Southern Uzbek language

{{Short description|Uzbek dialect spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Southern Uzbek

|nativename=اۉزبېکچه, اۉزبېکی, اۉزبېک تورکچه‌سی

|states=Afghanistan

|ethnicity=Uzbeks

|speakers = L1: {{sigfig|3.482900|2}} million

|speakers2= L2: {{sigfig|1.100000|2}} million (2022)

|date = 2017

|ref = e27

|speakers_label = Speakers

|familycolor = Altaic

|fam1=Turkic

|fam2=Common Turkic

|fam3=Karluk{{cite book|author=Scott Newton|title=Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JWLBQAAQBAJ&q=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&pg=PA232|date=20 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-92978-9|page=232}}

|fam4=Uzbek

|ancestor=Middle Turkic

|ancestor2=Khorezmian Turkic

|ancestor3=Chagatai

|nation=Afghanistan (3rd most spoken language)

|script=Perso-Arabic

|image = Uzbek language in nastaliq.jpg

|imagescale =

|imagecaption =

|iso3=uzs

|lingua=44-AAB-da, db

|glotto=sout2699

|glottorefname=Southern Uzbek

|notice=IPA

|minority={{plainlist|

China

}}

|agency = Afghan Ministry of Education

}}

Southern Uzbek, also known as Afghan Uzbek, is the southern variant of the Uzbek language, spoken chiefly in Afghanistan with up to 4.6 million speakers including first and second language speakers. It uses the Perso-Arabic writing system in contrast to the language variant of Uzbekistan.

Southern Uzbek is intelligible with the Northern Uzbek spoken in Uzbekistan to a certain degree. However, it has differences in grammar and also many more loan words from Dari, the local New Persian variety, in which many Southern Uzbek speakers are proficient.{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/uzs|title=Uzbek, Southern}}

Southern Uzbek Alphabet

File:Adib-i sani.jpg

Southern Uzbek is written using the Perso-Arabic writing system called Arab Yozuv عرب یازوو ("Arab Script"). The writing system is for the most part identical to Persian alphabet, with 3 additional letters. These include two vowels, "اۉ / ۉ" and "اې / ې" (optional in writing, and substitutable in practice by "او / و" and "ای / ی" respectively), which are meant to represent the sounds represented in Uzbek Latin Script with "E e" and "Oʻ oʻ". The alphabet also includes a combined consonant letter "نگ", formerly (and currently in writing systems such as Uyghur) shown with the letter "ڭ". This letter represents the sound /ŋ/, and represented in the Latin writing system with "-ng". This letter makes the Voiced velar nasal sound, where in English one can for example hear when pronouncing the word "wingman".

Uzbek has 6 vowels, and it has lost its vowel harmony rules, unlike other Turkic languages.Asamura, Takao. “Longing for Legacy: Vowel Harmony in the Uzbek Standard Language, 1924-1934.” Russian and East European Studies 2007, no. 36 (2007): 48–60. [https://doi.org/10.5823/jarees.2007.48 https://doi.org/10.5823/jarees.2007.48].

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+Table of Vowels in Uzbek Arabic Alphabet (with alif at the beginning of words){{cite book\|last1=Sjoberg\|first1=Andrée F.\|title=Uzbek Structural Grammar\|series=Uralic and Altaic Series\|volume=18\|date=1963\|publisher=Indiana University\|location=Bloomington\|pages=16–18\|url=https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Turkic/Uzbek%20Structural%20Grammar%20%28Sjoberg%29.pdf}}Uzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق) [https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230412120357/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf Archive])
align="center" ! rowspan="2" \| Notes ! rowspan="2" \| IPA ! colspan="3" \| Arabic ! rowspan="2" \| Latin ! rowspan="2" \| Cyrillic
Final ! Medial ! Initial
\| [æ ~ ɑ] \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـَه}} \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـَ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|اَ}} \| A a	А а
\| [ɒ ~ ɔ] \|colspan=2 \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـا}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|آ}} \|‌ O o	О о
\| [i] \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـِی}} \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـِیـ}} \| {{Script/Arabic\|اِیـ}} \| I i	И и
In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by ی. Final -e is limited to Persian loanwords. \| rowspan=2 \|[e] \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـې}} \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـېـ }} \| {{Script/Arabic\|اېـ}} \| rowspan=2 \| E e	rowspan=2 \| Э э / Е е
Final -e is limited to Persian loanwords. For loanwords from other languages than Persian, ـِه is preferred to transliterate -e. \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـِه}} \| N/A \| N/A
Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords. \| [i, e] \| N/A \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـِ }} \| {{Script/Arabic\|اِ}} \| I i E e	И и Э э / Е е
\| [u] \|colspan=2 \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـُو}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|اُو}} \|‌ U u	У у
In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by و. \| [o] \|colspan=2 \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـۉ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|اۉ}} \| Oʻ oʻ	Ў ў
Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords. \| [u, o] \| N/A \| {{Script/Arabic\|ـُ}} \| {{Script/Arabic\|اُ}} \| U u Oʻ oʻ	У у Ў ў

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Table of Vowels in Uzbek Arabic Alphabet (with alif at the beginning of words){{cite book|last1=Sjoberg|first1=Andrée F.|title=Uzbek Structural Grammar|series=Uralic and Altaic Series|volume=18|date=1963|publisher=Indiana University|location=Bloomington|pages=16–18|url=https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Turkic/Uzbek%20Structural%20Grammar%20%28Sjoberg%29.pdf}}Uzbek Turki to Persian/Dari Dictionary, authored by D. Faizullah Aimaq (فرهنگ تورکی اوزبیکی به فارسی/ دری، تألیف داکتر فیض الله ایماق) [https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230412120357/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf Archive])

align="center"

! rowspan="2" | Notes

! rowspan="2" | IPA

! colspan="3" | Arabic

! rowspan="2" | Latin

! rowspan="2" | Cyrillic

Final

! Medial

! Initial

| [æ ~ ɑ]

| {{Script/Arabic|ـَه}}

| {{Script/Arabic|ـَ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|اَ}}

| A a

А а

| [ɒ ~ ɔ]

|colspan=2 | {{Script/Arabic|ـا}}

|{{Script/Arabic|آ}}

|‌ O o

О о

| [i]

| {{Script/Arabic|ـِی}}

| {{Script/Arabic|ـِیـ}}

| {{Script/Arabic|اِیـ}}

| I i

И и

In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by ی. Final -e is limited to Persian loanwords.

| rowspan=2 |[e]

| {{Script/Arabic|ـې}}

| {{Script/Arabic|ـېـ }}

| {{Script/Arabic|اېـ}}

| rowspan=2 | E e

rowspan=2 | Э э / Е е

Final -e is limited to Persian loanwords.
For loanwords from other languages than Persian, ـِه is preferred to transliterate -e.

| {{Script/Arabic|ـِه}}

| N/A

Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords.

| [i, e]

| N/A

| {{Script/Arabic|ـِ }}

| {{Script/Arabic|اِ}}

| I i
E e

И и
Э э / Е е

| [u]

|colspan=2 | {{Script/Arabic|ـُو}}

|{{Script/Arabic|اُو}}

|‌ U u

У у

In unvocalized spelling, it may be substituted by و.

| [o]

|colspan=2 | {{Script/Arabic|ـۉ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|اۉ}}

| Oʻ oʻ

Ў ў

Only used in Persian and Arabic loanwords.

| [u, o]

| N/A

| {{Script/Arabic|ـُ}}

| {{Script/Arabic|اُ}}

| U u
Oʻ oʻ

У у
Ў ў

Other than the additional combined letter "نگ / -ng", the consonants of Uzbek Arabic Alphabet are identical to that of Persian. Thus, there indeed is a case of various letters representing the same sound, as is the case in Persian. But the letters "ث، ح، ذ، ژ، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع" are not used for writing of native Uzbek words. They are solely used for writing of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, or any of the European languages.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !colspan=4\|Letter !rowspan=2\|Latin !rowspan=2\|IPA
Final ! Medial ! Initial ! Isolated
{{Script/Arabic\|ـب}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـبـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|بـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ب}} \| B b \|/b/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـپ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـپـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|پـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|پ}} \| P p \|/p/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـت}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـتـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|تـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ت}} \| T t \|/t/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـث}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـثـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ثـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ث}} \| S s \|/s/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـج}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـجـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|جـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ج}} \| J j \|/dʒ/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـچ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـچـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|چـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|چ}} \| Ch ch \|/tʃ/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـح}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـحـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|حـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ح}} \| H h \|/h/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـخ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـخـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|خـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|خ}} \| X x \|/x/
colspan=2\|{{Script/Arabic\|ـد}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|د}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|د}} \|D d \|/d/
colspan=2\|{{Script/Arabic\|ـذ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ذ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ذ}} \|Z z \|/z/
colspan=2\|{{Script/Arabic\|ـر}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ر}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ر}} \|R r \|/r/
colspan=2\|{{Script/Arabic\|ـز}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ز}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ز}} \|Z z \|/z/
colspan=2\|{{Script/Arabic\|ـژ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ژ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ژ}} \|J j \|/ʒ/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـس}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـسـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|سـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|س}} \| S s \|/s/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـش}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـشـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|شـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ش}} \| Sh Sh \|/ʃ/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـص}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـصـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|صـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ص}} \| S s \|/s/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـض}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـضـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ضـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ض}} \|Z z \|/z/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـط}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـطـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|طـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ط}} \| T t \|/t/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـظ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـظـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ظـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ظ}} \|Z z \|/z/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـع}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـعـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|عـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ع}} \|ʻ \|/ʔ/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـغ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـغـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|غـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|غ}} \|Gʻ gʻ \|/ɣ~ʁ/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـف}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـفـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|فـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ف}} \|F f \|/f/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـق}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـقـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|قـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ق}} \|Q q \|/q/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـک}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـکـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|کـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ک}} \|K k \|/k/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـگ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـگـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|گـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|گ}} \|G g \|/g/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـم}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـمـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|مـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|م}} \|M m \|/m/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـن}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـنـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|نـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ن}} \|N n \|/n/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـنگ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـنگـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic
}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|نگ}} \|-ng \|/ŋ/
colspan=2\|{{Script/Arabic\|ـو}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|و}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|و}} \|V v \|/v/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـه}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـهـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|هـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ه}} \|H h \|/h/
{{Script/Arabic\|ـی}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـیـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|یـ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ی}} \|‌ Y y \|/j/
{{Script/Arabic
}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ـئـ / ـأ / ـؤ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ئـ / أ / ؤ}} \|{{Script/Arabic\|ء}} \|ʻ \|/ʔ/

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!colspan=4|Letter

!rowspan=2|Latin

!rowspan=2|IPA

Final

! Medial

! Initial

! Isolated

|{{Script/Arabic|ـبـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|بـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ب}}

| B b

|/b/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـپـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|پـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|پ}}

| P p

|/p/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـتـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|تـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ت}}

| T t

|/t/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـثـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ثـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ث}}

| S s

|/s/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـجـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|جـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ج}}

| J j

|/dʒ/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـچـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|چـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|چ}}

| Ch ch

|/tʃ/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـحـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|حـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ح}}

| H h

|/h/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـخـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|خـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|خ}}

| X x

|/x/

colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـد}}

|{{Script/Arabic|د}}

|D d

|/d/

colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـذ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ذ}}

|Z z

|/z/

colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـر}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ر}}

|R r

|/r/

colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـز}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ز}}

|Z z

|/z/

colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـژ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ژ}}

|J j

|/ʒ/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـسـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|سـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|س}}

| S s

|/s/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـشـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|شـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ش}}

| Sh Sh

|/ʃ/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـصـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|صـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ص}}

| S s

|/s/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـضـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ضـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ض}}

|Z z

|/z/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـطـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|طـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ط}}

| T t

|/t/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـظـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ظـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ظ}}

|Z z

|/z/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـعـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|عـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ع}}

|ʻ

|/ʔ/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـغـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|غـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|غ}}

|Gʻ gʻ

|/ɣ~ʁ/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـفـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|فـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ف}}

|F f

|/f/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـقـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|قـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ق}}

|Q q

|/q/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـکـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|کـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ک}}

|K k

|/k/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـگـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|گـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|گ}}

|G g

|/g/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـمـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|مـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|م}}

|M m

|/m/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـنـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|نـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ن}}

|N n

|/n/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـنگـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic

}}

|{{Script/Arabic|نگ}}

|-ng

|/ŋ/

colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـو}}

|{{Script/Arabic|و}}

|V v

|/v/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـهـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|هـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ه}}

|H h

|/h/

|{{Script/Arabic|ـیـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|یـ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ی}}

|‌ Y y

|/j/

{{Script/Arabic

}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ـئـ / ـأ / ـؤ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ئـ / أ / ؤ}}

|{{Script/Arabic|ء}}

|ʻ

|/ʔ/

References

External links

Dictionaries

[https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf Uzbek to Persian/Dari Dictionary] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230412120357/https://www.kabulnath.de/Sal-e-Shanzdahoum/Shoumare-366/Farhang%20Vol%201.pdf Archive]) [PDF] by Dr. Faizullah Aimaq, Toronto, Canada
[https://archive.org/details/turki-uzbeb-farsi-dictionary-book-1-yarqin Uzbek to Persian/Dari Dictionary (Volume 1)] Both Latin and Arabic orthography. [PDF] (2007) By Muhammadhalim Yarqin, Tehran, Iran
[https://archive.org/details/turki-uzbeb-farsi-dictionary-book-2-yarqin Uzbek to Persian/Dari Dictionary (Volume 2)] Both Latin and Arabic orthography. [PDF] (2007) By Muhammadhalim Yarqin, Tehran, Iran
[http://www.uzsoz.net/ Word translator from Southern Uzbek to Farsi]

Category:Agglutinative languages

Category:Turkic languages of Afghanistan

Category:Languages of Kazakhstan

Category:Languages of Kyrgyzstan

Category:Languages of Russia

Category:Languages of Tajikistan

Category:Languages of Turkmenistan

Category:Languages of Uzbekistan

Category:Languages of China

Category:Articles citing Nationalencyklopedin

Southern Uzbek language

Southern Uzbek Alphabet

See also

References

External links