmed by Rivitz.{{cite web |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencies/the-daily-caller-names-founder-of-sleeping-giants-which-organized-breitbart-advertiser-boycotts/ |title=The Daily Caller Names Founder of Sleeping Giants, Which Organized Breitbart Advertiser Boycotts |work=Adweek |first=Patrick |last=Coffee |date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915070154/https://www.adweek.com/agencies/the-daily-caller-names-founder-of-sleeping-giants-which-organized-breitbart-advertiser-boycotts/ |url-status=live }} Shortly afterward, a New York Times profile of Rivitz and freelance copywriter and marketing consultant Nandini Jammi said the two ran the campaign's Twitter account "along with other still anonymous contributors".{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/business/media/sleeping-giants-breitbart-twitter.html |title=Revealed: The People Behind an Anti-Breitbart Twitter Account |newspaper=The New York Times |date= |author=Sapna Maheshwari |accessdate=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031034248/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/business/media/sleeping-giants-breitbart-twitter.html |url-status=live }} Other reports identified Jammi as "co-founder".{{Cite web|last=Swant|first=Marty|title=As Civil Rights Groups Ask Marketers To Boycott Facebook, Outdoor Brands Pause Spending|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/martyswant/2020/06/19/as-civil-rights-groups-ask-marketers-to-boycott-facebook-outdoor-brands-pause-spending/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=July 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710193444/https://www.forbes.com/sites/martyswant/2020/06/19/as-civil-rights-groups-ask-marketers-to-boycott-facebook-outdoor-brands-pause-spending/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=Crowley|first=James|date=2019-11-05|title=PayPal to cut off donations to right-wing YouTuber Stefan Molyneux following social media divestment campaign|url=https://www.newsweek.com/alt-right-youtuber-cut-off-paypal-donations-1469936|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Newsweek|language=en|archive-date=January 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103043631/https://www.newsweek.com/alt-right-youtuber-cut-off-paypal-donations-1469936|url-status=live}} Jammi later left Sleeping Giants, saying that Rivitz "gaslighted me out of the movement we built together". The Daily Beast described this as an act for which Rivitz later apologised.{{cite news |last1=Fears |first1=Danika |title=Sleeping Giants Leader Apologizes After Co-Founder Quits |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/sleeping-giants-leader-matt-rivitz-apologizes-for-not-treating-exiting-co-founder-nandini-jammi-fairly/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=The Daily Beast |date=10 July 2020 |language=en}}
Campaign against ''Breitbart News''
The organization primarily operates from its Twitter account, and also has a Facebook account.
As of February 2017, 820 companies had joined the campaign and stopped advertising on Breitbart News, according to statistics provided by the organization. By May 2017, thousands of advertisers had stopped advertising with Breitbart. The list of advertisers includes Allstate, AT&T, Autodesk, BMW, Deutsche Telekom, HP Inc., Kellogg's, Lenovo, Lyft, Visa, Vimeo, Nest, and Warby Parker.{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2017/02/09/shopify-wont-remove-breitbarts-online-shop-claiming-free-speech/ |title=Shopify Won't Remove Breitbart's Online Shop, Claiming Free Speech |last=Quittner |first=Jeremy |date=February 9, 2017 |website=Fortune.com |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-date=September 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911160011/http://fortune.com/2017/02/09/shopify-wont-remove-breitbarts-online-shop-claiming-free-speech/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/294422/various-companies-canadian-government-pull-ads-fr.html |title=Various Companies, Canadian Government Pull Ads From 'Breitbart News' |last=Guaglione |first=Sara |date=February 3, 2017 |website=MediaPost |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216073158/https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/294422/various-companies-canadian-government-pull-ads-fr.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/breitbart-takes-aim-at-kellogg-in-ad-dispute-1480552446 |title=Breitbart Takes Aim at Kellogg in Ad Dispute |last=Perlberg |first=Steven |date=December 1, 2016 |access-date=November 21, 2018 |issn=0099-9660 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209005444/https://www.wsj.com/articles/breitbart-takes-aim-at-kellogg-in-ad-dispute-1480552446 |url-status=live }}
The Canadian government also stopped advertising on Breitbart News after declaring that its content "did not align with the Government's Code of Value and Ethics". Sleeping Giants' strategy combines traditional approaches to pressure advertisers with direct online activism, aiming to recruit and mobilize a large population of social media users. According to Slate, Sleeping Giants' strategy is similar to the one adopted in 2014 by the Gamergate movement against Gawker Media.{{cite news |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/12/sleeping-giants-campaign-against-breitbart.html |title="Sleeping Giants" Is Borrowing Gamergate's Tactics to Attack Breitbart |last=Nwanevu |first=Osita |date=December 14, 2016 |access-date=November 21, 2018 |issn=1091-2339 |newspaper=Slate |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027215335/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/12/sleeping-giants-campaign-against-breitbart.html |url-status=live }}
Breitbart News responded with a campaign to boycott Kellogg's products.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/30/breitbart-news-kelloggs-advertising-boycott-alt-right |title=Breitbart declares war on Kellogg's after cereal brand pulls advertising from site |last=Woolf |first=Nicky |date=November 30, 2016 |access-date=November 21, 2018 |issn=0261-3077 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118011503/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/30/breitbart-news-kelloggs-advertising-boycott-alt-right |url-status=live }}
Other campaigns
Sleeping Giants was involved in the campaign pressuring advertisers to drop The O'Reilly Factor after the discovery of five sexual harassment settlements by host Bill O'Reilly and Fox News, which resulted in the show's cancellation.{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-oreilly-social-media-20170420-story.html |title=How a social media campaign helped drive Bill O'Reilly out of Fox News |first=David |last=Pierson |date=April 21, 2017 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203928/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-oreilly-social-media-20170420-story.html |url-status=live }} The group also participated in organizing the boycott of The Ingraham Angle and pressured social networks to drop Alex Jones.{{cite book |first=Anika |last=Gupta |title=How to Handle a Crowd |year=2020 |publisher=Tiller Press |isbn=978-1-9821-3231-6 |page=98}}
Since May 2017, the Canadian section has used the same methods to persuade advertisers to remove ads from Rebel News, a Canadian far-right media website.{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/08/17/rebel-media-has-lost-300-advertisers-in-past-3-months-group_a_23081721/ |title=Rebel Media Has Lost 300 Advertisers In Past 3 Months: Group |first=Daniel |last=Tencer |date=August 17, 2017 |newspaper=Huffington Post |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812074847/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/08/17/rebel-media-has-lost-300-advertisers-in-past-3-months-group_a_23081721/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Quan |first=Douglas |date=2017-05-24 |title=Anonymous Twitter group confronts companies whose ads appear on Rebel Media website |language=en |work=National Post |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/anonymous-twitter-group-confronts-companies-whose-ads-appear-on-rebel-media-website |access-date=2022-11-11 |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505032030/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/anonymous-twitter-group-confronts-companies-whose-ads-appear-on-rebel-media-website |url-status=live }}
The French section also campaigns in a similar manner with regard to the French far-right website {{Ill|Boulevard Voltaire (website){{!}}Boulevard Voltaire|fr|Boulevard Voltaire (site web)}}.{{cite news |last=Jeanticou |first=Romain |date=August 30, 2017 |title=Boulevard Voltaire, le site fondé par Robert Ménard, lâché par ses annonceurs |language=French |trans-title=Boulevard Voltaire, the site founded by Robert Ménard, dropped by its advertisers |url=https://www.telerama.fr/medias/boulevard-voltaire,-le-site-fonde-par-robert-menard,-lache-par-ses-annonceurs,n5167380.php |access-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021111738/https://www.telerama.fr/medias/boulevard-voltaire,-le-site-fonde-par-robert-menard,-lache-par-ses-annonceurs,n5167380.php |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Plottu |first=Pierre |date=2019-12-02 |title=Après CNews, Valeurs actuelles est la nouvelle cible des Sleeping Giants |trans-title=After CNews, Current Values is the new target of Sleeping Giants |url=https://www.slate.fr/story/184761/collectif-activistes-sleeping-giants-valeurs-actuelles-discours-haine |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Slate |language=fr-FR |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111012744/https://www.slate.fr/story/184761/collectif-activistes-sleeping-giants-valeurs-actuelles-discours-haine |url-status=live }}
An Australian section named Sleeping Giants Oz was established in August 2017. In August 2018, Sleeping Giants Oz called on advertisers to boycott Sky News Australia after it broadcast an interview with Blair Cottrell, an Australian far-right extremist.{{Cite web |last=Zhou |first=Naaman |date=2018-08-07 |title=American Express pulls advertising from Sky News after far-right extremist interview |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/aug/07/advertisers-urged-to-pull-campaigns-from-sky-news-after-far-right-extremist-interview |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112100120/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/aug/07/advertisers-urged-to-pull-campaigns-from-sky-news-after-far-right-extremist-interview |url-status=live }}
A Brazilian section, Sleeping Giants Brasil, was established in May 2020.{{Cite web |last=Tsavkko |first=Raphael |last2=Garcia |date=2020-06-19 |title=Anonymous Twitter accounts in Brazil are pressuring advertisers to drop conservative media campaigns |url=https://www.insider.com/sleeping-giants-brasil-borrowing-us-tactic-for-fighting-misinformation-2020-6 |access-date=2020-09-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en |archive-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915070210/https://www.insider.com/sleeping-giants-brasil-borrowing-us-tactic-for-fighting-misinformation-2020-6 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Alves |first=Soraia |date=2020-05-21 |title=Sleeping Giants Brasil: iniciativa faz empresas retirarem anúncios de sites com fake news |trans-title=Sleeping Giants Brasil: initiative makes companies remove ads from sites with fake news |url=https://www.b9.com.br/sleeping-giants-brasil-anuncios-fake-news/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=B9 |language=pt-br |archive-date=May 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505032030/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=Soalves&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-4&features=eyJ0ZndfdGltZWxpbmVfbGlzdCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOltdLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X2ZvbGxvd2VyX2NvdW50X3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9iYWNrZW5kIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19yZWZzcmNfc2Vzc2lvbiI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZm9zbnJfc29mdF9pbnRlcnZlbnRpb25zX2VuYWJsZWQiOnsiYnVja2V0Ijoib24iLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X21peGVkX21lZGlhXzE1ODk3Ijp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRyZWF0bWVudCIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfZXhwZXJpbWVudHNfY29va2llX2V4cGlyYXRpb24iOnsiYnVja2V0IjoxMjA5NjAwLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjpudWxsfSwidGZ3X3Nob3dfYmlyZHdhdGNoX3Bpdm90c19lbmFibGVkIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6Im9uIiwidmVyc2lvbiI6bnVsbH0sInRmd19kdXBsaWNhdGVfc2NyaWJlc190b19zZXR0aW5ncyI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdXNlX3Byb2ZpbGVfaW1hZ2Vfc2hhcGVfZW5hYmxlZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdmlkZW9faGxzX2R5bmFtaWNfbWFuaWZlc3RzXzE1MDgyIjp7ImJ1Y2tldCI6InRydWVfYml0cmF0ZSIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfbGVnYWN5X3RpbWVsaW5lX3N1bnNldCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOnRydWUsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9LCJ0ZndfdHdlZXRfZWRpdF9mcm9udGVuZCI6eyJidWNrZXQiOiJvbiIsInZlcnNpb24iOm51bGx9fQ%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1263157309963993088&lang=pt&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b9.com.br%2F126467%2Fsleeping-giants-brasil-anuncios-fake-news%2F&sessionId=9d8ac3113905ec942044837847437e5ed5a8fab6&siteScreenName=brains9&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px |url-status=live }} Sleeping Giants Brasil gained traction against Jornal da Cidade On-line, Conexão Política and Brasil Sem Medo, right-wing and conservative outlets which support Jair Bolsonaro.{{Cite web |last=Biller |first=David |date=2020-12-13 |title=Swift backlash for Brazil students targeting misinformation |url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-misinformation-coronavirus-pandemic-latin-america-ba4a7dbd4b57a53a6c4748aeb94b9bde |access-date=2020-12-14 |website=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213205745/https://apnews.com/article/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-misinformation-coronavirus-pandemic-latin-america-ba4a7dbd4b57a53a6c4748aeb94b9bde |url-status=live }} They also tried to defund Olavo de Carvalho's YouTube channel and online courses. Consequently PayPal decided to remove their services from Carvalho's online seminars{{Cite web |last=Fogel |first=Benjamin |date=2020-08-07 |title=PayPal blocks Olavo de Carvalho in latest blow for far-right ideologue |url=https://brazilian.report/tech/2020/08/07/paypal-blocks-olavo-de-carvalho-in-latest-blow-for-far-right-ideologue/ |access-date=2020-09-17 |website=The Brazilian Report |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916152831/https://brazilian.report/tech/2020/08/07/paypal-blocks-olavo-de-carvalho-in-latest-blow-for-far-right-ideologue/ |url-status=live }} upon violations of their terms and conditions of use due to his inflammatory rhetoric, polemic remarks and hate speech.{{Cite news |last=McCoy |first=Terrence |title=He’s the Rush Limbaugh of Brazil. He has Bolsonaro’s ear. And he lives in rural Virginia. |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/hes-the-rush-limbaugh-of-brazil-he-has-bolsonaros-ear-and-he-lives-in-rural-virginia/2019/07/14/4f73dee2-8ac4-11e9-8f69-a2795fca3343_story.html |access-date=2020-10-05 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009073318/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/hes-the-rush-limbaugh-of-brazil-he-has-bolsonaros-ear-and-he-lives-in-rural-virginia/2019/07/14/4f73dee2-8ac4-11e9-8f69-a2795fca3343_story.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Teitelbaum |first=Benjamin |date=2020-10-08 |title=The rise of the traditionalists: how a mystical doctrine is reshaping the right |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2020/10/rise-traditionalists-how-mystical-doctrine-reshaping-right |access-date=2020-10-08 |website=New Statesman |language=en |archive-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135812/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2020/10/rise-traditionalists-how-mystical-doctrine-reshaping-right |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=John Fowler |first=Mayhill |date= |title=Sleeping Giants Movement Undermines Jair Bolsonaro's Guru's Disinformation Web |url=https://www.offthebus.net/2020/08/19/sleeping-giants-movement-undermines-jair-bolsonaros-gurus-disinformation-web/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111120847/https://www.offthebus.net/2020/08/19/sleeping-giants-movement-undermines-jair-bolsonaros-gurus-disinformation-web/ |archive-date=2020-11-11 |website=Off The Bus |language=en-US}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |first=Anika |last=Gupta |title=How to Handle a Crowd |year=2020 |publisher=Tiller Press |isbn=978-1-9821-3231-6 |chapter=Chapter 4 - Bringing the Revolution: Sleeping Giants and the Battle over Online Advertising |pages=86-105}}
Category:2016 establishments in the United States
Category:Advertising and marketing controversies