Sound-on-disc
{{One source|date=May 2023}}
Sound-on-disc is a class of sound film processes using a phonograph or other disc to record or play back sound in sync with a motion picture. Early sound-on-disc systems used a mechanical interlock with the movie projector, while more recent systems use timecodes.
Examples of sound-on-disc processes
=France=
- The Chronophone (Léon Gaumont) "Filmparlants" and phonoscènes 1902–1910 (experimental), 1910–1917 (industrial)Thomas Louis Jacques Schmitt, « The genealogy of clip culture » in Henry Keazor, Thorsten Wübbena (dir.) Rewind, Play, Fast Forward, transcript, {{ISBN|978-3-8376-1185-4}}
=United States=
File:The Voice From The Screen (Oct 1926).webm sound-on-disc process]]
- Vitaphone introduced by Warner Bros. in 1926
- Photokinema, short-lived system, invented by Orlando Kellum in 1921 (used by D. W. Griffith for Dream Street)
- Digital Theater Systems
=United Kingdom=
- British Phototone, short-lived UK system using 12-inch discs, introduced in 1928-29 (Clue of the New Pin)
=Other=
- Systems with the film projector linked to a phonograph or cylinder phonograph, developed by Thomas Edison (Kinetophone, Kinetophonograph), Selig Polyscope, French companies such as Gaumont (Chronomégaphone, Chronophone), and Pathé, and British systems.
Film censorship
During the 1920s and early 1930s, films in the United States were subject to censorship by state and city censor boards, which often required cuts of scenes before a film would be licensed for exhibition. While films using the sound-on-film process could accommodate a patch for a requested cut with ease, a film using sound-on-disc would require an expensive retake.{{cite book |last1=Leff |first1=Leonard J. |author-link= |last2=Simmons |first2=Jerold L. |author-link2= |title=The Dame in the Kimono: Hollywood, Censorship, and the Production Code |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |edition=2nd |date=2001 |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7QhzlWkFowC&q=%22sound-on-disc%22 |isbn=978-0-8131-9011-2}} If the cost of compliance with a censor board was too high, the film would not be shown in that state or city.
See also
- Sound film (includes history of sound film)
- Sound-on-film
- List of film formats
- List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)
References
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Category:Film sound production
Category:Film and video technology
Category:Motion picture film formats
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