Solidago gigantea
{{short description|Species of plant in the family Asteraceae native to North America}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Solidago gigantea01.jpg
| status = {{TNCStatus}}
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = {{r|NatServ}}
| genus = Solidago
| species = gigantea
| authority = Aiton
| synonyms = {{collapsible list
| title=Synonymy
|{{Specieslist
| Aster latissimifolius var. serotinus | Kuntze
| Doria dumerorum | (Lunell) Lunell
| Doria pitcheri | (Nutt.) Lunell
| Solidago cleliae | DC.
| Solidago deflexa | Moench
| Solidago dumetorum | Lunell
| Solidago fragrans | A.Gray
| Solidago gigantea var. leiophylla | Fernald
| Solidago gigantea var. pitcheri | (Nutt.) Shinners
| Solidago gigantea var. serotina | (Kuntze) Cronquist
| Solidago gigantea subsp. serotina | (Kuntze) McNeill
| Solidago gigantea var. shinnersii | Beaudry
| Solidago glabra | Desf.
| Solidago pitcheri | Nutt.
| Solidago sera | J.F.Gmel.
| Solidago serotina | Aiton
| Solidago serotina var. dumertorum | (Aiton) A.Gray
| Solidago serotina var. gigantea | (Aiton) A.Gray
| Solidago serotina f. huntingdonensis | Beaudry
| Solidago serotina var. minor | Hook.
| Solidago serotinoides | Á.Löve & D.Löve
| Solidago shinnersii | (Beaudry) Beaudry
| Solidago somesii | Rydb.
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = {{r|powo}}
}}
Solidago gigantea is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae.{{r|AitonHortKew1789-1-3|p=211}} Its common names include tall goldenrod{{r|fna}} and giant goldenrod,{{r|PlantsDB}} among others.
Goldenrod is the state flower of Kentucky,{{r|StateFlowerKY}} and Solidago gigantea is the state flower of Nebraska.{{r|StateFlowerNE}}
Description
Solidago gigantea is a perennial herb that reaches heights of up to {{cvt|2|m|ft}} tall, sometimes spreading by means of underground rhizomes. It often grows in clumps with no leaves at the base but numerous leaves on the stem. At the top, each stem produces a sizable array of many small flower heads, sometimes several hundred. Each head is yellow, containing both disc florets and ray florets.{{r|fna}}
File:Solidago gigantea var serotina.jpg|Detail of inflorescence
Habitat
Solidago gigantea is found in a wide variety of natural habitats, although it is restricted to areas with at least seasonally moist soils.{{r|fna|IL}}
Distribution
It is a widespread species known from most of non-arctic North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been reported from every state and province from Alberta to Nova Scotia to Florida to Texas, and also from the state of Nuevo León in northeastern Mexico.{{r|bonap|tropPhoto}}
=Environmental impact=
Solidago gigantea is highly invasive throughout Europe and Asia.{{r|Weber2005}} In its non-native range, it exerts a negative impact on native communities by decreasing species richness and diversity, apparently due to its intense competitive effects,{{r|PalEtal2015}} rapid growth,{{r|JakobsEtal2004}} or polyploidization.{{r|NagyEtalApril2018}} In the non-native European range, several management options are applied, such as periodical flooding, mowing, mulching, grazing, or herbicide to reduce the negative impact of the species on native biodiversity.{{r|NagyEtal2020}}
Diseases
Parasitized by the Basidiomycete Coleosporium asterum.{{cite journal | last1=McTaggart | first1=Alistair R. | last2=Aime | first2=M. Catherine | title=The species of Coleosporium (Pucciniales) on Solidago in North America | journal=Fungal Biology | publisher=British Mycological Society (Elsevier) | volume=122 | issue=8 | year=2018 | issn=1878-6146 | doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.007 | pages=800–809| pmid=30007430 | s2cid=51626705 | doi-access=free }}
= Galls =
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023|small=y}}
This species is host to the following insect induced galls:
- Asphondylia rosulata Dorchin, 2015 (leaf snap)
- Asphondylia solidaginis Beutenmuller, 1907 (leaf snap)
- Asteromyia carbonifera (Osten Sacken, 1862)
- Dasineura folliculi (Felt, 1908)
- Epiblema scudderiana (Clemens, 1860)
- Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch, 1855)
- Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Fitch, 1855)
- Gnorimoschema jocelynae Miller, 2000
- Rhopalomyia capitata Felt, 1908 (spring and generations)
- Rhopalomyia inquisitor Felt, 1908
- Schizomyia racemicola (Osten Sacken, 1862)
- Tephritis pura (Loew, 1873)
- Calycomyza solidaginis Kaltenbach, 1869{{cite journal |last1=Kaltenbach |first1=J.H. |title=Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Insekten [concl.] |journal=Verh. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. |date=1869 |volume=26 |issue=3, 6 |pages=106–224}}
References
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Cite book
| last1 = Aiton | first1 = W. | author-link1 = William Aiton
| year = 1789
| title = Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew
| language = la
| volume = 3
| publisher = George Nicol
| location = London
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5874758/
| access-date = 6 February 2021
| via = Biodiversity Heritage Library
}}
{{BONAP
|ref
|genus=Solidago
|species=gigantea
|access-date = 15 June 2015
}}
{{Cite web
| url = http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100014590
| title = Photo of herbarium specimen collected in Nuevo León, Mexico
| website = Tropicos (tropicos.org)
| access-date = 15 June 2015
}}
{{Illinois Wildflowers
|wetland/plants/gt_goldenrod
|Giant Goldenrod - Solidago gigantea
|access-date = 15 July 2019
}}
{{Cite journal
|last1=Jakobs |first1=G.
|last2=Weber |first2=E.
|last3=Edwards |first3=P.J.
|title=Introduced plants of the invasive Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native range
|journal=Diversity and Distributions
|year=2004
|volume=10
|pages=11–19
|publisher=Diversity and Distribution
|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4642.2004.00052.x
|doi-access=free
}}
{{Cite web
| last1 = Kentucky State Legislature
| url = https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=26
| title = Kentucky Revised Statutes: TITLE I SOVEREIGNTY AND JURISDICTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH - CHAPTER 2 CITIZENSHIP, EMBLEMS, HOLIDAYS, AND TIME - 2.090 State flower (PDF)
| website = Kentucky General Assembly (legislature.ky.gov)
| quote = 2.090 State flower. The goldenrod is the official state flower of Kentucky. Effective: October 1, 1942. History: Recodified 1942 Ky. Acts ch. 208, sec. 1, effective October 1, 1942, from Ky. Stat. sec. 4618o.
| access-date = 6 February 2021
}}
{{Cite journal
|last1=Nagy |first1=D.U.
|last2=Stranczinger |first2=S.
|last3=Godi |first3=A.
|last4=Weisz |first4=A.
|last5=Rosche |first5=C.
|last6=Suda |first6=J.
|last7=Mariano |first7=M.
|last8=Pal |first8=R.W.
|date = April 2018
|title=Does higher ploidy level increase the risk of invasion? A case study with two geo-cytotypes of Solidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae)
|journal=Journal of Plant Ecology
|volume = 11
|issue = 2
|pages = 317–327
|url=https://academic.oup.com/jpe/article/11/2/317/2964627
|doi = 10.1093/jpe/rtx005
|doi-access = free
|access-date = 14 May 2020
}}
{{Cite journal
|last1=Nagy |first1=D.U.
|last2=Rauschert |first2=E.S.J.
|last3=Henn |first3=T.
|last4=Cianfaglione |first4=K.
|last5=Stranczinger |first5=S.
|last6=Pal |first6=R.W.
|title=The more we do, the less we gain? Balancing effort and efficacy in managing the Solidago gigantea invasion
|date = June 2020
|journal=Weed Research
|volume=60
|issue=3
|pages=232–240
|publisher = John Wiley & Sons Ltd
|location = Oxford, UK
|doi=10.1111/wre.12417
|doi-access=free
|issn = 1365-3180
}}
{{Cite web
| last1 = NatureServe | author-link1 = NatureServe
| date = 8 January 2021
| title = Solidago gigantea – Smooth Goldenrod
| url = https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.151897/Solidago_gigantea/
| website = NatureServe Explorer (explorer.natureserve.org)
| publisher = NatureServe
| location = Arlington, Virginia
| access-date = 6 February 2021
}}
{{Cite web
| last1 = Nebraska Library Commission | author-link1 = Nebraska Library Commission
| url = http://nebraskaccess.nebraska.gov/statesymbols.asp
| title = Nebraska State Symbols
| website = NebraskAccess (nebraskaccess.nebraska.gov)
| access-date = 6 February 2021
}}
{{Cite journal
|last1 = Pal | first1 = R.W.
|last2 = Chen | first2 = S.
|last3 = Nagy | first3 = D.U.
|last4 = Callaway | first4 = R.M.
|title = Impacts of Solidago gigantea on other species at home and away
|journal = Biological Invasions
|year = 2015
|volume= 17
|issue = 11
|pages = 3317–3325
|publisher = Springer
|location = New York
|doi=10.1007/s10530-015-0955-7
|s2cid=3035546
|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-015-0955-7
|url-access = subscription
|access-date = 14 May 2020
}}
{{Cite web
| last1 = POWO | author-link1 = Plants of the World Online
| year = 2019
| title = Solidago gigantea Aiton
| url = http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:249575-1/
| website = Plants of the World Online (powo.science.kew.org)
| publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
| location = Kew, London
| access-date = 6 February 2021
}}
{{eFloras
| 1
| 242417286
| Solidago gigantea
| volume = 20
| last1 = Semple | first1 = J.C. | author-link1 = John C. Semple
| last2 = Cook | first2 = R.E.
| access-date = 8 November 2014
}}
{{PLANTS
|id = SOGI
|taxon = Solidago gigantea
|access-date = 18 November 2015
}}
{{cite journal
|last1 = Weber | first1 = E.
|last2 = Jakobs | first2 = G.
|title = Biological flora of central Europe: Solidago gigantea Aiton
|journal= Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants
|date = 2 May 2005
|volume = 200
|issue = 2
|pages = 109–118
|url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367253005000113
|url-access = subscription
|publisher = Elsevier
|location = Amsterdam
|issn = 0367-2530
|doi = 10.1016/j.flora.2004.09.001
|access-date = 14 May 2020
}}
}}
External links
- [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1838,1843 Jepson Manual Treatment]
- {{CalPhotos|Solidago|gigantea}}
- [https://gallformers.org/host/456 external link to gallformers]
{{US state flowers|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q609627}}
Category:Flora of Northern America