Socionics#Temperaments

Socionics provides a means of predicting the character of relations and degree of business compatibility, information sharing and psychological compatibility of people before their joining in one collective group, i.e. to solve the "inverse task" of sociometry.{{cite web |title=The effective management and staff consulting with the use of the socionics technologies |author1= Bukalov, A.V. |author2=Karpenko, O.B. |author3=Chykyrysova, G.V. |publisher=International Institute of Socionics |url=http://socionic.info/pdf/effective%20management.pdf}}

According to Aleksandr Bukalov and Betty Lou Leaver, socionics uses Jungian typology, informational model of psyche, and theory of information metabolism for political and sociological analysis.Bukalov A. at al. Socionics: Review of science. – International Institute of Socionics, Kyiv, 1992Betty Lou Leaver Oxford, Rebecca TITLE Mentoring in Style: Using Style Information To Enhance Mentoring of Foreign Language Teachers.PUB DATE 2000-00-00 NOTE 35p.; In: Mentoring Foreign Language Teaching Assistants, Lecturers, and Adjunct Faculty. Issues in Language Program Direction: A Series in Annual Volumes;

According to G. Fink and B. Mayrhofer, socionics is considered one of the four most popular models of personality (including cybernetic theory Maruyama, five-factor model, "Big Five" and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator aka MBTI), deserving special attention because of its importance in the study of personality.{{cite journal|author1=Fink G. |author2=Mayrhofer W. |title=Cross-cultural competence and management — setting the stage |journal=European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management |year=2009 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=42 |doi=10.1504/EJCCM.2009.026733 |url=http://inderscience.metapress.com/content/h040q1h67200h2n4/fulltext.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206034915/http://inderscience.metapress.com/content/h040q1h67200h2n4/fulltext.html |archive-date=2012-12-06|url-access=subscription }}

According to J. Horwood, and A. Maw, socionics is a science developed by {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}} in the 1970s. {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}} and her colleagues worked with Carl Jung's personality typologies to develop personality-based relationship profiles. It was found that the nature and development of interpersonal relationships (both professional and personal) are far from random. Instead, they are based on how well suited each individual's psychological profiles are to one another, allowing {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}} to develop 16 'socionic types' predicting and describing the interpersonal relationships between any combination of Jung's personality types.

According to R. Blutner and E. Hochnadel, "socionics is not so much a theory of personalities per se, but much more a theory of type relations providing an analysis of the relationships that arise as a consequence of the interaction of people with different personalities."

Philosopher L. Monastyrsky treats socionics as pre-science. At the same time, L. Monastyrsky himself proposes to pay attention to "the concept of socionic type".{{Cite journal|author=Монастырский Л. М.|script-title=ru:МЕСТО И РОЛЬ ЛЖЕНАУКИ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ СОВРЕМЕННОГО МИРОВОЗЗРЕНИЯ|journal=Успехи современного естествознания|year=2015|issue=1–3|pages=506–510|url=http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mesto-i-rol-lzhenauki-v-formirovanii-sovremennogo-mirovozzreniya|language=ru|access-date=2018-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102101113/http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mesto-i-rol-lzhenauki-v-formirovanii-sovremennogo-mirovozzreniya|archive-date=2016-01-02|url-status=dead}}

Philosopher E. Pletuhina defines socionics as the study about the information interaction of the human psyche with the outside world, between people. She also defines it as the doctrine of psychological types of people and the relationships between them, as well as notes that the particular quality of socionics is that it considers the innate qualities of the human psyche, including the personality type, which cannot be arbitrarily changed without prejudice to the mental and physical health.Е. Г. Плетухина СОЦИОНИКА КАК ОДИН ИЗ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОГО ПОДХОДА В ВОСПИТАНИИ//PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSONALITY, Materials of the II international scientific conference on November 15–16, 2014. – Prague : Vědecko vydavatelské centrum "Sociosféra-CZ". {{ISBN|978-80-87966-723}} http://www.sociosphera.com/files/conference/2014/k-11_15_14.pdf

The basic structure of socionics was established in the 1960s and 1970s by {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}},{{cite web|url=http://www.socionics.us/intro.shtml|title=Introduction to Socionics|access-date=2009-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301044617/http://socionics.us/intro.shtml|archive-date=2009-03-01|url-status=dead}}{{clarify|date=December 2015}} along with a group of enthusiasts who met in Vilnius, Lithuania. What resulted from their discussions and {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}}'s personal investigations was an information model of the psyche and of interpersonal interaction based on Jung's typology but with eight psychic functions rather than four.{{Cite web |url=http://www.socionics.us/interviews/bukalov.shtml |title=Socionics.us |access-date=2009-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601214300/http://www.socionics.us/interviews/bukalov.shtml |archive-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead }} {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}}'s first works on socionics{{cite journal |author1=Blutner R. |author2=Hochnadel E. |title=Two qubits for C.G. Jung's theory of personality |journal=Cognitive Systems Research |year=2010 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=243–259 |url=http://blutner.de/Documents/Jung_rev.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.12.002 |s2cid=5417327 |quote=Socionics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s mainly by the Lithuanian researcher {{lang|lt|Aušra Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}}. The name 'socionics' is derived from the word 'society, since Augustinavicˇiute believed that each personality type has a distinct purpose in society, which can be described and explained by socionics. The system of socionics is in several respects similar to the MBTI; however, whereas the latter is dominantly used in the USA and Western Europe, the former is mainly used in Russia and Eastern Europe. For more information, the reader is referred to the website of the International Institute of Socionics and to several scientific journals edited by this institution. Despite several similarities there are also important differences. For instance, the MBTI is based on questionnaires with so-called forced-choice questions. Forced choice means that the individual has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question. Obviously, such tests are self-referential. That means they are based on judgments of persons about themselves. Socionics rejects the use of such questionnaires and is based on interviews and direct observation of certain aspects of human behavior instead. However, if personality tests are well constructed and their questions are answered properly, we expect results that often make sense. For that reason, we do not reject test questions principally, but we have to take into account their self-referential character. Another difference relates to the fact that socionics tries to understand Jung's intuitive system and to provide a deeper explanation for it, mainly in terms of informational metabolism (Kepinski & PZWL, 1972). Further, socionics is not so much a theory of personalities per se, but much more a theory of type relations providing an analysis of the relationships that arise as a consequence of the interaction of people with different personalities.}} were published between 1978 and 1980.

Through the work of the International Institute of Socionics and other schools of socionics, there are four scientific peer-reviewed journals (on the practical application of the methods of socionics in management, consulting, psychology, pedagogy, education, psychotherapy, and humanities){{cite web |url=http://socionic.info/en/esocjur.html#top |title=Journals issued by International Institute of Socionics |publisher=International Institute of Socionics |access-date=2015-12-15}} and an annual International conference on socionics.[http://fgosvpo.ru/uploadfiles/poops/1/4/20110710135625.pdfПримерная основная образовательная программа высшего профессионального образования. Направление подготовки 040100] "Социология" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124123438/http://fgosvpo.ru/uploadfiles/poops/1/4/20110710135625.pdf|date=2012-11-24}} {{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Approximate basic educational program of higher education. Direction of training 040100 "Sociology" The Institute gives "popularization and proliferation of socionic knowledge" as one of its goals.{{cite web |author=International Institute of Socionics |url=http://socionic.info/en/esocint.html |title=IIS main activities |publisher=International Institute of Socionics |access-date=2016-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721203055/http://socionic.info/en/esocint.html |archive-date=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead }}

Svetlana V. Ivanova notes that socionics is taught in more than 150 universities in Russia, Ukraine and other CIS and European Union countries.{{cite journal |author=Ivanova, Svetlana V. |url=http://doaj.net/uploads/issue/issue_10.pdf |title=Psychological Aspects of Innovations in Educational Institutions |journal=Modern European Researches |issue=6 |year=2015 |issn=2311-8806 |quote=Let's notice that the relation of psychologists to socionics is ambiguous. As it is noted by A.V. Bukalov and O.B. Karpenko, wide circulation of socionics as scientific direction is confirmed by that for the last 15 years socionics ideas and methods are used approximately in 800 theses according to all sections of the humanities and in a number of technical sciences. Now socionics is taught in more than 150 universities of Russia, Ukraine, the CIS countries and countries of the European Union.}}{{Cite web |url=http://socionic.info/ru/list/sockafedra.html |title=Соционика в учебном процессе: вузы, программы, учебные планы: по данным мониторинга публикаций, проводимого Международным институтом соционики |trans-title=Socionics in education: Universities, programs, curricula: According to monitoring of publications conducted by the International Institute of Socionics |website=International Institute of Socionics |language=ru}} Some universities in Russia (including Altai State Technical University,{{cite book |author1=Струкчинская Е.М. |author2=Струкчинский С. |author3=Разгоняева Е.В. |title=Соционика: Учебное пособие |place=Бийск [Biysk] |publisher=Алт. гос. техн. ун-та [Alt. state tech. un-ta] |year=2011 |isbn=978-5-9257-0205-5}} Bashkir State University,Антошкин В.Н., Адиев М.Я., Гайбадуллин В.Р. и др. Соционика и социоанализ : учеб. пособие. – Уфа: БашГУ, 2003. {{ISBN|5-7477-0906-2}}Гафаров А.А., Петрушин С.В. История и соционика. Метод социоанализа психологии ист. персонажей : Справ.-метод. пособие / Казан. гос. ун-т, Каф. полит. истории, Каф. психологии. – Казань.: КГУ, 1996.

Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University,Орловская Л.М., Орловский И.О. "Основы соционики". Был успешно апробирован и является основным учебно-методическим пособием по курсу "Основы соционики" для студентов психологов и менеджеров Красноярского государственного педагогического университета

and Saint Petersburg State UniversityПсихология: учебник/ В.В. Никандров . – М.: Волтерс Клувер, 2009. {{ISBN|978-5-466-00413-7}} Рекомендовано к изданию в качестве учебника редакционно-издательским советом факультета психологии Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета)

Ukraine,Арутюнов В. Х., Мішин В. М., Свінціцький В. М. [http://6201.org.ua/load/72-1-0-642 Методологія соціально-економічного пізнання] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325133205/http://6201.org.ua/load/72-1-0-642 |date=March 25, 2010 }}. Навч. посібник. — К.: КНЕУ, 2005. — 353 c. ({{in lang|uk}}. Title can be translated as: Arutyunov V. H., Mishin V. M. and Svintsitskyi V. M. Methodology of socio-economic knowledge) Bulgaria,Alexandrova N. H., Boyadjieva N., Sapundzhieva K., Kolarova C. D. "[http://books.bg/books/50/31662.html Социониката в социалната сфера] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130917060622/http://books.bg/books/50/31662.html |date=2013-09-17 }}"- Sofia Univ.izd. St. Kliment Ohridski, 2004. – 149 p. {{ISBN|954-07-1876-7}} and Romania,László-Kuţiuk M. Ghid de autocunoasţere. Elemente de socionică. – București, 2000. {{ISBN|973-97141-5-3}}. have published or commissioned a number of textbooks and monographs on socionics, or on psychology, pedagogy and management, which socionics and its methods are devoted to specific topics.{{Original research inline|date=June 2022}}

Areas of research include educational socionics,Суртаева Н. Н., Иванова О. Н.Педагогическая соционика и проблемы конфликтных взаимодействий. — СПб. ИОВ РАО, 2002. {{ISBN|5-258-00021-4}} {{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Surtaeva N. N., Ivanova O. N. Educational socionics and problems of conflict interactionsФедорова В.К. Использование педагогической соционики в решении конфликтных взаимодействий субъектов образовательного процесса [http://www.dissercat.com/content/ispolzovanie-pedagogicheskoi-sotsioniki-v-reshenii-konfliktnykh-vzaimodeistvii-subektov-obra Автореферат дисс. канд. пед. наук.] — Омск, 1998. ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Fedorova V. K. Using Educational Socionics in resolving conflict interactions in educational process. – Summary of the thesis candidate. ped. sciences. – Omsk, 1998.) sociological socionics,Антошкин В. Н. [http://www.dissercat.com/content/optimizatsiya-upravleniya-sistemoi-kommunikativnoi-deyatelnosti-v-sotsialnoi-rabote Оптимизация управления системой коммуникативной деятельности в социальной работе] (2004). {{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Antoshkin V. N. Optimization of system management communication activity in social work aviation socionics,Ариничева Ольга Викторовна. Совершенствование методов управления ресурсами системы "экипаж – воздушное судно" путем снижения отрицательного влияния человеческого фактора на безопасность полетов : диссертация ... кандидата технических наук : 05.22.14 / Ариничева Ольга Викторовна; [Место защиты: С.-Пет. гос. ун-т граждан. авиации]. – Санкт-Петербург, 2008. – 256 с. : ил. РГБ ОД, 61:08-5/858 [http://www.lib.ua-ru.net/diss/cont/280815.html Socionics application in Aviation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418060005/http://www.lib.ua-ru.net/diss/cont/280815.html |date=2011-04-18 }}Типовая учебная программа по дисциплине: "[http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-202520.html Подготовка авиационного персонала в области человеческого фактора]" ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Model curriculum for the discipline: Flight Crew Training in the field of human factors) library socionics,Грачев В. И. Библиотечная соционика — новое направление изучения библиотечной жизни // Научные и технические библиотеки. — 1993. — No. 7. — p. 19–20.({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Grachev V. I. Library socionics – a new direction of studying the life of the library // Scientific and technical libraries. – 1993. – No. 7. – P.19-20.)Исаева Е.Н. [http://libconfs.narod.ru/1999/5s/5s_p12.html Перспективы соционики в библиотечном менеджменте] // Московский государственный университет культуры и искусств. — М., 1999—2008. ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Isayeva E. N. Perspectives of Socionics in Library Management // Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. – M., 1999–2008.) technical socionics, linguistic socionics, penitentiary socionics, and socionics in other subject areas.

Socionics is used in education, not only as a tool for teachers to manage the learning process,Гуленко В. В., Тыщенко В. П. [http://www.eti-deti.ru/psy/554.html Юнг в школе. Соционика — межвозрастной педагогике]. — Новосибирск: изд-во Новосибирского университета, 1997. {{ISBN|5-89441-014-2}}. {{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Gulenko V. V. and Tyshchenko V. P. Socionics to between-age pedagogy. – Novosibirsk: Publishing House of Novosibirsk State University, 1997. but also as a basis for the development and improvement of education and training. Bogdanova claim that a teacher holding socionic knowledge and technologies can consciously collaborate with others and improve professional efficiency.Богданова І.М. [http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/NiO/2011_4_1/statti/Bohda.htm Шляхи вдосконалення професійної підготовки майбутніх учителів] // Наукa і освіта. — 2011. — No. 4. — Ch. 1. — p. 34–36. ({{in lang|uk}}. Title can be translated as: Bogdanova I. M. The ways to improve the training of future teachers // Science and education. – 2011. – No. 4. – Part 1. – Pp. 34–36.) Targeted use of intertype relations helps intensify the didactic process, increase the motivation of students.Бобков В. В. [http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2006/040.pdf Дифференцированный подход к обучению] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225110649/http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2006/040.pdf |date=2013-12-25 }}: психо-информационная точка зрения. Часть 1 // Электронный научный журнал "Исследовано в России". — 2006. — p. 371—400.({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Bobkov V. V. A differentiated approach to teaching: psycho-informational point of view. Part 1 // Electronic Scientific Journal "Investigated in Russia". – 2006. – Pp. 371–400.) Socionics is also used to assess the individual psychological and personal qualities to forecast the success of employee career.Иванов Ю. В. [http://www.labirint.ru/books/54517/ Деловая соционика] — М.: Бизнес-школа "Интел-Синтез", 2001. (Библиотека журнала "Управление персоналом"). ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Ivanov Ju. V. Business socionics – Moscow Business School "Intel-Synthesis", 2001. (Library of the "Personnel Management" Journal). )

Izmailova and Kiseleva found socionics interesting to be applied in advertisingИзмайлова М. А. Психология рекламной деятельности. Практическое пособие. — М. ИТК "Дашков и К", 2009. {{ISBN|978-5-394-00261-8}}. ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Izmailova M. A. Psychology of advertising. Practical Guide. – Moscow, 2009.) and marketing, because it allows you to explain the reasons for the behavior of consumers.Киселева Е.С. [http://www.lib.tpu.ru/fulltext/v/Bulletin_TPU/2008/v312/i6/14.pdf Роль и значение потребителя в системе маркетинга и способы управления поведением на основе соционики] // Известия Томского политехнического университета. — 2008. — No. 6. — Т. 312. — p. 59–64.({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Kiseleva E. S. The role and importance of the consumer in the marketing system and ways of control consumer's behavior on the basis of socionics // Proceedings of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. – 2008. – No. 6. – Vol. 312. – p. 59-64.

Socionics is a tool for the study of personality and creativity of the writer, the typology of the characters in his works.Ласло-Куцюк М. Ключ до белетристики. — Бухарест: Мустанг, 2002. {{ISBN|973-99400-6-4}}. ({{in lang|uk}}. Title can be translated as: László-Kuţiuk M. The key to fiction. – București: Mustang, 2002.) The method of linguistic-socionic modeling proposed by L. M. Komissarova,Комиссарова Л. М. Лингвосоционическая методология изучения языковой личности в русском языке. Автореф. дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. филол. наук — Барнаул: Изд-во АГУ, 2002. — 23 с. ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Komissarova L. M. Linguistic-socionic methodology of study of language personality in the Russian language.) used for analysis of individual lexicon of language personality.Хачмафова З.Р. [http://www.vestnik.adygnet.ru//files/2009.1/817/khachmafova2009_1.pdf Лексико-тематическая группа "чувство"] в лексиконе современной женской прозы. // Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. — 2009. — No. 1. {{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Hachmafova Z. R. Lexical-thematic group "feeling" in the lexicon of contemporary women's prose. // Bulletin of Adyghe State University. – 2009. – No. 1 A translation of socionic characteristics in verbal ones is called the "method of linguistic-socionic modeling" and widely used.Голев Н. Д., Кузнецова А. В. Лингвосоционическое моделирование экстравертного и интровертного типов языковой личности // Вестник КемГУ. Филология. — 2009. — No. 3 — p. 95–98. ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Golev N. D. and Kuznetsova A. V. Linguistic-socionic modeling of extraverted and introverted types of language personality)Залогина Е.М. Языковая личность: лингвистический и психологический аспекты: На материале романа «Бесы» и «Дневника писателя» Ф.М. Достоевского: Автореферат дисс. … канд. филол. наук. — М., 2005. ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Zalogina E. M. Language personality: linguistic and psychological aspects: based on the novel "Demons" and "Diary of a Writer" by F. M. Dostoevsky.)

Socionic methods have been proposed for the modeling of information processes in the "human-machine" systems,Букалов Г.К., Корабельников Р.В. Основы поиска новых методов повышения износостойкости рабочих органов текстильных машин. — Кострома: Изд-во КТГУ, 2001. {{ISBN|5-8285-0013-9}}. ({{in lang|ru}}. Title can be translated as: Bukalov G.K., Korabelnikov R.V. Basics of search for new methods for increasing the wear resistance of the working body of textile machines. – Kostroma, 2001.) and practically used to model systems "aircraft operator" in pilots' training, and other similar areas.

Due to the variety of applications of socionics, its concepts and information models, in the 1990s, Bukalov proposed to distinguish socionics of personality, or differential socionics, and generalized, more abstract integral socionics.{{cite journal |author=Bukalov, A.B. |title=Интегральная соционика. Типы коллективов, наций, государств. Этносоционика |journal=Соционика, ментология и психология личности |year=1998 |issue=5 |pages=13–17 |language=ru |trans-title=Integral Socionics. Types of groups, nations and states. Ethnosocionics |trans-journal=Socionics, mentology and personality psychology |publisher=International Institute of Socionics }} Bukalov believes that the concept of information metabolism, cybernetic modeling and general systems theory extends beyond of psychology and sociology, and consider the relationship of technical information devices, and the types of information human interactions as operator with various technical and electronic management systems of major industries, including chemical, nuclear power stations, complex computer complexes with adaptive tunable to a specific operator interfaces.

International Institute of Socionics lists a number of academic publications on socionics in English in peer-reviewed journals.{{cite web |author=Международный институт соционики |url=http://socionic.info/list/socino.html |title=Соционика: иностранные публикации по соционике |publisher=Socionic.info |date=2005-06-26 |access-date=2015-12-15 |archive-date=2015-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630080555/http://socionic.info/list/socino.html |url-status=dead |language=ru}} Since 2000 socionics as a scientific discipline and a field of research has been recognized in Russia and Ukraine.{{cite web|url=http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/PORTAL |title=Наукова періодика України |website=Національна бібліотека України |trans-website=National Library of Ukraine |access-date=2015-12-15 |language=ru}}{{Original research inline|date=June 2022}}

The concepts and methods of socionics are widely used in pedagogy, this collaboration creates a new scientific branch – pedagogical socionics.Surtayeva N.N., Ivanova O.N. Pedagogical socionics and problems in conflict relationships. – St. Petersburg, 2002. — 135 p. {{ISBN|5-258-00021-4}}Fedorova V.K. Using pedagogical socionics in solving conflict relationships in educational process. [http://www.dissercat.com/content/ispolzovanie-pedagogicheskoi-sotsioniki-v-reshenii-konfliktnykh-vzaimodeistvii-subektov-obra Автореферат дисс. канд. пед. наук.] — Omsk, 1998

Pletuhina noted that the parent, trainer or teacher, who knows the theory of socionics, who also understands an idea of the "image of a socionics type" and who can determine the child's personality type with a sufficient degree of probability can use those opportunities of the individual approaches that socionics provides to raise and educate a child.

The role that socionics takes in the educational process is not limited to being a teacher's tool for the managing process.Gulenko V.V., Tyshchenko V.P. [http://www.eti-deti.ru/psy/554.html Юнг в школе. Соционика — межвозрастной педагогике]. — Novosibirsk, 1997. — 268 p. {{ISBN|5-89441-014-2}} It is also a base for development and improving the educational system and for preparing staff. Teachers armed with socionics technology can consciously establish relationships with other people and increase efficiency of their pedagogical skills.Bohdanova I.M. Ways of improving professional trainings for future teachers // [http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/NiO/2011_4_1/statti/Bohda.htm Наука і освіта. — 2011]. — No. 4. — Part 1 — p. 34-36 Rational implementation of intertype relationships can push educational process to become more intensive and increase students' motivation.Bobkov V.V. [http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2006/040.pdf Дифференцированный подход к обучению] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225110649/http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2006/040.pdf |date=2013-12-25 }}: psycho informatic point of view. Part 1// Electronic scientific journal "Investigated in Russia". — 2006. — p. 371—400Rozhkob M.I. Editorial // Spirin L.F., Rumyanceva E.A., Rumyanceva T.A. Socionics for teachers and parents — Moscow, 1999. pp. 3–5

Socionics is also researched practical methods and techniques dedicated to evaluation person's individual psychological values to prognoses professional success.Иванов Ю.В. [http://www.labirint.ru/books/54517/ Деловая соционика] — М.: Бизнес-школа «Интел-Синтез», 2001. (Библиотека журнала «Управление персоналом») Keneva, Marchenko, and Minaev argue that socionics might become a theoretical base for personal-oriented educational technologies.Keneva I.P., Marchenko O.A., Minaev Y.P. Problem of accounting socionics type for future expert in forming his professional qualities. — Kamyanec Podilsky, 2008. — No. 14. — pp. 62–65Keneva I.P., Marchenko O.A., Minaev Y.P. Socionics as educational discipline in humanitarian and social-economics trainings for science teaschers. — Kamyanec-Podilsky, 2009. — No. 15. — pp. 70–73

In Star City conducted number of science seminars based on socionics methods and person typology to training space crews. Forming space crews by socionics methods was a central topic at the International conference on space researches,{{cite conference |author1=Bukalov A.V. |author2=Karpenko O.B. |author3=Chykyrysova G.V. |title=Forecasting psychological, business and informational compatibility in space flights, in aviation and aerospace technologies |conference=9th Ukrainian Conference on Space Research |place=Yevpatoria/Kyiv |year=2009 |page=104}} at the Space Forum 2011{{cite web |title=КОСМИЧЕСКИЙ ФОРУМ-2011: ПРОГРАММА |trans-title=Space Forum 2011: Program |url=http://conf2011.imbp.ru/ItogovayaProg.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420040012/http://conf2011.imbp.ru/ItogovayaProg.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-20 |language=ru}} and at the conference "Piloted flights into Space".

According to order of the Ministry of transport of Russian Federation Flight Standards Department approved a default application "Training of pilots in the field of human factor", which expects basic socionics knowledge not only among pilots and other crew members, but also prognosing interaction in air crews by socionics methods.{{cite web |date=2000-02-18 |title=Курсы повышения квалификации летного состава 8 часов; курсы повышения квалификации преподавателей ауц 60 часов |trans-title=Flight personnel advanced training courses 8 hours; advanced training courses for AEC teachers 60 hours |url=http://rudocs.exdat.com/docs/index-202520.html |access-date=2015-12-15 |publisher=МИНИСТЕРСТВО ТРАНСПОРТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ [Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation] |language=ru}}

To improve interaction among crew members, specialists of Saint Petersburg University examined 2330 people by socionics methods, including university students; aircrews of airlines; air traffic controllers; professors from almost all flight academies of Russia; delegates from Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, and Estonia.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

This database represents result of 10 years of scientific work. In their research, authors are relying on fundamental works of the Kyiv School of Socionics, International Institute of Socionics, publications in journals "Socionics, mentology and personal psychology", "Management and personnel: management psychology, socionics and sociology".{{cite journal |author=Maliszewski A.V. |author2=Arinicheva O.V. |author3=Parfeno I.A. |author4=Petrova M.V. |author5=Arakelyan D.A. |title=Socionics approach to improving professional psychological selection of aviation personnel |journal=Scientific Bulletin of Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation |year=2009 |issue=149 |pages=83–90}}

According to the experimental results were obtained socionics and sociometric data of air traffic controllers and correlation analyses of its parameters, also was determined the connection's intensity between person's interaction levels. The practical values of this research is to develop automated module to determine individual characteristic of operators and to evaluate the effectiveness of socionics in the management of air traffic, particular in special cases of flightKharchenko V.P., Shmeleva T.F., Sikirda Y..V., Zemlyanskyy A.V. Using socionics methods in forming professional navigation system groups // News NAU. — 2012. — No.1. – pp. 14–21. – ISSN 1813-1166

{{Main|Psychological Types}}

Carl Jung describes four psychological functions that are capable of becoming applicable psychically, but to differing degrees in individuals:Jung, Carl G., Psychological Types (The Collected Works of Carl G. Jung, Vol.6), 1976 (1921), {{ISBN|0-691-01813-8}} The chapter X, [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Jung/types.htm General description of types] contains descriptions of basic psychological functions and 8 major psychological types.

• Sensation – all perceptions by means of the sense organs
• Intuition – perception by way of the unconscious, or perception of unconscious events
• Thinking (in socionics, Logic) – judgement of information based on reason
• Feeling (in socionics, Ethics) – judgement of information based on sentiment

In addition to these four types, Jung defines a polarity between introverted and extraverted personalities. This distinction is based on how people invest energy: either into the inner, subjective, psychical world (usually called {{lang|de|Seele}}, soul, by Jung), or toward their outer, objective, physical world (including one's body).

By Jung's rules, 16 psychological types exist. But in his book "Psychological Types" he described in detail only 8, distinguished by the 8 possible dominant functions. Contrary to Socionics and MBTI, Jung did not conclude that the types had two introverted functions and two extroverted functions. He instead outlined that extroverted personality types had a Dominant extroverted function, with the remaining functions being of varying if lower levels of development that range from being Inferior introverted functions that are necessarily retarded to auxiliary functions that lie in the middle."As a consequence of this one-sided development, one or more functions are necessarily retarded. These functions may properly be called inferior ..." (Jung, [1921] 1971:Def. Inferior Function, par. 763).

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In socionics, Jung's cognitive functions are always either introverted (focused on refining quality) or extroverted (focused on increasing quantity), and are referred to as information metabolism elements (IM Elements).{{cite journal |author=Augustinavičiūtė, А. |title=Комментарий к типологии Юнга и введение в информационный метаболизм |language=ru |year=1995 |trans-title=A Commentary on Jung's Typology and an Introduction to the Information Metabolism |issue=2 |journal=Соционика, ментология и психология личности |trans-journal=Socionics, mentology and personality psychology}} These are said to process information aspects. To understand what an information aspect is, it is necessary to understand information metabolism as Augustinavičiūtė understood it.

{{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}} states that the human mind uses eight elements of information metabolism (mental functions) to perceive the world, and each of these eight elements reflect one particular aspect of objective reality.{{cite book|author=Augustinavičiūtė, А. |title=Дуальная природа человека |year=1978 |language=ru |trans-title=The Dual Nature of Man |url=http://www.socionics.us/works/dual_nature_of_man.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104095737/http://www.socionics.us/works/dual_nature_of_man.shtml |archive-date=2009-11-04 }} In her works she describes aspects of the world based on physical quantities such as potential and kinetic energy, space, time, and their properties.

Often, other socionists have equated these information elements with their definition and according to fundamental physical concepts as well (Matter-Time-Energy-Space).{{Cite web|url=https://socionika.info/ermak.html|title=В.Д.Ермак: Взаимодействие психики человека с окружающим миром|website=socionika.info}}{{Cite web|url=http://psychotype.ru/article/a-4.html|title=Аспекты в соционике (аспектоника) | Школа Физиогномической Соционики Т. Духовского|website=psychotype.ru |language=ru}}). Matter is compared to Thinking, Energy to Feeling, Space to Sensing, and Time to Intuition. Given the division of aspects of the absolute between Extroverted ("black") and Introverted ("white"), being four times two, their number is eight.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

The 8 socionics symbols (15px 15px 15px 15px 15px 15px 15px 15px) were introduced by {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}} while working with Jung's typology{{clarify|date=December 2015}} and remain the dominant method of denoting the functions and the corresponding information aspects that they process. Text-based notation systems are also used, such as Victor Gulenko's 8 Latin letters ('P' for Pragmatism, 'E' for Emotions, 'F' for Force, 'I' for Ideas, 'L' for Laws, 'R' for Relation, 'S' for Senses, and 'T' for Time, respectively),{{Cite web|url=http://worldsocionics.blogspot.com/2016/03/shorthand-notation-for-model-a.html|title=World Socionics: WSS Shorthand Notation for Model A|first=Jack Oliver|last=Aaron|date=March 3, 2016}} or Myers-Briggs notation (Te, Fe, Se, Ne, Ti, Fi, Si, and Ni, respectively).{{Cite web|url=http://typelogic.com/fa.html|title=Functional Analysis of Psychological Types|last=Butt|first=Joe|date=2011|website=TypeLogic}}

{{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}} usually used names like sensory-logical introvert (SLI) to refer to the types. In SLI the leading function is introverted sensation and the creative function is extraverted logic. She also introduced the practice of referring to types by the name of a famous person of the type (although types of these persons are not universally agreed upon, with the old name Napoleon for the SEE being replaced by Caesar after being deemed an inaccurate type assignment). For example, she called the SLI Gabin and the SEI Dumas. Also sometimes names such as Craftsman or Mediator are used to express the social role of the type—a convention introduced by socionist Viktor Gulenko in 1995.[http://socionics.kiev.ua/articles/methodology/type-name/ Socionics.kiev.ua] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430072536/http://socionics.kiev.ua/articles/methodology/type-name/ |date=April 30, 2009 }}, "Methodology" Given the formal similarities present between Socionics and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) abbreviations frequently used in English, some prefer to distinguish socionic type names from Myers–Briggs' names by writing the last letter (J or P) in lower case (for example, ENTp, ESFj)—a practice introduced by Sergei Ganin.[http://www.socionics.com/articles/mbti.htm socionics.com], "Things to consider about MBTI® theory (Part 1)" This is because the relationship between socionics and Myers–Briggs and Keirseyan types is controversial.

Dmitri Lytov and Marianna Lytova state that "main spheres of application of socionics are almost the same as for the Myers–Briggs Type Theory", and that observed differences in correlation "represent characteristic stereotypes of the socionics and the Keirsey typology.{{Cite web|url=https://www.socioniko.net/en/articles/lytovs-intro3.html|title=Introduction into Socionics|website=www.socioniko.net}} Others state that MBTI and socionics "correlate in roughly 30% of cases," and that "there are many subtle differences".{{Cite web |url=http://www.socionics.us/intro.shtml |title=Introduction to Socionics – Socionics.us |access-date=2009-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301044617/http://socionics.us/intro.shtml |archive-date=2009-03-01 |url-status=dead }}{{clarify|date=December 2015}} J and P in Socionics and Myers–Briggs are completely different:{{cite web|url=http://www.socio.dp.ua/newspaper/1997/pavlov3/|title=Соционика в Днепропетровском клубе соционики и социальных технологий – Существует ли признак "статика-динамика"?|publisher=Socio.dp.ua|access-date=2015-12-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221153805/http://www.socio.dp.ua/newspaper/1997/pavlov3/|archive-date=2016-02-21}} in Myers–Briggs, J and P stands for the first extraverted function (J—extraverted thinking or feeling, P—extraverted sensing or intuition); in Socionics, J and P stands for the first function (J—rational (thinking and feeling), P—irrational (sensing and intuition)). This formal conversion is carried out in accordance with the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator.

In dividing the socion according to the four Jungian dichotomies, from this is formed 16 socionic types. The following tables provide a list of types with the names most commonly used in socionics:

The second concept is the functional dimensions. It was introduced by Aleksandr Bukalov.Boukalov, A. V. (1995). On the dimensions of the functions of information metabolism. Socionics, Mentology, and Personality Psychology, 2. International Institute of Socionics. He defined the first dimension as the personal experience (Ex), the second dimension as social norms (Nr), the third dimension as the current situation (St), and the fourth dimension as the globality, or time perspective (Tm). This concept is useful because it best illustrates the difference in cognitive power (imagine measuring capability of 2D v. 3D measuring tool) and roughly describes abilities of each function to process and generate information. Still, definitions of dimensions require further research and clarification. For example, the vulnerable function tends to lose knowledge which have not been used.

Psychophysiologist Sergey Bogomaz says there is no reason for considering socionics as a separate science. He considers socionic typology to be a Russian version of post-Jung typology, similar to the Myers-Briggs typology, but distinguished by a greater number of typological features and the formulation of prerequisites for the study of intertype relationships. Bogomaz considers the construction of the theory of intertype relationships to be an undoubted contribution of {{lang|lt|Augustinavičiūtė|italics=no}} to the development of Jung typology, but criticized it by stating that there is little experimental data in socionics, there is no empirical verification of many claims, and by having many unsystematic pseudoscientific publications.{{cite book |last1=Bogomaz |first1=Sergey |title=Psychological types of C. Jung. Psychophysiological types and intertype relationships. Methodical aid |date=2000 |location=Tomsk |language=ru}}Nesterenko, A.I., Vasilyev, V.N., Medvedev, M.A. et al. Physiological and Psychological Expression of Personality Types. Human Physiology 29, 729–734 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HUMP.0000008846.76263.b9Krivo Yu.A. SOCIONICS. PHYSIOLOGY. COGNITIVE SCIENCE. MODEL OF HUMAN FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS FOR USE IN PSYCHOLOGY//Man, Art, Universe, №1, 2018, p.90-102, http://iidp.ru/paper/files/sbornik_2018.pdfPanchulazyan, K. A. POLYGRAPHOLOGICAL PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF TYPES CHARACTER OF ATHLETS//Electronic Journal of Natural Sciences, 2019, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p36-39. 4p.

Philosopher L. M. Monastirsky{{cite journal |last1=Monastirsky |first1=L. M. |title=The Place and Role of Pseudo-Science in the Formation of Modern World Views |journal=Successes of Contemporary Natural Sciences |date=2015 |issue=1–3 |pages=506–510 |language=ru}} identified the use of speculative categories as the first shortcoming of socionics. Secondly, he stated that it lacks clearly defined typing method and each socionics school defines methods of their own. At the same time Monastirsky, recognizing the potential of socionics, proposed to turn to the concept of a socionic type for carrying out some research in the field of the methodology of science.

An important issue in the field of socionics is the problem of convergence between type diagnoses of different analysts. Vladimir Ermak showed that ignorance of model A of the type of information metabolism leads to numerous mistakes in the definition of a socionic type.{{cite web|last1=Ermak|first1=V. D.|title=The collapse of the illusion of socionics? No – the type!|url=http://socionicasys.org/biblioteka/statji/krah-illuzij-socioniki|website=socionicasys.org|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032708/http://socionicasys.org/biblioteka/statji/krah-illuzij-socioniki|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=dead |language=ru}} In the early 2000s, socionic analysts tried to develop more rigorous approaches to type diagnosis.{{cite web|last1=Eglit|first1=I.M.|title=The accuracy of the diagnosis of TIM. Comparison of the two approaches|url=http://socionicasys.org/biblioteka/statji/tochnost-diagnostiki-tima-sravnenie-dvuh-podhodov|website=socionicasys.org|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120626/http://socionicasys.org/biblioteka/statji/tochnost-diagnostiki-tima-sravnenie-dvuh-podhodov|archive-date=19 May 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{portal|Psychology}}

• Analytical psychology
• Japhetic theory
• Jungian Type Index
• Philosophical realism
• Information metabolism

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

; Media

• {{cite web |author= Martianova Maria |url= https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2016/03/15_a_8123027.shtml |title= Лженаука про Гамлетов и Дон-Кихотов. Почему соционика не является наукой |trans-title=Pseudoscience About Hamlets and Don Quixotes. Why Socionics is Not a Science |language= ru |publisher= Gazeta.Ru |date= 2016-03-15 |access-date=2020-08-04}}

; Video

• {{YouTube|vbhpNNQlOaQ|Александр Панчин и Никита Ванчагов. Астрология, соционика и родственные заблуждения. [Aleksandr Panchin and Nikita Vanchagov. Astrology, Socionics and Related Misconceptions]}} — biologist A. Panchin is member of special Commission of Russian Academy of Sciences to Combat Pseudoscience.

{{Jungian psychology}}

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Category:Analytical psychology

Category:Personality typologies

Category:Pseudoscience