Smart Lander for Investigating Moon#Lunar Excursion Vehicle

The main purpose of Japan's first lunar surface mission was to demonstrate precision lunar landing. During its descent, the lander recognized lunar craters by applying technology from facial recognition systems, and determined its current location from observation data collected by the SELENE (Kaguya) lunar orbiter mission. SLIM aimed to perform a soft landing with an accuracy range of {{cvt|100|m}}.{{r|japanrealtime|slim1|slim2}} In comparison, the accuracy of the 1969 piloted Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle was an elliptic which was {{cvt|20|km}} long in downrange and {{cvt|5|km}} wide in crossrange.

According to Yoshifumi Inatani, deputy director general of the JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), succeeding in this extremely precise landing will lead to enhanced quality of space exploration. The expected cost for developing this project is 18 billion yen, or US$121.5 million.

The proposal came to be known as the {{nihongo|Small Lunar Landing Experiment Satellite|小型月着陸実験衛星}} (SLIM). On 27 December 2013, ISAS called for proposals for its next "Competitively-Chosen Medium-Sized Focused Mission", and SLIM was among the seven proposals submitted. In June 2014, SLIM passed the semi-final selection along with the DESTINY+ technology demonstration mission, and in February 2015 SLIM was ultimately selected. From April 2016, SLIM gained project status within JAXA. In May 2016, Mitsubishi Electric (MELCO) was awarded the contract for building the spacecraft.

SLIM was not the first Japanese lunar lander built for operation on the Moon's surface; on 27 May 2016 NASA announced that the OMOTENASHI (Outstanding Moon exploration Technologies demonstrated by Nano Semi-Hard Impactor) CubeSat lander jointly developed by JAXA and the University of Tokyo was to be launched as a secondary payload on Space Launch System (SLS) Artemis 1. OMOTENASHI was meant to deploy a mini lunar lander weighing 1 kg; however, on November 21, 2022, JAXA announced that attempts to communicate with the spacecraft had ceased, because the solar cells failed to generate power when facing away from the Sun. They did not face the Sun again until March 2023.

In 2017, funding difficulties for developing XRISM led to SLIM's launch being switched from its own dedicated Epsilon flight to a rideshare H-IIA flight. The resulting cost savings will be transferred to develop other satellites that are behind schedule due to XRISM.

File:SLIM-LEV1-LEV2-JAXA-SagamiharaCampus-AdvancedFacilityForSpaceExploration-SpaceExplorationField.jpg

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = LEV-1

| mission_type = Lunar rover

| launch_date = {{start-date|6 September 2023}} 23:42:11 UTC

| launch_rocket = H-IIA 202

| launch_site = Tanegashima, LA-Y1

| deployment_from = SLIM

| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = rover

|object = Moon

|arrival_date = January 2025

|location = near Shioli crater

}}

}}

Lunar Excursion Vehicle 1 (LEV-1) is a lunar rover which moves by hopping. It has its own direct-to-Earth communication equipment, two wide-angle visible light cameras, and electrical components and UHF band antennas courtesy of the MINERVA and OMOTENASHI projects.

Science payloads:

• Thermometer
• Radiation monitor
• Inclinometer

File:SORAQ-BackView.jpg

File:SORAQ-FrontView.jpg

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = LEV-2

| mission_type = Lunar rover

| landing_mass = 250 g

| dimensions = 8 cm

| launch_date = {{start-date|6 September 2023}} 23:42:11 UTC

| launch_rocket = H-IIA 202

| launch_site = Tanegashima, LA-Y1

| deployment_from = SLIM

| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = rover

|object = Moon

|arrival_date = January 2025

|location = near Shioli crater

}}

}}

{{external media

| width = 300px

| video1 = [https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/slim/SLIM/assets/img/landing/cam_mz.mp4 Image of the lunar surface taken from SLIM during landing]

| image1 = [https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/slim/SLIM/assets/img/landing/lev2.jpg Photo of SLIM taken from LEV-2 after landing]

}}

Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2) or Sora-Q, is a tiny rover developed by JAXA in joint cooperation with the toy company Tomy, Sony, and Doshisha University. The baseball-sized rover has a mass of 250 g and is equipped with two small cameras. LEV-2 extends its shape to crawl on the lunar surface using two wheels at its sides, a method of locomotion inspired by frogs and sea turtles; it can "run" for approximately two hours. It is the second rover of its kind to attempt operations on the lunar surface; the first was on Hakuto-R Mission 1, which crashed before it could be deployed.{{r|lev3|lev4}}

SLIM was successfully launched together with the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) space telescope on 6 September 2023 at 23:42 UTC (7 September 08:42 Japan Standard Time) planning to land near Shioli crater (13.3°S, 25.2°E) via weak stability boundary-like trajectory. SLIM entered lunar orbit 25 December JST.

File:Location_of_Mare_Nectaris.jpg

The lunar lander, nicknamed Moon Sniper for its extremely accurate landing precision within the projected {{convert|100|m|ft|sp=us}} long landing ellipse, touched down onto the Moon on 19 January 2024 at 15:20 UTC, at the Sea of Nectar (Mare Nectaris), south of the Theophilus crater. Japan thus became the fifth nation to successfully soft land an operational spacecraft on the Moon, after the Soviet Union, United States, China, and India.{{r|CNNi-20240119-15h30|slim12}}

Although SLIM landed successfully, it landed on its side with the solar panels oriented westwards facing opposite the Sun at the start of the lunar day, thereby failing to generate enough power. The lander was able to operate on internal battery power for a short period of time, but was manually powered down on 19 January 2024 at 17:57 UTC (20 January 02:57 Japan Standard Time) to prevent over-discharge of the battery.

The two lunar rovers, deployed while the lander was hovering just before it touched down, worked as planned, with LEV-1 communicating independently to ground stations. LEV-1 conducted seven hops over 107 minutes on the lunar surface. Images autonomously taken by Sora-Q (a capability it shares with its sister rover) showed the SLIM had landed at a 90-degree angle, effectively on its nose, and there had been the loss of an engine nozzle during descent and even possible damage to its Earth-oriented antenna. Irrespective of wrong attitude and loss of communication with the lander, the mission is already successful given confirmation of its primary goal: landing within {{cvt|100|m}} of its landing spot.{{r|slim14|slim15|auto}} JAXA gave itself 60 out of 100 for the landing.

After the shutdown on 19 January 2024, the mission's operators still hoped that the lander would wake up in a few days when the Sun would be correctly oriented so sunlight would hit the now askew solar panels. The two rovers, LEV-1 and Sora-Q, continued to operate autonomously as planned. On 25 January JAXA informed the LEV-1 rover has completed its planned operational period on the lunar surface, depleted its designated power, and in a standby state on the lunar surface. While the capability to resume activity exists contingent on solar power generation from changes in the direction of the Sun, efforts will be maintained to continue receiving signals from LEV-1.

On 28 January, the lander resumed operations after being shut for a week. JAXA said it re-established contact with the lander and its solar cells were working again after a shift in lighting conditions allowed it to catch sunlight. After that, SLIM was put in sleep mode for the impending harsh lunar night. SLIM was expected to operate only for one lunar daylight period, or 14 Earth days, and the on-board electronics were not designed to withstand the {{Convert|-120|C|F}} nighttime temperatures on the Moon.

On 25 February 2024, JAXA sent wake-up calls and found SLIM had successfully survived the night on the lunar surface while maintaining communication capabilities.

Since it was midday of the lunar day on 25 February 2024, the temperature of the communications payload was extremely high, so communication was terminated after only a short period of time. JAXA was preparing for resumed operations, once the temperature has fallen sufficiently. This feat of surviving the lunar night without a radioisotope heater unit had previously been achieved only by some landers in the Surveyor Program.{{r|slim18|slim19}}

On 27 March 2024, SLIM survived its second lunar night and woke up, sending more images back to Earth, showing "perseverance." JAXA said "According to the acquired data, some temperature sensors and unused battery cells are starting to malfunction, but the majority of functions that survived the first lunar night was maintained even after the second lunar night."

SLIM completed its second overnight operation in the early hours of March 30th, and went dormant again.

On 23 April 2024, it survived its third lunar night and woke up sending more images back to Earth. JAXA said on the social media platform X that SLIM’s key functions were still working despite repeated harsh cycles of temperature changes.

The Agency stated that they "plan to attempt to resume operation again in mid to late May, when SLIM’s solar cells start generating electricity."

JAXA sent commands for recovery on 24 and 25 May, when it was assumed that power had been restored, but the radio waves from SLIM could not be confirmed. JAXA conducted the operation again on the night of the 27th, but there was no response from SLIM. As the sun has set around SLIM and power generation is no longer possible, this lunar day's operation has unsuccessfully ended.

JAXA planned to try operating SLIM again the next month, when it was expected to have sufficient solar power. However, all attempts to re-establish communication with the craft failed, and as of August 26th, the mission was officially concluded.{{Cite web |author1=Andrew Jones |date=2024-08-28 |title=Japan declares its SLIM moon lander dead at last |url=https://www.space.com/jaxa-slim-moon-lander-dead |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Space.com |language=en}}

{{multiple image

| align = center

| direction = horizontal

| width = 300px

| header = Animation of SLIM

| image1 = Animation of SLIM around Earth.gif

| caption1 = Around the Earth

| image2 = Animation of SLIM around Moon.gif

| caption2 = Around the Moon

| footer = {{legend2|Magenta| SLIM}}{{·}}{{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime| Moon}}

}}

{{multiple image

| align = center

| direction = horizontal

| width = 300px

| header = SLIM landing site by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC)

| image1 = M1460739214L_JAXA_SLIM_landing_site_imaged_by_Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter_Camera_(LROC).png

| caption1 = JAXA SLIM landing site imaged by LROC

| image2 = Before_(M1254087075L)_and_after_(M1460739214L)_image_of_JAXA_SLIM_landing_site_(annotated).gif

| caption2 = Before/After animation of landing site

| image3 = Composite_image_of_JAXA_SLIM_landing_site_showing_change_in_surface_reflectivity_after_landing.png

| caption3 = Composite image landing site showing surface reflectivity changes

}}

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

• List of landing ellipses on extraterrestrial bodies
• Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
• {{annotated link|Hiten (spacecraft)|Hiten}}
• {{annotated link|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX}}
• List of missions to the Moon
• Chandrayaan-3

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite tweet

| author= 小型月着陸実証機SLIM

| user= SLIM_JAXA

| number= 1749320472175800668

| title= After landing on 1/20 0:20 JST, power from the solar cells could not be confirmed. At a battery level of 12%, the battery was disconnected (as planned) to avoid being unable to restart for a recovery operation due to over-discharge. SLIM therefore powered down at 01/20 2:57 JST. }}

{{Cite news

| author1= Ian Sample

| date= 19 January 2024

| title= Japan's SLIM spacecraft lands on moon but struggles to generate power

| url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/19/japan-slim-spacecraft-lands-on-moon-but-struggles-to-generate-power

| access-date= 20 January 2024

| website= The Guardian

| language= en-GB

| issn= 0261-3077

| archive-date= 19 January 2024

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240119220413/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/19/japan-slim-spacecraft-lands-on-moon-but-struggles-to-generate-power

| url-status= live }}

[https://apnews.com/article/japan-jaxa-moon-probe-slim-78edbd90fd46837d272277700431ed95 Japan’s moon lander wasn’t built to survive a weekslong lunar night. It’s still going after 3], AP.

{{YouTube

| id= U61i0wN01Uk

| title= 小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等 の記者会見 }}

{{cite web

| url= https://japan-forward.com/jaxa-gives-itself-60-out-of-100-for-lunar-landing/

| title= JAXA Gives Itself 60 Out of 100 for Lunar Landing | JAPAN Forward

| date= 23 January 2024

| access-date= 27 January 2024

| archive-date= 23 January 2024

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240123153318/https://japan-forward.com/jaxa-gives-itself-60-out-of-100-for-lunar-landing/

| url-status= live }}

{{cite news

| author1= Mari Yamaguchi

| url= https://www.pressreader.com/usa/asbury-park-press/20240126/281784223967609

| title= Moon lander hits target, looks to be upside-down

| via= PressReader

| date= 26 January 2024

| access-date= 27 January 2024

| archive-date= 27 January 2024

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240127002254/https://www.pressreader.com/usa/asbury-park-press/20240126/281784223967609

| url-status= live }}

[https://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/02/world/japan-moon-sniper-third-lunar-night-scn/index.html Japan’s ‘Moon Sniper’ keeps baffling experts by waking up. It has shared images from its latest lunar ‘day’], CNN.

{{cite episode

| series= CNN News

| airdate= 19 January 2024

| network= CNN International

| title= 15h00-16h00 GMT }}

{{cite web

| url= https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2023/12/20231205-1_e.html

| title= JAXA | Moon Landing of the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)

| access-date= 7 December 2023

| archive-date= 5 December 2023

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231205054829/https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2023/12/20231205-1_e.html

| url-status=live }}

{{cite news

| author1= Jun Hongo

| url= https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/11/12/japan-plans-unmanned-moon-landing-in-2019/

| title= Japan Plans Unmanned Moon Landing

| newspaper= The Wall Street Journal

| date= 12 November 2015

| access-date= 22 June 2016

| archive-date= 3 March 2018

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| url-status= live }}

{{cite tweet

| user= SLIM_JAXA

| number= 1794892683342975038

| title= The #SLIM project attempted to send commands to restore power on Friday, May 24th and Saturday, May 25th, when power was expected to be restored, but was unable to confirm any radio signals from SLIM. They plan to try again on the night of Monday, May 27th. #JAXA

| language= ja }}

{{cite tweet

| user= SLIM_JAXA

| number= 1795310224548798726

| title= We tried again on the night of the 27th, but there was no response from #SLIM . As the sun went down around SLIM on the night of the 27th, it was no longer possible to generate electricity, so unfortunately this month's operations will come to an end. Thank you very much for the overwhelming support you have shown since the previous day's post.

| language= ja }}

{{cite tweet

| user= SLIM_JAXA

| number= 1795310331209904222

| title= We plan to try operating it again next month when it is expected that there will be sufficient solar power generation. The power was turned off overnight, so we hope that the whole system will be reset and restarted. #SLIM #JAXA

| language= ja }}

{{cite web

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| title= 小型探査機による高精度月面着陸の技術実証（SLIM）について

| language= ja

| date= 3 June 2015

| access-date= 23 June 2015

| archive-date= 22 June 2015

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{{cite web

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| title= 小型月着陸実証機(SLIM)プロジェクト移行審査の結果について

| trans-title= Regarding the results of the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) Project Transition Review

| publisher= JAXA

| date= 14 July 2016

| access-date= 2 September 2016

| language= ja

| archive-date= 15 July 2016

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| url= https://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/unex_mo_intern.html#xrism|title=Missions of Opportunity (MO) in Development – X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)| work=GSFC

| publisher= NASA

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{{cite news

| title= 小型プローブ LEV (Lunar Excursion Vehicle)

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{{cite web

| author1= Leah Crane

| title= Japan's SLIM moon lander has shockingly survived a third lunar night

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| work= New Scientist

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| url-status= live }}

{{cite web

| title= JAXA {{!}} Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) lunar orbit insertion

| url= https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2023/12/20231225-1_e.html

| access-date= 26 December 2023

| website= JAXA

| language= en

| archive-date= 26 December 2023

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231226140924/https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2023/12/20231225-1_e.html

| url-status=live }}

{{cite news

| url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/19/japan-counts-down-to-moon-sniper-landing-on-lunar-surface

| title= Japan counts down to 'Moon Sniper' landing on lunar surface

| date= 19 January 2024

| newspaper= Al Jazeera

| access-date= 19 January 2024 }}

{{cite news

| author1= Kenneth Chang

| author2= Hisako Ueno

| date= 25 January 2024

| title= Japan Explains How It Made an Upside-Down Moon Landing

| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/25/science/japan-moon-lander-slim.html

| access-date= 21 February 2024

| website= The New York Times

}}

{{cite web

| author1= Andrew Jones

| date= 22 January 2024

| title= Japan's moon lander forced to power down but may yet be revived

| url= https://spacenews.com/japans-moon-lander-forced-to-power-down-but-may-yet-be-revived/

| access-date= 25 January 2024

| website= SpaceNews

| language= en-US }}

{{cite web

| title= SLIM Project Press Kit

| url= https://global.jaxa.jp/countdown/slim/SLIM-mediakit-EN_2308.pdf

| website=JAXA

| access-date= 25 August 2023

| archive-date= 8 September 2023

| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230908075454/https://global.jaxa.jp/countdown/slim/SLIM-mediakit-EN_2308.pdf

| url-status=live }}

[https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2024/01/20240125-2_e.html Result and Achievements of the Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV-1) on board Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)]

{{Cite news

| author1= Kelly Ng

| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68125589

| title= Japan: Moon lander Slim comes back to life and resumes mission

| date= 29 January 2024

| access-date= 31 January 2024

| website= BBC News }}

{{cite news

| author1= Kantaro Komiya

| date= 26 February 2024

| title= Japan's SLIM moon probe unexpectedly survives lunar night

| url= https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/japans-slim-moon-probe-unexpectedly-survives-lunar-night-2024-02-26/

| newspaper= Reuters }}

{{cite news

| author1= Greg Brosnan

| date= 26 February 2024

| title= Japan Moon lander survives lunar night

| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68400989

| access-date= 27 February 2024

| language=en-GB

| newspaper= BBC News }}

{{cite web

| title= SLIM開発・運用の状況

| publisher= JAXA

| url= https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/slim/SLIM/operation_status/index.html

| trans-title= Status of SLIM Development and Operation

| access-date= 24 August 2024 }}

{{cite web

| title= Japan Moon probe survives second lunar night: Space agency

| url= https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/japan-moon-probe-survives-second-lunar-night-space-agency-12534391.html

| website= MoneyControl.com

| date= 28 March 2024

| access-date= 29 March 2024

| language= en }}

[https://www.ap7am.com/en/amp/78017/japans-moon-lander-goes-dormant-again-jaxa Japan's Moon lander goes dormant again: JAXA], ap7am.com, 1/04/2024.

{{cite web

| title= 小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）の月面活動の終了

| trans-title= End of lunar surface activities for the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)

| url= https://www.jaxa.jp/press/2024/08/20240826-1_j.html

| date= 26 August 2024

| publisher= JAXA

| access-date= 27 August 2024 }}

{{cite web

| title= Conclusion of Lunar Activities of the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)

| url= https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2024/08/20240826-1_e.html

| date= 26 August 2024

| publisher= JAXA

| access-date= 2 March 2025 }}

{{cite web

| author1= Robert Lea

| date= 24 April 2024

| title= Japan's SLIM moon lander defies death to survive 3rd frigid lunar night (image)

| url= https://www.space.com/japan-slim-moon-lander-survives-3rd-lunar-night

| access-date= 24 April 2024

| website= Space.com }}

{{Cite web

| author1= Mike Wall

| date= 28 March 2024

| title= Still alive! Japan's SLIM moon lander survives its 2nd lunar night (photo)

| url= https://www.space.com/japan-slim-moon-lander-survives-second-lunar-night

| access-date= 29 March 2024

| website= Space.com }}

{{cite web

| author1= Mike Wall

| title= Still alive! Japan's SLIM moon lander survives its 2nd lunar night (photo)

| url= https://www.space.com/japan-slim-moon-lander-survives-second-lunar-night

| website= Space.com

| date= 27 March 2024 }}

}}

• {{cite AV media |lang= ja |date= 19 January 2024 |title= 小型月着陸実証機SLIM ピンポイント月着陸ライブ・記者会見 |trans-title= kogata tsuki chakuriku jisshō-ki SLIM pin pointo tsuki chakuriku raibu kisha kaiken |author= JAXA {{!}} 宇宙航空研究開発機構 [JAXA: Uchūkōkūkenkyūkaihatsukikō] |id= {{YouTube|Udh6kvjZYC8|Udh6kvjZYC8}} }}
• {{cite AV media |lang= en |date= 19 January 2024 |title= SLIM Moon Landing Live & Press Conference |author= JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |id= {{YouTube|nvXLt3ET9mE|nvXLt3ET9mE}} }}

{{Commons}}

• SLIM [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/slim/SLIM/index.html Official project site] {{in lang|ja}}
• JAXA, [https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sas/slim/ SLIM] project page
• ISAS/JAXA, [http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/developing/slim.html SLIM] mission page

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{{Moon spacecraft}}

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