Soil and grain

{{Short description|Historic term for the state in East Asia}}

{{infobox Chinese

|title=

|pic=

|piccap=

|name1=

|c={{linktext|社稷}}

|p=shèjì

|w=she-chi

|kanji={{linktext|社稷}}

|revhep=shashoku

|hangul=사직

|rr=sajik

|qn=xã tắc

|chuhan={{linktext|社稷}}

}}

__NOTOC__

Soil and grain was a common Chinese political term in the Sinosphere for the state. Shejitan, the altars of soil and grain, were constructed alongside ancestral altars. Chinese monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties performed ceremonies of soil and grain to affirm their sovereignty at the Beijing Shejitan.

During the Chinese Warring States period, ministers defied their rulers by claiming a greater loyalty to the "soil and grain".[https://books.google.com/books?id=zhpLJgHZMTQC&pg=PA164 Envisioning eternal empire: Chinese political thought of the Warring States era]

A similar concept to sheji is that of the earth deities Tudi and Houtu.Yang, C. K. Religion in Chinese Society : A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors (1967 [1961]). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. page 97 It is also linked to Sheshen or deities which are sometimes directly called soil ({{lang|zh|社}})

Houtu is the overlord of all the Tudigongs ("Lord of Local Land"), Sheji ("the State"), Shan Shen ("God of Mountains"), City Gods ("God of Local City"), and landlord gods worldwide.