Space Development Agency#NDSA

The Space Development Agency (SDA) was established in 2019 by Mike Griffin with his appointment to Under Secretary of Defense (R&E) by President Donald Trump.{{cite web|last=Erwin|first=Sandra|url=https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-a-huge-win-for-griffin-in-his-war-against-the-status-quo/|title=Space Development Agency a huge win for Griffin in his war against the status quo|date=21 April 2019|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=13 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213164751/https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-a-huge-win-for-griffin-in-his-war-against-the-status-quo/|url-status=live}} Griffin was a long time advocate for low Earth orbit constellations to eliminate U.S. vulnerability to ballistic missiles with his work on space-based interceptors for the Strategic Defense Initiative and Brilliant Pebbles in the 1980s. These programs, however, were discontinued in the 1990s due to high cost and political disagreement.{{cite journal|first=Donald|last=Baucom|title=The Rise and Fall of Brilliant Pebbles|journal=The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies|volume=29|number=2|date=2004|url=http://highfrontier.org/oldarchive/Archive/hf/The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Brilliant%20Pebbles%20-Baucom.pdf|access-date=2023-01-03|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213214/http://highfrontier.org/oldarchive/Archive/hf/The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Brilliant%20Pebbles%20-Baucom.pdf|url-status=live}} Later, the United States and other countries developed hypersonic weapons, which Griffin argued were thermally dimmer and could only be reliably tracked by low-flying satellites with infrared sensors, creating a need to resurrect such programs.{{cite web|last=Freedberg|first=Sydney|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/space-based-missile-defense-is-doable-dod-rd-chief-griffin/|title=Space-Based Missile Defense Can Be Done: DoD R&D. Chief Griffin|date=20 August 2018|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929152234/https://breakingdefense.com/2018/08/space-based-missile-defense-is-doable-dod-rd-chief-griffin/|url-status=live}} In addition to hypersonic weapons, the memorandum establishing the SDA also calls for a new space architecture "not bound by legacy methods or culture" that provides unifying command and control through a cross-domain artificial intelligence-enabled network.Secretary of Defense {{cite web|last=Defense|first=Secretary of|url=https://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Establishing_SDA_DoD_Memorandum.pdf|title=Establishment of the Space Development Agency|date=12 March 2019|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105012938/https://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Establishing_SDA_DoD_Memorandum.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{anchor|NDSA}}{{anchor|PWSA}}

The Space Development Agency proposed the National Defense Space Architecture,[https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ (2022) National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Systems, Technologies, and Emerging Capabilities (STEC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106034633/https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ |date=2022-11-06 }} About UsNathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/ (1 Jul 2021) The Space Development Agency now has demo satellites on orbit. Here’s what they’ll do.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702174010/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/ |date=2 July 2021 }} Transporter-2: Mandrake 2, the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communications System (LINCS), and the Prototype On-orbit Experimental Testbed (POET). Yam-3 for data fusion. Pitboss for Autonomous mission management. later renamed the Proliferated Warfighting Space Architecture.{{efn|name= pwsa23Jan}} It advances a network of global orbiters composed of layers with different military capabilities such as communications, surveillance, global navigation, battle management, deterrence, and missile defense. The satellite constellation is to be interconnected by free-space optical laser terminalsSandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/mynaric-optical-terminals-selected-for-northorp-grumman-satellites-pass-key-tests/ (28 Sep 2023) Mynaric optical terminals selected for Northrop Grumman satellites pass key tests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223406/https://spacenews.com/mynaric-optical-terminals-selected-for-northorp-grumman-satellites-pass-key-tests/ |date=23 February 2024 }} T1TL interop with CACI in a secure command and control optical mesh network.{{cite web|last=Machi|first=Vivienne|url=https://www.sda.mil/us-military-places-a-bet-on-leo-for-space-security/|title=US Military Places a Bet on LEO for Space Security|publisher=Space Development Agency|date=1 June 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205053935/https://www.sda.mil/us-military-places-a-bet-on-leo-for-space-security/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}} Satellites are to be low cost and "proliferated" in low Earth orbit. New commercial technology such as reusable launch systems have reduced deployment costs{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56960/|title=Costs of Implementing Recommendations of the 2019 Missile Defense Review|publisher=Congressional Budget Office|date=1 January 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205053935/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56960|url-status=live}} and new mass-produced commercial satellites offer less "juicy" targets for anti-satellite weapons by being inexpensive and potentially hard to distinguish from other commercial satellites. Development is to follow the spiral model,{{efn|name=shyuMission}}{{efn|name=t0demo}} incorporating learning from previous iterations and launching new satellite replacements regularly as the useful lifetime of each is relatively short. The SDA expects to field and maintain a constellation of at least 1,000 satellites on orbit by 2026.

The SDA has mostly avoided flaws that plagued earlier proliferated missile defense programs such as Brilliant Pebbles. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty was a major impediment in the past, as these systems were deemed non-compliant with the treaty by Congress. However, George W. Bush withdrew the United States from the treaty in 2002, eliminating this barrier.{{cite web|title=The U.S. Exit From the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Has Fueled a New Arms Race|author=James M. Acton|date=13 December 2021|access-date=13 December 2021|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2021/12/the-us-exit-from-the-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty-has-fueled-a-new-arms-race?lang=en|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213192527/https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/12/13/u.s.-exit-from-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty-has-fueled-new-arms-race-pub-85977|url-status=live}} Over the years, launch and manufacturing costs have been greatly reduced. Decades after the SDIO’s DC-X failed there are now commercial reusable launch vehicles such as SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket.{{cite web|last=Gannon|first=Megan|url=https://www.space.com/22432-reusable-dc-x-rocket-space-hall-fame.html|title=DC-X Rocket Remembered: 'Sputnik of Commercial Space' Joins Space Hall of Fame|publisher=Space.com|date=19 August 2013|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103080041/https://www.space.com/22432-reusable-dc-x-rocket-space-hall-fame.html|url-status=live}} Meanwhile mass manufacturing as with Starlink has proven the potential for lower satellite build costs.

Political and administrative opposition to SDA came from 24th Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson who argued that "launching hundreds of cheap satellites into theater as a substitute for the complex architectures where we provide key capabilities to the warfighter will result in failure on America's worst day if relied upon alone." Members of Congress also gave concerns that SDA would drain resources and jobs from Air Force and questioned why DoD had to create a separate organization to circumvent its own procurement process. Despite the pushback, the Pentagon did not require congressional authorization to create the SDA, and Wilson was overruled by Patrick M. Shanahan, who became acting defense secretary by appointment of Donald Trump. He placed the new agency under the authority and control of Mike Griffin who was also appointed as Under Secretary of Defense (R&E).

Despite these early successes, SDA still faces critical challenges. The Union of Concerned Scientists warned SDA could escalate tensions with Russia and China and called the project "fundamentally destabilizing".{{cite web|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/space-based-missile-defense-0|title=Space-based Missile Defense|publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists|date=30 August 2018|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017223317/https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/space-based-missile-defense-0|url-status=live}} Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the U.S. plans for militarization of space.{{cite web|url=https://russiaun.ru/en/news/261022_v|title=Statement by Deputy Head of the Russian Delegation on Outer Space Disarmament Aspects|publisher=Russian Federation to the United Nations|date=26 October 2022|access-date=10 November 2022|archive-date=10 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110230506/https://russiaun.ru/en/news/261022_v|url-status=live}} The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has advocated for better use of arms control and international agreements such as a treaty halting related development by all parties to prevent an arms race in space.{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/12/16/approaching-third-rail-trilateral-treaty-to-prohibit-space-based-missile-defenses-pub-85965|title=Approaching the Third Rail? A Trilateral Treaty to Prohibit Space-Based Missile Defenses|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|date=16 December 2021|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120230429/https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/12/16/approaching-third-rail-trilateral-treaty-to-prohibit-space-based-missile-defenses-pub-85965|url-status=dead}}

Critics have reiterated longstanding concerns that ground-based lasers can easily "paint" satellites in low Earth orbit, temporarily blinding their sensors. The APS reporting the energy needed for this is very low.{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/01/23/Exclusive-Graphic-Soviet-lasers-said-to-zap-US-spy-satellites/8407569912400/|title=Exclusive Graphic Soviet lasers said to zap U.S. spy satellites|website=UPI|access-date=2023-01-03|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411044501/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/01/23/Exclusive-Graphic-Soviet-lasers-said-to-zap-US-spy-satellites/8407569912400/|url-status=live}} Likewise, RF jamming is simpler when communication and radar satellites are in lower altitudes as less power is needed to saturate their low-noise amplifiers. It is also far easier to launch an anti-satellite weapon to destroy satellites in low Earth orbit (as demonstrated with small ASM-135 or RIM-161 missiles) given much less energy is required to kinetically intersect than to enter and maintain orbit. An adversary would simply need to "punch a hole" in the constellation immediately before launching an attack.{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/decades-after-reagan-s-star-wars-trump-calls-missile-defenses-would-blast-warheads-sky |title=Decades after Reagan's 'Star Wars,' Trump calls for missile defenses that would blast warheads from the sky |first=Gabriel |last=Popkin |date=22 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203035848/https://www.science.org/content/article/decades-after-reagan-s-star-wars-trump-calls-missile-defenses-would-blast-warheads-sky |url-status=live }}Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/new-report-slams-idea-of-a-missile-defense-shield-in-space/ (21 Dec 2017) New report slams idea of a missile defense shield in space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223221038/https://spacenews.com/new-report-slams-idea-of-a-missile-defense-shield-in-space/ |date=23 February 2024 }} by Thomas Roberts, CSIS When the Biden administration took ownership of the program in 2021, they appeared to take heed of these concerns{{cite web|url=https://media.defense.gov/2022/Oct/27/2003103845/-1/-1/1/2022-NATIONAL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.PDF|title=2022 National Defense Strategy|publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense|date=27 October 2022|access-date=10 November 2022|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117041650/https://media.defense.gov/2022/Oct/27/2003103845/-1/-1/1/2022-NATIONAL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.PDF|url-status=live}} but still signed on to a $500M increase for the agency in the FY2023 spending bill.{{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/congress-adds-1-7-billion-for-u-s-space-force-in-2023-spending-bill/|title=Congress adds $1.7 billion for U.S. Space Force in 2023 spending bill|first=Sandra|last=Erwin|date=December 24, 2022|website=SpaceNews|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223220933/https://spacenews.com/congress-adds-1-7-billion-for-u-s-space-force-in-2023-spending-bill/|url-status=live}}

The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, dubbed the Space Development Agency "a model for the military". In their 2025 Mandate for Leadership, they call to develop new offensive space capabilities to "impose [American] will if necessary". They further claim the Biden administration "has eliminated almost all offensive deterrence capabilities" in space that were planned under the Trump administration.{{Cite web|url=https://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/project2025/2025_MandateForLeadership_FULL.pdf|title=Mandate for Leadership, the Conservative Promise|first=Heritage|last=Foundation|date=1 February 2023|website=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116113522/https://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/project2025/2025_MandateForLeadership_FULL.pdf|url-status=live}}

In 2020, 13th Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Will Roper expressed interest in the SpaceX Starlink satellite internet constellation as a platform for the SDA.{{Cite web|last=TESMANIAN|title=U.S. Air Force Acquisition Chief is impressed by SpaceX Starlink's performance during Live-Fire exercise|url=https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starlink-airforce|access-date=2020-10-28|website=TESMANIAN|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027065040/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starlink-airforce|url-status=live}}Same Skove [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/09/navies-face-dreadnought-moment-ukraine-destroys-more-russian-warships-british-admiral-says/390271/ (13 Sep 2023) Navies face 'dreadnought' moment as Ukraine destroys more Russian warships, British admiral says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914003851/https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/09/navies-face-dreadnought-moment-ukraine-destroys-more-russian-warships-british-admiral-says/390271/ |date=14 September 2023 }} ' "We're once again facing something completely new, a paradigm shift", the First Sea Lord said'. Starlink satellites can be jammed.

SDA awarded its first contracts in August 2020. Lockheed Martin received $188 million and York Space Systems received $94 million to each build 10 data relay satellites for its transport layer. In October 2020, SDA chose SpaceX and L3Harris Technologies to develop four satellites each to detect and track ballistic and hypersonic missiles.{{cite web|last=Erwin|first=Sandra|url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-l3harris-win-space-development-agency-contracts-to-build-missile-warning-satellites/|title=L3Harris, SpaceX win Space Development Agency contracts to build missile-warning satellites|publisher=SpaceNews|date=5 October 2020|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627212729/https://spacenews.com/spacex-l3harris-win-space-development-agency-contracts-to-build-missile-warning-satellites/|url-status=live}} The initial tranche of satellites were originally scheduled to launch September 2022. However, the initial launch slipped due to supply-chain issues for microelectronics such as radios,{{cite web|last=Erwin|first=Sandra|url=https://spacenews.com/space-development-agencys-first-launch-slips-due-to-supply-chain-setbacks/|title=Space Development Agency's first launch slips due to supply chain setbacks|date=14 September 2022|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223220937/https://spacenews.com/space-development-agencys-first-launch-slips-due-to-supply-chain-setbacks/|url-status=live}} software problems, and protests by Raytheon and Airbus over procurement and evaluation process.{{Cite web|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/09/14/space-development-agency-launch-delayed-by-supply-chain-bid-protests/|title=Space Development Agency launch delayed by supply chain, bid protests|first=Courtney|last=Albon|date=September 14, 2022|website=C4ISRNet|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103200804/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/09/14/space-development-agency-launch-delayed-by-supply-chain-bid-protests/|url-status=live}} SDA industry partners now include SpaceX, L3Harris Technologies, Northrop Grumman, Ball Aerospace and General Dynamics.

A number of experimental satellites were launched in 2021. SDA plans to test some of the key technologies in a series of on-orbit experiments that went up on Transporter-2: Mandrake 2, the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communications System (LINCS), and the Prototype On-orbit Experimental Testbed (POET).{{Cite web|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/|title=The Space Development Agency now has demo satellites on orbit. Here's what they'll do.|first=Nathan|last=Strout|date=July 1, 2021|website=C4ISRNet|access-date=July 2, 2021|archive-date=July 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702174010/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/|url-status=live}}

{{anchor|Tranche 0 capability}}SDA's current schedule expects Tranche 0 capability{{efn|name=t0demo}}{{efn|name= moreOnTippingAndQueuing}} will be on orbit in time to support a summer 2023 demonstration.Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/space-development-agency-readies-launch-of-first-satellites-for-comms-missile-tracking/ (29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329200159/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/space-development-agency-readies-launch-of-first-satellites-for-comms-missile-tracking/ |date=29 March 2023 }}Courtney Albon [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/28/how-three-space-agencies-are-collaborating-on-next-gen-missile-warning/ (28 Apr 2023) How three space agencies are collaborating on next-gen missile warning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429043731/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/28/how-three-space-agencies-are-collaborating-on-next-gen-missile-warning/ |date=29 April 2023 }} Link 16 connectivity between Five Eyes nations, via Low Earth Orbit Tranche 0 satellites was demonstrated from 21 November to 27 November 2023.Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/11/28/space-development-agency-demonstrates-link-16-satellite-connectivity/ (28 Nov 2023) Space Development Agency demonstrates Link 16 satellite connectivity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223221058/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/11/28/space-development-agency-demonstrates-link-16-satellite-connectivity/ |date=23 February 2024 }}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/sda-demos-first-ever-space-to-ground-link-16-connection/ (28 Nov 2923) SDA demos first-ever space-to-ground Link 16 connection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201230807/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/11/sda-demos-first-ever-space-to-ground-link-16-connection/ |date=1 December 2023 }} Global coverage of missile launches will take 40 downward-looking satellites.Courtney Albon [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2024/04/12/space-development-agency-satellites-poised-to-track-first-missile-test/ (12 Apr 2024) Space Development Agency satellites poised to track first missile test] By year-end 2025 there will be 126 Link-16 satellites in orbit for intercommunication, using Tranche 1 Tracking capabilities.Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/sdas-data-rely-missile-tracking-networks-to-be-operational-by-end-of-2025-tournear/ (18 Mar 2024) SDA’s data relay, missile tracking networks to be operational by end of 2025: Tournear] Tranche 2 Tracking capability will start in 2026.

Tranche 1 satellites were solicited for bid in 2021,Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/sda-opens-contest-for-first-operational-constellation/ (27 Aug 2021) SDA Opens Contest For First Operational Constellation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829000956/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/sda-opens-contest-for-first-operational-constellation/ |date=29 August 2021 }} 30 Aug 2021 RFP for Tranche 1 Transport Layer (T1TL) Jan 2022 expecting first launch in September 2024, and monthly launches thereafter.Greg Hadley [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/sda-tournear-kinetic-attacks-satellites/ (5 Apr 2023) SDA’s Tournear 'Just Not' Afraid of Satellite Shootdowns. Supply Chain Is the Greater Worry.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407223350/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/sda-tournear-kinetic-attacks-satellites/ |date=7 April 2023 }}: Tranche 1 detail; T1 DES (Demonstration and Experimentation System) detail; Tranche 2 detail;Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/10/us-space-force-to-simplify-timelines-purchases-as-launches-surge/ (10 Apr 2023) US Space Force to simplify timelines, purchases as launches surge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223328/https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/10/us-space-force-to-simplify-timelines-purchases-as-launches-surge/ |date=23 February 2024 }} National Security Space Launch (NSSL Phase 3) FY25 to FY34 Tranche 1 totals more than 150 satellites: 126 in Tranche 1 Transport Layer; 35 in Tranche 1 Tracking Layer; 12 in the Tranche 1 Demonstration and Experimentation System. In 2022 contracts were awarded to York Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space, and Northrop Grumman Space Systems.{{Cite web |title=Space Development Agency Makes Awards for 126 Satellites to Build Tranche 1 Transport Layer |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2948229/space-development-agency-makes-awards-for-126-satellites-to-build-tranche-1-tra/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2948229/space-development-agency-makes-awards-for-126-satellites-to-build-tranche-1-tra/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

Tranche 2 satellites were solicited for bid in 2023,Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-development-agency-readies-first-solicitation-for-global-data-constellation/ (6 Apr 2023) Space Development Agency readies first solicitation for 'global' data constellation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406172338/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-development-agency-readies-first-solicitation-for-global-data-constellation/ |date=6 April 2023 }} T2TL: 212 Transport Layer satellites for launch beginning in 2026 for launch in 2026. This consists of more than 550 satellites: 250 in the Transport Layer; 50 in the Tracking Layer; Transport Layer will have 100 Alpha satellites, 72 Beta satellites, and 44 Gamma satellites; The Beta satellites Request for Proposal (RFP) was released in the 2nd week of April. The Alpha RFP was released in June 2023 and Gamma is scheduled for early 2024. The Alpha satellites are similar to those in the Tranche 1 Transport Layer; the Beta satellites will have UHF and tactical communications payloads; the Gamma satellites will carry advanced waveform payloads.Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/08/lockheed-northrop-share-15-billion-contract-new-transport-satellites/389605/ (21 Aug 2023) Lockheed, Northrop share $1.5 billion contract for new transport satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821235414/https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/08/lockheed-northrop-share-15-billion-contract-new-transport-satellites/389605/ |date=21 August 2023 }} Seventy-two satellites, which will begin launching in 2026, will be "the space backbone for the Joint All Domain Command and Control"; apparently the Beta Tranche 2 satellites. York Space Systems will build 62 satellites for the Tranche 2 Transport Layer.Courtney Albon [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/10/20/space-development-agency-orders-62-satellites-from-york-space-systems/ (20 Oct 2023) Space Development Agency orders 62 satellites from York Space Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021084224/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/10/20/space-development-agency-orders-62-satellites-from-york-space-systems/ |date=21 October 2023 }} Launch in 2026 for Tranche 2 Transport Layer In 2023 contracts for 72 satellites were awarded to Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin (for 36 Beta satellites apiece).{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=2023-08-21 |title=Space Development Agency awards contracts to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman for 72 satellites |url=https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-awards-1-5-billion-to-lockheed-martin-and-northrop-grumman-for-72-satellites/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223221002/https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-awards-1-5-billion-to-lockheed-martin-and-northrop-grumman-for-72-satellites/ |url-status=live }}Michael Sheetz [https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/30/pentagon-awards-satellite-contracts-to-northrop-grumman-york.html (30 Oct 2023) Pentagon awards $1.3 billion in contracts to Northrop Grumman and York for 100 satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031124257/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/30/pentagon-awards-satellite-contracts-to-northrop-grumman-york.html |date=31 October 2023 }} Previous reporting was for 36 Northrop satellites rather than the 38 reported now; 62 satellites are confirmed for York.Carlo Munoz, Janes.com [https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pentagon-awards-usd13-billion-for-pwsa-prototype-development (1 Nov 2023) Pentagon awards USD1.3 billion for PWSA prototype development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102144502/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pentagon-awards-usd13-billion-for-pwsa-prototype-development |date=2 November 2023 }}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/sda-steps-toward-global-hypersonic-missile-tracking-plus-new-targeting-capability/ (6 Sep 2023) SDA steps toward global hypersonic missile tracking, plus new targeting capability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124335/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/sda-steps-toward-global-hypersonic-missile-tracking-plus-new-targeting-capability/ |date=7 September 2023 }} at least 54 space vehicles with IR sensors for Tranche 2 Tracking Layer of the SDA's Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA). In 2024 a third vendor, Rocket Lab LLC, was selected to supply 18 space vehicles, an additional part of the Beta Tranche 2 Tracking Layer (T2TL) tranche, for a total of 90 space vehicles in the Beta T2TL tranche.SDA [https://www.sda.mil/space-development-agency-makes-third-award-to-build-18-additional-beta-variant-satellites-for-tranche-2-transport-layer/ (8 Jan 2024) Space Development Agency Makes Third Award to Build 18 Additional Beta Variant Satellites for Tranche 2 Transport Layer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109022421/https://www.sda.mil/space-development-agency-makes-third-award-to-build-18-additional-beta-variant-satellites-for-tranche-2-transport-layer/ |date=9 January 2024 }} Rocket Lab LLC to make 18 space vehicles in beta tranche T2TL, part of a total of 90 space vehicles to be launched in the beta T2TL tranche by July 2027.

On 16 January 2024, the SDA announced an award to three vendors worth up to $2.5 billion. These vendors will supply "preliminary fire control" satellites in the Tranche 2 Tracking Layer. They will carry infrared (IR) cameras, with a mix of fields of view (FOVs).Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/01/sdas-latest-tracking-layer-contract-includes-6-fire-control-sats/ (16 Jan 2024) SDA's latest Tracking Layer contract includes 6 'fire control' sats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117115627/https://breakingdefense.com/2024/01/sdas-latest-tracking-layer-contract-includes-6-fire-control-sats/ |date=17 January 2024 }} ... 'the "preliminary fire control" satellites in Tracking Layer Tranche 2 will carry a mix of wide-field-of-view and medium-field-of-view infrared cameras'Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-awards-contracts-worth-2-5-billion-for-missile-tracking-satellites/ (16 Jan 2024) Space Development Agency awards contracts worth $2.5 billion for missile-tracking satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223220935/https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-awards-contracts-worth-2-5-billion-for-missile-tracking-satellites/ |date=23 February 2024 }} 18 satellites apiece: L3Harris, Lockheed Martin and Sierra Space The FOVs in the IR cameras will be either wide FOV (WFOV), or medium FOV (MFOV) for low-resolution, or higher-resolution tracking capability respectively. If such a satellite were to prove performant, and launched early, and no later than April 2027, a vendor could receive an incentive payment. Each vendor is to provide 18 satellites, of which 16 are to carry WFOV cameras; the remaining two are to be MFOV cameras.{{efn|name= moreOnTippingAndQueuing}} The Proliferated Warfighting Space Architecture (PWSA) will rely on these preliminary fire control satellites to perform the JADC2 concept.Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/kratos-to-develop-ground-system-for-u-s-missile-defense-satellites/ (13 Nov 2024) Kratos to develop ground system for U.S. missile defense satellites] Tranche 2 Tracking capability will start after the 2026 launches.

File:National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Transport layer.webp

File:SAFSQ visits SDA 220930-O-X0001-0001.webp (SAF/SQ) visits SDA upon its accession to USSF.SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE [https://www.safsq.hq.af.mil/Portals/76/HAFMD1-17%20SAF-SQ.pdf (30 Sep 2022) HEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE MISSION DIRECTIVE 1-17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007022347/https://www.safsq.hq.af.mil/Portals/76/HAFMD1-17%20SAF-SQ.pdf |date=7 October 2022 }} Special Management ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE (SPACE ACQUISITION AND INTEGRATION) (SAF/SQ) 20 pagesTheresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-development-agency-chief-clears-up-confusion-about-where-his-agency-is-going/ (22 Sep 2022) Space Development Agency chief clears up 'confusion' about where his agency is going] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923150812/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-development-agency-chief-clears-up-confusion-about-where-his-agency-is-going/ |date=23 September 2022 }} "SDA Director Derek Tournear said his shop will remain its own when it formally joins the Space Force in coming weeks, giving the service another acquisition outlet." SDA and Space RCO remain direct reporting units to Frank Calvelli; SSC remains a major command of the Space Force.]]

File:RapidReactionLaunchProliferatedGroundC2.jpg for the NDSA (National defense space architecture){{efn|name= pwsa23Jan}} of the Space Development Agency]]

SDA satellites are the first to have direct-to-weapon control, as noted by SDA's technical director, Frank Turner. This capability allows for a seamless connection between the satellite data and weapon systems. The Beta satellites will attempt “extremely difficult” contacts with aircraft and missiles in flight, Turner said. {{cite web|last=Erwin|first=Sandra|url=https://spacenews.com/space-development-agencys-data-transport-satellites-get-more-complex/|title=Space Development Agency's data-transport satellites get more complex, SDA's Tranche 2 Transport Layer Beta satellites will have 'direct to weapon' links|date=29 August 2023|access-date=29 August 2023|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223220936/https://spacenews.com/space-development-agencys-data-transport-satellites-get-more-complex/|url-status=live}}

Among the SDA projects:

• "Optical communications between satellites, and from satellites to a military drone aircraft".Sandra Erwin {{Cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/dod-space-agency-to-launch-laser-communications-experiments-on-spacex-rideshare/|title=DoD space agency to launch laser communications experiments on SpaceX rideshare|date=June 2, 2021|website=SpaceNews}}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/sda-demos-spotlight-tech-hurdles-to-jadc2-backbone/ (21 Jun 2021) SDA Demos Spotlight Tech Hurdles To JADC2 Backbone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625073418/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/sda-demos-spotlight-tech-hurdles-to-jadc2-backbone/ |date=25 June 2021 }} 5 payloads: Optical link, Sat to drone{{Cite web|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/02/11/sda-to-launch-several-demonstration-satellites-in-2021/|title=SDA to launch several demonstration satellites in 2021|first=Nathan|last=Strout|date=February 11, 2021|website=C4ISRNet|access-date=June 4, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603174040/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/02/11/sda-to-launch-several-demonstration-satellites-in-2021/|url-status=live}} Including the CubeSat based Laser Interconnect and Networking Communication System (LINCS).
• {{anchor|Ballistic missile detection}} Provide a resilient, persistent response to ballistic missile detection{{Cite web|url=https://fbohome.sam.gov/?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=d201b631d0c096f4934f53b50050fe34&tab=core&_cview=0|title=FBO.gov has moved|website=fbohome.sam.gov|access-date=2022-01-01|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725130257/https://fbohome.sam.gov/?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=d201b631d0c096f4934f53b50050fe34&tab=core&_cview=0|url-status=live}}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/01/austin-signals-shift-back-to-focus-on-space-resilience/ (21 January 2021) Austin Signals Shift Back To Focus On Space Resilience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703164700/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/01/austin-signals-shift-back-to-focus-on-space-resilience/ |date=3 July 2021 }} Space Acquisition executiveSara Mineiro; {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/06/pentagon-diversify-you-orbital-regimes/|title=Pentagon: Diversify Your Orbital Regimes|first=Chyrine)|last=(Mezher|date=June 14, 2021}}Greg Hadley [https://www.airforcemag.com/study-integrate-space-based-missile-warning-and-tracking-into-multi-orbit-system/ (7 Jun 2022) Study: Combine Missile Warning, Tracking Constellations Into One Multi-Orbit System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610014157/https://www.airforcemag.com/study-integrate-space-based-missile-warning-and-tracking-into-multi-orbit-system/ |date=10 June 2022 }}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-force-phasing-out-missile-warning-from-geo-will-focus-on-lower-orbits/ (21 Sep 2022) Space Force phasing out missile warning from GEO, will focus on lower orbits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922142423/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/space-force-phasing-out-missile-warning-from-geo-will-focus-on-lower-orbits/ |date=22 September 2022 }} ' "We'll do away with the GEOs, and the big, exquisite expensive satellites," said SDA Director Derek Tournear.'
• Build the JADC2Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/secdef-oks-jadc2-strategy-now-osd-has-teeth/ (4 Jun 2021) SecDef OKs JADC2 Strategy: Now OSD Has ‘Teeth’ ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606150642/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/secdef-oks-jadc2-strategy-now-osd-has-teeth/ |date=6 June 2021 }} Approved 13 May 2021 satellite backbone{{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/01/smc-sda-missile-warning-sat-ground-systems-wont-talk/|title=SMC, SDA Missile Warning Sat Ground Systems Won't 'Talk' - For Now|first=Valerie|last=Insinna|date=June 1, 2021|access-date=January 1, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223221546/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/01/smc-sda-missile-warning-sat-ground-systems-wont-talk/|url-status=live}}Theresa Hitchens {{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2021/06/jroc-tags-space-force-to-make-satellites-link-with-jadc2/|title=JROC Tags Space Force To Make Satellites Link With JADC2|date=June 3, 2021}} using the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA):{{efn|name= pwsa23Jan}}Stew Magnuson (19 September 2019) {{Cite web|url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2019/9/19/details-of-the-pentagon-new-space-architecture-revealed|title=Details of the Pentagon New Space Architecture Revealed|website=www.nationaldefensemagazine.org|access-date=2021-06-04|archive-date=2023-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325073145/https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2019/9/19/details-of-the-pentagon-new-space-architecture-revealed|url-status=live}}battle-updates.com (8 Oct 2020) {{Cite web|url=https://battle-updates.com/update/satellite-systems-satcom-and-space-systems-update-138/|title=SATELLITE SYSTEMS, SATCOM AND SPACE SYSTEMS UPDATE|website=battle-updates.com|access-date=2021-06-04|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603143056/https://battle-updates.com/update/satellite-systems-satcom-and-space-systems-update-138/|url-status=live}}{{efn|name=SdaApprovesPlans |1= In September 2021 the Space Development Agency approved design plans for its new missile warning satellites, which will be capable of detecting and tracking hypersonic weapons.Nathan Strout {{Cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=Space Development Agency approves design for satellites that can track hypersonic weapons|url=https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/09/20/space-development-agency-approves-design-for-satellites-that-can-track-hypersonic-weapons/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Defense News|language=en}}
• L3Harris Technologies announced that the Space Development Agency has approved the company’s proposed design for a missile tracking satellite.Sandra Erwin (20 September 2021) {{Cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=L3Harris' missile-tracking satellites pass early design review|url=https://spacenews.com/l3harris-missile-tracking-satellites-pass-early-design-review/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}} A production contract for 16 Tranche 1 Tracking satellites to track hypersonic missiles, for launch in 2025, was approved.Sandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/l3harris-gets-green-light-to-produce-16-space-based-hypersonic-missile-trackers/ (20 Dec 2023) L3Harris gets green light to produce 16 space-based hypersonic missile trackers]
• SpaceX will build 4 satellites for the Tranche 0 tracking layer.}} JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale". —Gen. Chance Saltzman, US Space Force
• The satellite constellations are in near-polar low Earth orbit. Hundreds of satellites are expected by the end of the 2020s. "Would you be able to take out some of these satellites? Probably. Would you be able to take out all of these satellites? Probably not, before you are going to have a really bad day."—Derek Tournear AUSA Warriors Corner (10.16.2019) {{Cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities|title=2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities|website=DVIDS|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022185406/https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities|url-status=live}}{{rp|min -2:10 before the end of the video clip}}Wall Street Journal [https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-warns-of-possible-attacks-on-satellites-used-to-help-ukraine-11666871511 (27 Oct 2022) Russia Warns of Possible Attacks on Satellites Used to Help Ukraine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027132742/https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-warns-of-possible-attacks-on-satellites-used-to-help-ukraine-11666871511 |date=27 October 2022 }}
• NExT (National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA){{efn|name= pwsa23Jan}} Experimental Testbed){{efn|name=t0demo}} is a test bed of 10 space vehicles and associated mission-enabling ground systems, for realizing its various aspects, in miniature, before its larger, later scheduled deployments. In particular, the capability to retain and/or relay messages for command and control (C2) can then be demonstrated on the NExT test bed, before deployment at scale.SDA [https://www.sda.mil/sda-seeks-industry-feedback-through-draft-solicitation-for-next-national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-experimental-testbed/ (3 Jun 2022) SDA Seeks Industry Feedback through DRAFT Solicitation for NExT (National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Experimental Testbed)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626200721/https://www.sda.mil/sda-seeks-industry-feedback-through-draft-solicitation-for-next-national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-experimental-testbed/ |date=26 June 2022 }} 10 space vehicles and associated mission-enabling ground systems
• as reported by Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/06/16/space-development-agency-plans-for-enduring-satellite-experimentation-testbed/ (16 Jun 2022) Space Development Agency plans for 'enduring' satellite experimentation testbed]Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/sda-hopes-sabre-sensors-can-slash-missile-testing-costs-by-millions/ (20 Jan 2023) SDA hopes SABRE sensors can slash missile testing costs by 'millions'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120160542/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/sda-hopes-sabre-sensors-can-slash-missile-testing-costs-by-millions/ |date=20 January 2023 }} "SDA already has a lot of interest from the Army and DoD's testing community in its Space-Based Telemetry Monitoring, Electronic Support, and Alternative Navigation (SABRE) project"
• Using the satellites of Tranche 0, the SDA will be demonstrating the new capabilities{{efn|name=t0demo}} of the PWSA{{efn|name= pwsa23Jan}} to the warfighters, to aid in concept development (using the "warfighter immersion tranche").Courtney Albon [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/04/space-development-agency-enters-demonstration-phase-after-first-launch/ (4 Apr 2023) Space Development Agency enters demonstration phase after first launch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405143644/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/04/space-development-agency-enters-demonstration-phase-after-first-launch/ |date=5 April 2023 }}Audrey Decker [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/04/sda-stresses-need-protect-satellites-ground-stations/384786/ (4 Apr 2023) Satellite Ground Stations Are Vulnerable, US Warns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406191011/https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/04/sda-stresses-need-protect-satellites-ground-stations/384786/ |date=6 April 2023 }}
• Rapid response launch proliferated C2;C Todd Lopez [https://www.sda.mil/sda-awards-contracts-for-the-first-generation-of-the-tracking-layer/ (2 May 2021) On-Time Delivery Top Priority at Space Development Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606161929/https://www.sda.mil/sda-awards-contracts-for-the-first-generation-of-the-tracking-layer/ |date=6 June 2021 }} SDA remains the rapid launch proliferated arm for the Space Force.{{efn|name= pwsa23Jan |1= The name change of the constellation from NDSA to PWSA —'proliferated warfighter space architecture'— will have no impact to the SDA mission.SDA [https://www.sda.mil/sda-layered-network-of-military-satellites-now-known-as-proliferated-warfighter-space-architecture/ (23 Jan 2023) SDA Layered Network of Military Satellites Now Known as "Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124142923/https://www.sda.mil/sda-layered-network-of-military-satellites-now-known-as-proliferated-warfighter-space-architecture/ |date=24 January 2023 }} (PWSA— formerly known as NDSA)}}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/sda-scraps-relaunches-data-transport-satellite-bidding-after-protest/ (28 Oct 2021) SDA Scraps, Relaunches Data Transport Satellite Bidding After Protest ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028220636/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/sda-scraps-relaunches-data-transport-satellite-bidding-after-protest/ |date=28 October 2021 }} Tranche 1: T1TL of Aug 2021 was rescinded: "126 satellites [each] with Ka-band space-to-ground communications link, four optical communications terminals, a Link 16 payload (which is the current standard for machine-to-machine communications link among US and allied weapon systems), and a battle management, command, control and communications (BMC3) compute and storage module"; T1TL RFP was reissued 28 Oct 2021. T1TL terms were replaced with OTA authority instead. Proposals were due 24 Nov 2021.
• #User equipment (Earth stations and weapon systems)Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/army-moves-ahead-with-palantir-and-raytheon-for-next-phase-of-titan/ (28 Jun 2022) Army moves ahead with Palantir and Raytheon for next phase of TITAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628170839/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/army-moves-ahead-with-palantir-and-raytheon-for-next-phase-of-titan/ |date=28 June 2022 }} SDA has selected the "ground Operations and Integration (O&I) segment for Tranche 1".Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/space-development-agency-taps-gd-iridium-team-for-complex-ground-system (27 May 2022) Space Development Agency taps GD-Iridium team for complex ground system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531182504/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/space-development-agency-taps-gd-iridium-team-for-complex-ground-system/ |date=31 May 2022 }} The Advanced Fire Control Ground Infrastructure (AFCGI) program includes data from LEO satellites.
• #Transport layer intersatellite dataSDA.mil [https://www.sda.mil/transport/ Transport layer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606085018/https://www.sda.mil/transport/ |date=2021-06-06 }} Tranche 1 Transport Layer (T1TL): T1TL forms a mesh network in a constellation of small satellites in Low earth orbit (LEO). Each satellite would have 4 optical links. SDA may have awarded 3 contracts totalling $1.8 billion to 3 firms, each for 42 satellites to be launched by September 2024. However, there was a funding constraint in the FY2022 budget.Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/03/budget-roadblock-delaying-pentagon-satellite-program-to-track-hypersonic-missiles/ (1 Mar 2022) Budget roadblock delaying Pentagon satellite program to track hypersonic missiles ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302124440/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/03/budget-roadblock-delaying-pentagon-satellite-program-to-track-hypersonic-missiles/ |date=2 March 2022 }} $750 million in question in FY2022 budget. An alternative, Tranche 1 Demonstration and Experimentation System (T1DES) can be let for 18 satellites.Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/york-scores-sda-contract-worth-up-to-200m-for-experimental-communications-satellites/ (6 Oct 2022) York scores SDA contract worth up to $200M for experimental communications satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007140636/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/york-scores-sda-contract-worth-up-to-200m-for-experimental-communications-satellites/ |date=7 October 2022 }} T1DES capabilities test (of UHF/S-band frequencies) using 12 satellites; provides data for a March 2023 decision on Tranche2Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/sda-awards-1-8b-in-contracts-for-first-operational-data-transport-sats/ (18 Feb 2022) SDA awards $1.8B in contracts for first operational data transport sats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302141428/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/sda-awards-1-8b-in-contracts-for-first-operational-data-transport-sats/ |date=2 March 2022 }} Tranche 1 Transport layer (T1TL) award
• #Tracking layer handles launched items,SDA.mil [https://www.sda.mil/tracking/ Tracking layer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606085018/https://www.sda.mil/tracking/ |date=2021-06-06 }} connects to existing user equipmentCourtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/03/02/raytheon-to-make-seven-missile-tracking-satellites-for-us-space-agency/ (2 Mar 2023) Raytheon to make seven missile-tracking satellites for US space agency] Tranche 1 Tracking LayerCourtney Albon [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/03/15/space-development-agency-to-launch-next-missile-warning-satellites-earlier-than-expected/ (15 Mar 2022) Space Development Agency to launch next missile warning satellites earlier than expected] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302212256/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/03/15/space-development-agency-to-launch-next-missile-warning-satellites-earlier-than-expected/ |date=2 March 2023 }} Two contractors will each build 14 satellites for the Tranche 1 Tracking Layer as of 16 July 2022; these satellites will be in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) by 2025; hundreds of satellites are planned for the Tracking layer.Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/l3harris-northrop-score-1-3b-in-sda-hypersonic-missile-tracking-contracts/ (18 July 2022) L3Harris, Northrop score $1.3B in SDA hypersonic missile tracking contracts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719134452/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/l3harris-northrop-score-1-3b-in-sda-hypersonic-missile-tracking-contracts/ |date=19 July 2022 }} The Tracking Layer is capable of tracking hypersonic missiles throughout their flight, by their heat signatures.David Vergun. DoD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3028518/dod-focused-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-development-admiral-says/ (11 May 2022) DOD Focused on Hypersonic Missile Defense Development, Admiral Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923081606/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3028518/dod-focused-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-development-admiral-says/ |date=23 September 2022 }} Jon A. Hill: Planned May 2023 launch MDA/ SDA launch of interoperable hypersonic tracking satellites to track dim targets (cruise missiles)Center for Strategic & International Studies [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn-C4uMWnyY (7 Feb 2022) Complex Air Defense: Countering the Hypersonic Missile Threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923065000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn-C4uMWnyY |date=23 September 2022 }} Dr. Tom Karako, Director of the CSIS Missile Defense Project; Ms. Kelley Sayler, CRS; Dr. Gillian Bussey, Director of the Joint Hypersonics Transition Office; Dr. Mark Lewis, Executive Director of NDIA's Emerging Technologies Institute; Mr. Stan Stafira, Chief Architect at the Missile Defense Agency (MDA)
• #Custody layerTheresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/space-forces-1b-for-hypersonic-missile-tracking-in-fy23-will-go-to-new-satellites-ground-systems/ (7 Apr 2022) Space Force’s $1B for hypersonic missile tracking in FY23 will go to new satellites, ground systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407202443/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/space-forces-1b-for-hypersonic-missile-tracking-in-fy23-will-go-to-new-satellites-ground-systems/ |date=7 April 2022 }} Track Custody Prototype (TCP), and MEO satellite constellations with ground stations handles items not yet launched from objects as big as a truck,SDA.mil [https://www.sda.mil/custody/ Custody layer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606085017/https://www.sda.mil/custody/ |date=2021-06-06 }} connects to existing user equipment
• #Battle management ("autonomy, tipping and queuing and data fusion"){{efn|name= pwsa23Jan}}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-asks-for-satellite-battle-management-system-proposals/ (10 Nov 2022) Space Development Agency asks for satellite 'battle management system' proposals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111083841/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/space-development-agency-asks-for-satellite-battle-management-system-proposals/ |date=11 November 2022 }} "The on-board Battle Management, Command, Control and Communications (BMC3) software module will be tested on SDA's Tranche 1 Transport Layer data relay satellites"Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/12/nga-gears-up-for-all-domain-ops/ (15 Dec 2021) NGA Gears Up For All Domain Ops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005184930/https://breakingdefense.com/2020/12/nga-gears-up-for-all-domain-ops/ |date=5 October 2021 }} references tipping and queuing of the data sensors and sources of the NGA's intelligence community{{efn| name= TippingAndQueuing| 1= In Remote Sensing, Tipping and Queuing (Cueing) is a technique for tracking and monitoring fast-moving objects, using multiple sensors of multiple modalities (for example electro-optical and radar sensors). One sensor with a wide field of view might detect, acquire, and even track an object of interest (the 'target'); that sensor would 'tip' another sensor with the tracking information for that target. The next sensor, say with point defense capability, might then take the 'cue' to narrow the tracking box around the target, to build more accurate tracking information, to tip yet another defense system, and so forth. See Automatic identification system (AIS)Muhammad Irfan Ali [https://www.iceye.com/blog/tip-and-cue-technique-for-efficient-near-real-time-satellite-monitoring-of-moving-objects (20 Jan 2021) Tip And Cue technique for efficient near-real-time satellite monitoring of moving objects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703105027/https://www.iceye.com/blog/tip-and-cue-technique-for-efficient-near-real-time-satellite-monitoring-of-moving-objects |date=3 July 2022 }}}}{{efn| name= moreOnTippingAndQueuing| 1= Space development agency (SDA) provides the PWSA wide field of view (WFOV) sensors; Missile defense agency (MDA) provides the Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS) sensors, (i.e., the Medium Field of View (MFOV) sensors). The WFOV sensors provide cueing data to the MFOV sensors, which are more sensitive and provide tipping data to the earth-based interceptors.Kelley M. Sayler [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11623 (24 Jan 2023) Hypersonic Missile Defense: Issues for Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523060911/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11623 |date=23 May 2022 }} IF11623 as cited in USNI News.USNI News [https://news.usni.org/2023/01/27/report-to-congress-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-2#more-100552 (27 Jan 2023) Report to Congress on Hypersonic Missile Defense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128040006/https://news.usni.org/2023/01/27/report-to-congress-on-hypersonic-missile-defense-2#more-100552 |date=28 January 2023 }} Two WFOV satellites were launched as part of the inititial Tranche 0. }}Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/spacecom-ops-head-tired-of-the-the-excuses-about-satellite-tracking-gaps/ (6 Apr 2023) SPACECOM ops head 'tired of the excuses' about satellite tracking gaps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410030551/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/spacecom-ops-head-tired-of-the-the-excuses-about-satellite-tracking-gaps/ |date=10 April 2023 }} a BMC3 problem; currently solvable in the Space Surveillance Network (SSN).Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs [https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3162271/daf-announces-new-integrating-program-executive-officer-abms-execution-construct/ (19 Sep 2022) Air Force taps Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey to head new integrated C3 battle management program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323220450/https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3162271/daf-announces-new-integrating-program-executive-officer-abms-execution-construct/ |date=23 March 2023 }} Command, Control, Communications and Battle Management (C3BM). USAF general Cropsey will have the authorities required to ensure integration of all C3BM related programs throughout the DAF, as a core contribution to the Department of Defense's broader Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) effort. [Integrating] PEO will also have responsibility for the Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS).Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ (11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717000312/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ |date=17 July 2023 }} Cropsey on C3BMTheresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/there-goes-my-missile-sda-eyes-new-foo-fighter-missile-defense-fire-control-sats/ (14 Jul 2023) There goes my missile: SDA eyes new FOO Fighter missile defense 'fire control' sats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717004514/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/there-goes-my-missile-sda-eyes-new-foo-fighter-missile-defense-fire-control-sats/ |date=17 July 2023 }} " 'Fire-Control On Orbit-Support-To-The-War Fighter (FOO Fighter or F2)' program" SDA 'plans to purchase and deploy' eight F2 space vehicles carrying electro-optical/infrared sensorsSandra Erwin [https://spacenews.com/space-forces-first-six-missile-defense-satellites-in-medium-orbit-to-cost-about-500-million/ (18 Dec 2023) Space Force’s first six missile-defense satellites in medium orbit to cost about $500 million] counter ICBMs, hypersonic missile from MEO
• #Navigation layer is not finalized, provides navigation & launch data
• #Deterrence layer is situational awareness of cislunar space vehicles

File:Orbitalaltitudes.jpg in: Low Earth orbit— LEO (blue); Medium Earth orbit— MEO (green); Cislunar distances (red): If one were to hold a blue marble out at arm's length, one would see Earth's size and shape from the perspective of the astronauts travelling to the Moon.]]

{{anchor|Tranche 0 launch}}

SDA's initial launch of 10 satellites (denoted Tranche 0){{efn|name=t0demo}} had been scheduled for December 2022; however tests of 8 of these satellites indicated that each had a noisy power supply. The contractor, York Space Systems retrofitted filters on the 8 satellites at no cost to the government; the initial launch was delayed to March 2023, including the 8 retrofitted by York Space Systems.Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/02/spacex-rocket-launches-space-development-agencys-first-satellites/ (2 Apr 2023) SpaceX rocket launches Space Development Agency’s first satellites]

On 2 April 2023 the first 10 satellites of Tranche 0 were launched into low earth orbit, as planned. These satellites will demonstrate the responsive (low latency) communication links of the Transport layer of the Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA). An initial checkout of the satellite bus and mission{{efn|name=t0demo|1= Tranche 0 will demonstrate the feasibility of

• Low latency data connectivity
• Beyond line of sight targeting
• Missile warning/missile tracking
• On-orbit fusion
• Multi-phenomenology ground-based sensor fusion US Department of Defense [https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3348974/space-development-agency-successfully-launches-tranche-0-satellites/ (2 Apr 2023) Space Development Agency Successfully Launches Tranche 0 Satellites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403202259/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3348974/space-development-agency-successfully-launches-tranche-0-satellites/ |date=3 April 2023 }}Chris Gordon [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/sda-successful-tranche-0-launch/ (3 Apr 2023) Speed, Cost, Performance—In That Order—Key to SDA's Successful Tranche 0 Launch, Director Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405035908/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/sda-successful-tranche-0-launch/ |date=5 April 2023 }} First use of Link 16 in spaceTheresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/congressional-concern-re-emerges-on-fate-of-mdas-hypersonic-missile-tracking-sensors/ (11 May 2023) Congressional concern re-emerges on fate of MDA’s hypersonic missile tracking sensors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512133609/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/congressional-concern-re-emerges-on-fate-of-mdas-hypersonic-missile-tracking-sensors/ |date=12 May 2023 }} }} payloads is the current priority. The second Tranche 0 launch, carrying 13 more satellites, took place on 2 September 2023.{{cite web |last=Lentz |first=Danny |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/tranche-0-flight-2/ |title=SpaceX launches of Space Development Agency's Tranche 0 mission |date=2 September 2023 |access-date=4 September 2023 |work=NASASpaceFlight |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013204543/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/tranche-0-flight-2/ |url-status=live }} Of the 18 initially scheduled payloads one Transport satellite built by York has been excluded to conduct software tests, while the four Tracking satellites built by L3Harris had been kept on the ground by production delays and were launched later as rideshare payloads of a USSF-124 mission in February 2024.{{cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |url=https://spacenews.com/space-development-agency-planning-to-launch-13-satellites-in-late-june/ |title=Space Development Agency to launch 13 satellites in late June |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=18 September 2023}}

SDA began as a direct reporting unit (DRU) of DoD's USD(R&E): research and engineering.{{efn|name= shyuMission |1= "The OUSD(R&E) will develop critical technologies, rapidly prototype them, and conduct continuous campaigns of joint experimentation to improve on those technologies and deliver capabilities", —Hon. Heidi Shyu, head of the office of the undersecretary of defense for research and engineering (OUSD(R&E)).Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/pentagon-developing-national-defense-science-and-technology-strategy-memo/ (2 Feb 2022) Pentagon developing 'National Defense Science and Technology' strategy: Memo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528043935/https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/pentagon-developing-national-defense-science-and-technology-strategy-memo/ |date=28 May 2023 }} by Hon. Heidi ShyuJaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/pentagons-re-office-stands-up-3-new-assistant-secretaries-8-new-dasds/ (25 Jul 2023) Pentagon's R&E office stands up 3 new assistant secretaries, 8 new DASDs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726015105/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/pentagons-re-office-stands-up-3-new-assistant-secretaries-8-new-dasds/ |date=26 July 2023 }}}} By design,USD(R&E) [https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod//i5000_88.pdf (20 Nov 2020) DOD INSTRUCTION 5000.88: ENGINEERING OF DEFENSE SYSTEMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709134354/https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/i5000_88.pdf |date=9 July 2021 }} the functions for acquisition and sustainment (A&S) are the responsibility of another under secretary of defense —the USD(A&S); this separation of function decouples the technology development of a working prototype system, even the systems as complicated as those taken on by the SDA, from overcomplication induced by the processes of the DoD.

The SDA has relied heavily on "Section 804" Mid-Tier Acquisitions (MTAs) to avoid traditional defense procurement requirements. SDA has been able to forgo a number of reporting activities by breaking up larger programs into numerous two-year rapid fielding projects that each qualify as MTAs. Members of Congress and the Government Accountability Office have said this obfuscates costs and limits transparency. The FY23 omnibus appropriations act, signed by President Joe Biden on 29 December 2022, levies new reporting and certification requirements on the Pentagon regarding the use of MTAs and other rapid prototype programs. Industry participants such as MITRE Acquisition Chief Pete Modigliani have said the new requirements would "drastically impede DoD’s rapid acquisition abilities" for SDA and other programs.Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/oversight-or-overkill-dod-faces-new-congressional-order-to-detail-mid-tier-acquisitions/ (6 Feb 2023) Oversight or overkill? DoD faces new congressional order to detail Mid-Tier Acquisitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207125532/https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/oversight-or-overkill-dod-faces-new-congressional-order-to-detail-mid-tier-acquisitions/ |date=7 February 2023 }} "While lawmakers worry over lack of oversight, MITRE's Pete Modilgiani tells Breaking Defense, 'The Middle Tier of Acquisition [MTA] pathway is one of DoD's most valuable tools to rapidly deliver capabilities ... to deter China’s threat' ".

• Kessler Syndrome
• Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
• Automatic identification system (AIS)
• Earth observation
• Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR)
• Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2)
• Satellite navigation
• SpaceX Starshield
• Shijian#Shijian-21 flagged by Gen. James H. DickinsonMarcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/04/allies-want-space-defenses-too-us-official-says/385357/ (18 Apr 2023) Allies Want Space Defenses Too, US Official Says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419162930/https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/04/allies-want-space-defenses-too-us-official-says/385357/ |date=19 April 2023 }}

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{{United States Space Force}}

Category:Units and formations of the United States Space Force