Solidago canadensis
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image=Solidago canadensis 20050815 248.jpg
|status = {{TNCStatus}}
|status_system = TNC
|genus=Solidago
|species=canadensis
|authority=L.
|synonyms=* Aster canadensis (L.) Kuntze
- Doria canadensis (L.) Lunell
}}
File:Solidago canadensis flower.jpg
Solidago canadensis, known as Canada goldenrod or Canadian goldenrod, is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae. It forms colonies of upright growing plants, with many small yellow flowers in a branching inflorescence held above the foliage. It is native to northeastern and north-central North America and is an invasive plant in other parts of the continent and several areas worldwide, including Eurasia.
Description
Solidago canadensis is a herbaceous perennial plant with stems that grow {{Convert|2–4|ft|cm|sp=us|abbr=off|-1}} and sometimes to {{Convert|6|ft|cm|abbr=on|-1}} tall. It has a wide distribution with several varieties,{{cite book|author1=Hong Qian|author2=K. Klinka|title=Plants of British Columbia: Scientific and Common Names of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBciWJHM5GkC&pg=PA440|year=1998|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0652-7|pages=440–}} which have significant variability. The lanceolate to broadly linear shaped leaves are alternately arranged on the stems.{{cite book|author1=Steven Foster|author2=Christopher Hobbs|title=A Field Guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg_bPUzhJ9oC&pg=PA131|year=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-395-83806-1|pages=131–}} The leaves are {{Convert|4–6|in|cm|sp=us|abbr=off}} long and {{Convert|1|in|cm|abbr=on}} wide. The stems have lines of white hairs, while the undersides of the leaves are pubescent. The leaves are often prominently toothed.{{cite book|author=Leonard Adkins|title=Wildflowers of the Appalachian Trail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrUO5b1CLPAC&pg=PA124|date=10 August 2006|publisher=Menasha Ridge Press|isbn=978-0-89732-974-3|pages=124–}} The flowers have yellow rays and are arranged into small heads on branched pyramidal shaped inflorescences,{{cite book|author1=France Royer|author2=Richard Dickinson|title=Wildflowers of Calgary and Southern Alberta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx9OpT113CUC&pg=PA118|date=December 1996|publisher=University of Alberta|isbn=978-0-88864-283-7|pages=118–}} flowering occurs from July to October.{{cite book|author=Donald D. Cox|title=A Naturalist's Guide to Field Plants: An Ecology for Eastern North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJEVmH8yY3sC&pg=PR9|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-0780-9|pages=9–}} It has a rhizomatous growth habit, which can produce large colonies of clones.{{cite book|author=David J. Gibson|title=Methods in Comparative Plant Population Ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJWrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-967147-2|pages=45–}}
Distribution, habitat and ecology
Solidago canadensis is native to northeastern and north-central North America. It is winter hardy in USDA hardiness zones 3–9.{{cite book |author=Maureen Heffernan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXsYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |title=Native Plants for Your Maine Garden |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Down East Books |isbn=978-0-89272-900-5 |pages=213–}} It is found in a variety of habitats. It typically is one of the first plants to colonize an area after a disturbance (such as fire) and rarely persists once shrubs and trees become established. It is found in very dry locations (e.g. road sides) and also waterlogged ones (e.g. moist thickets).{{r|feis1}}{{cite book |author1=John C. Kricher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUUj6xbh_SUC&pg=RA2-PA40-IA1 |title=A Field Guide to Eastern Forests, North America |author2=National Audubon Society |author3=National Wildlife Federation |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=1998 |isbn=0-395-92895-8 |pages=2–}}
Canada goldenrod is visited by a wide variety of insects for its pollen and nectar, including bees, wasps, flies, beetles, butterflies, and moths. It is especially strongly favored as a nectar source by bumblebees and paper wasps, such as Polistes parametricus and P. fuscatus.{{r|buckpolistes}}{{Cite journal| issn = 0008-7475| volume = 46| issue = 2| pages = 136–139| last1 = Blackwell| first1 = Will H.| last2 = Powell| first2 = Martha J.| title = Observations on Late Season Pollination of Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae) in Southwest Ohio| journal = Castanea| accessdate = 2021-10-21| date = 1981| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/4033045| jstor = 4033045}} Aside from wasps, it is also visited frequently by honeybees and some butterflies, such as monarchs.
Solidago canadensis is sometimes browsed by deer and is good to fair as food for domestic livestock such as cattle or horses.{{r|feis1}}
It can be extremely aggressive and tends to form monocultures and near-monocultures in parts of its native range, such as in southwest Ohio clay loam.{{Cite journal| doi = 10.4141/cjps80-194| issn = 0008-4220| volume = 60| issue = 4| pages = 1393–1409| last1 = Werner| first1 = Patricia A.| last2 = Gross| first2 = Ronald S.| last3 = Bradbury| first3 = Ian K.| title = The Biology of Canadian Weeds 45. Solidago canadensis L.| journal = Canadian Journal of Plant Science| accessdate = 2021-10-22| date = 1980-10-01| url = https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.4141/cjps80-194}} It not only seeds a great deal, but also spreads rapidly via running rhizomes. Its root system is very tough, and plants that have been pulled out of the ground prior to freezing and left exposed atop soil have survived winter temperatures down to -26 °C (-14 °F).
= Galls =
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2023}}
Many wasps form parasitic galls inside the stem of goldenrod. There are stem, flower, and bud galls.Weis, A. E., & Abrahamson, W. G. (1986). Evolution of host-plant manipulation by gall makers: ecological and genetic factors in the Solidago-Eurosta system. The American Naturalist, 127(5), 681-695. This species is host to the following insect induced galls:
- Asteromyia carbonifera (Osten Sacken, 1862)
- Asteromyia tumifica (Beutenmuller, 1907)
- Epiblema scudderiana (Clemens, 1860)
- Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch, 1855)
- Eutreta novaeboracensis (Fitch, 1855)
- Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Fitch, 1855)
- Lasioptera solidaginis Osten Sacken, 1863
- Rhopalomyia capitata Felt, 1908 (spring and summer generation)
- Rhopalomyia solidaginis (Loew, 1862) (spring, summer and autumn generations)
- Schizomyia racemicola (Osten Sacken, 1862)
- Calycomyza solidaginis Kaltenbach, 1869{{cite journal |last1=Kaltenbach |first1=J.H. |title=Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten [concl.] |journal=Verh. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. |date=1869 |volume=26 |issue=3, 6 |pages=106–224}}
= As an invasive species =
File:2016-10-15 Solidago canadensis,IN Sasayama,Hyogo セイタカアワダチソウ(篠山市) DSCF1299.jpg
It is established as an invasive weed in many parts of Europe, Japan and China.{{r|eFloras1}}{{r|alterv}}{{r|eFloras2}}{{r|auala}}
In eastern and southeastern China, particularly the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Shanghai, its invasion has caused widespread concern. Local news reported that the spread of invasive plants including Canada goldenrod has caused the local extinction of 30 native plants in Shanghai, as of 2004.{{cite news |title=江苏清剿被称为植物杀手的外来生物一枝黄花|trans-title= Jiangsu tackles Goldenrod, the exotic plant-killer|language=zh|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-12-16/03164534969s.shtml|date=2004 |work=江南时报 [Jiangnan Times]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624125155/http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/huanjing/730551.htm |archive-date=2006-06-24 |url-status=live}} According to the CCTV program {{Interlanguage link|Jiaodian Fangtan|lt=Jiaodian Fangtan|zh|焦点访谈}}, it has reduced orange harvests in Ningbo.{{cite web|author=CCTV|title=焦点访谈：疯长的一枝黄花|trans-title=Focus: Goldenrods going wild|url=http://news.sohu.com/20050110/n223870079.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217024942/http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2004-12/13/content_2329599.htm |archive-date=2004-12-17 |language=zh}} It is still spreading across China, and sightings have been reported in as far as Yunnan province.{{r|blanchan}} Eradication attempts are still underway as of 2021. Confusion with native Solidago species is a concern.{{cite web |last1=SUN |first1=hai |title=可怕！多地围剿"恶魔之花"，看到这种花请立刻上报|trans-title=Scary! Localities fighting the "Devil's Flower", report on sight |url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20211122A03GJ400 |website=new.qq.com |access-date=25 October 2022 |language=zh}}
Use and importance
It is grown as an ornamental plant in flower gardens.{{Cite journal |last1=Rahimi |first1=Omid |last2=Asadi Louie |first2=Nilufar |last3=Salehi |first3=Alireza |last4=Faed Maleki |first4=Firouz |date=2022-12-17 |title=Hepatorenal Protective Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Solidago canadensis L. against Paracetamol-Induced Toxicity in Mice |journal=Journal of Toxicology |volume=2022 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1155/2022/9091605 |issn=1687-8205 |pmc=9789909 |pmid=36573135 |doi-access=free}}
It is sometimes blamed for causing hay fever, which is actually caused by simultaneously blooming ragweed plants.{{Cite book |last=Spellenberg |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/395/ |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-375-40233-3 |edition=rev |pages=398 |orig-date=1979}}
References
{{reflist|refs=
{{PLANTS|id=SOCA6|taxon=Solidago canadensis|accessdate=18 November 2015}}
{{BONAP|ref |genus=Solidago |species=canadensis}}
{{Cite eFloras|2 |first1=Yilin |last1=Chen |first2=John C. |last2=Semple}}
{{cite book | last=Blanchan |first=Neltje | title=Wild Flowers Worth Knowing | year=2005 | publisher=Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation | authorlink=Neltje Blanchan}}
}}
External links
{{commons category|Solidago canadensis}}
{{Wikiversity-bc|Solidago canadensis}}
- [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1838,0,1841 Jepson Manual Treatment: Solidago canadensis]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923124611/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/wildflwr/species/solicana.htm United States Geological Survey: Solidago canadensis]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516194219/http://www.naturemanitoba.ca/botany/wildPlants/CanadaGoldenrod.pdf Profile: Canada Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)] Photos, Drawings, Text. (Wild Plants of Winnipeg from Nature Manitoba)
{{Taxonbar|from=Q254436}}
Category:Flora of Northern America