Spanish Steps

File:Fontana della Barcaccia op Piazza di Spagna te Rome Fontana nella Piazza della Trinità de' Monti (titel op object) Fontane di Roma (serietitel) Fonteinen van Rome (serietitel), BI-1893-A39-15.jpg]]

File:Piranesi-16026.jpg, seen from south. The street on the left is Via del Babuino, leading to Piazza del Popolo.]]

Generations of heated debate over how the steep, {{convert|29|m|ft|adj=on}} slope[https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/spanish_steps_piazza_di_spagna_roma_italy.209625.html Worldwide Elevation Map Finder, Elevation of Spanish Steps] to the church on a shoulder of the Pincio should be urbanized preceded the final execution. Archival drawings from the 1580s show that Pope Gregory XIII was interested in constructing a stair to the recently completed façade of the French church.

French diplomat to the Holy See Étienne Gueffier died in 1660, leaving part of his fortune for the construction of the stairs. The Roman-educated Cardinal Mazarin took a personal interest in the project and entrusted it to his agent in Rome—whose plan included an equestrian monument of Louis XIV of France—an ambitious intrusion that created a furore in papal Rome. Mazarin died in 1661 and the pope in 1667, while Gueffier's will was successfully contested by a nephew who claimed half, so the project lay dormant until Pope Clement XI Albani renewed interest in it in the early 18th century.

A competition held in 1717 was won by Francesco de Sanctis, though Alessandro Specchi was long thought to have produced the winning entry. Little is known of the architect, who was favored by the French in the design process. His drawing was engraved by Girolamo Rossi in 1726, with a long dedication to Louis XV.Gillies 1972:181f

The solution is a gigantic inflation of some conventions of terraced garden stairs. The first such divided and symmetrical stairs were devised for the Belvedere Courtyard in the 1600s by Donato Bramante, while shaped and angled steps were introduced by Michelangelo in the vestibule to the Laurentian Library. The Bourbon fleur-de-lys and Innocent XIII's eagle and crown are carefully balanced in the sculptural details.

Mid-18th century writers Joseph de LalandeLalande, Voyage d'un français en Italie (1769) and Charles de Brosses noted that the steps were already in poor condition.Gillies 1972:182 They have been restored several times since, including from May to December 1995.{{cite news |title= Spanish Steps ready for tourists |agency=Reuters |newspaper=The Guardian |page=9 |date= 21 December 1995 |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79224980/spanish-steps-ready-for-tourists/ |accessdate= 8 June 2021 |via=newspapers.com}}

Sponsored by the Italian luxury brand Bulgari (which has its Italian flagship store in the nearby Via dei Condotti) a new renovation commenced on 8 October 2015, with the steps being reopened to the public on 21 September 2016.{{Cite news |title= Rome reopens historic Spanish steps after renovation |publisher= The Local|date= 23 September 2016 |url= https://www.thelocal.it/20160923/rome-reopens-historic-spanish-steps-after-renovation |access-date= 15 May 2022}} The restoration of the almost {{convert|32,300|sqft|m2}} of travertine stone, as well as brick, marble and plaster employed more than 80 people and cost €1.5 million.{{cite web |last= Povoledo |first= Elisabetta |title= Bulgari Welcomes Public to Restored Spanish Steps |work= New York Times |date= 26 September 2016 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/fashion/bulgari-rome-spanish-steps-restoration.html |accessdate= 15 April 2022}}

Over the years, several city administrations have tried to dissuade visitors from getting too comfortable on the steps, banning loitering and eating, but the ordinances have not been enforced. However, in July 2019 the administration of Mayor Virginia Raggi, as part of an attempt to get ill-mannered tourists to behave themselves in Rome, introduced more stringent ordinances designed to "guarantee decorum, security and legality".{{cite web |last= Povoledo |first= Elisabetta |title= Rome's New Rules: No Sitting on the Spanish Steps (and No Wading in the Trevi Fountain) |work= New York Times |date= 7 August 2019 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/07/world/europe/rome-spanish-steps-sit.html |accessdate= 15 April 2022}} These regulations allow for fines of €250 for sitting down on the steps and up to €400 for dirtying or damaging the steps (including eating on them or pushing a pram up or down them).{{cite web |last= Giuffrida |first=Angela |title= Tourists face €250 fines for sitting on Spanish Steps in Rome |work=The Guardian |date= 7 August 2019 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/07/rome-spanish-steps-fascist-style-measures-against-tourists |accessdate= 15 April 2022}}

In the Piazza di Spagna at the base is the Early Baroque fountain called Fontana della Barcaccia ("Fountain of the longboat"), built in 1627–29 and often credited to Pietro Bernini, father of a more famous son, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who is recently said to have collaborated on the decoration. The elder Bernini had been the pope's architect for the Acqua Vergine, since 1623. According to a legend, Pope Urban VIII had the fountain installed after he had been impressed by a boat brought here by a flood of the Tiber.

In the piazza, at the corner on the right as one begins to climb the steps, is the house where English poet John Keats lived and died in 1821; it is now a museum dedicated to his memory, full of memorabilia of the English Romantic generation. On the same right side stands the 15th-century former cardinal Lorenzo Cybo de Mari's palace, now Ferrari di Valbona, a building altered in 1936 to designs by Marcello Piacentini, the main city planner during Fascism, with modern terraces perfectly in harmony with the surrounding baroque context.

At the top, the stairway ramp up the Pincio which is the Pincian Hill. The Villa Medici can be reached from the top of the steps.

During Christmas time, a 19th-century criba manger is displayed on the first landing of the staircase. During springtime, just before the anniversary of the foundation of Rome on 21 April, part of the steps are covered by pots of azaleas, up until early May. In modern times, the Spanish Steps have included a small cut-flower market. The steps are not a place for eating lunch, being forbidden by Roman urban regulations, but they are usually crowded with people.

In May 2022, a Saudi national drove a rented Maserati through the steps, descending the first flight of steps before stopping. Fractures were subsequently found on the 16th and 29th steps of the right-hand flight rising up from Piazza di Spagna. The man, who abandoned the car and fled the scene, was later apprehended at Milan Malpensa Airport after being identified through surveillance cameras and was charged with inflicting aggravated damage to cultural heritage and monuments.{{cite web |last= Borghese |first= Livia |title= Saudi man charged after Maserati driven down Rome's Spanish Steps |work= CNN |date= 14 May 2022 |url= https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/maserati-spanish-steps-italy/index.html |accessdate= 20 December 2023}}

In June 2022, two American tourists launched a scooter three times down the steps, damaging the third-to-last travertine step of the second ramp and dislodging a 10-centimeter piece of marble that cost €25,000 ($27,000) in repairs. The couple were apprehended by police, fined €400 each and were banned from the vicinity of the site for two days.{{cite web |last= Ruotolo |first= Nicola |title= US tourists fined for damaging Rome's Spanish Steps with scooters |work= CNN |date= 9 June 2022 |url= https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/us-tourists-spanish-steps-damage-rome/index.html |accessdate= 20 December 2023}}

In April 2023, climate protestors from Ultima Generazione poured a charcoal-based black powder into the Fontana della Barcaccia, discoloring its water and leaving stains on its marble surface. The protesters were apprehended by authorities and detained.{{cite web |last= Latza Nadeau |first= Barbie |title= Climate activists dye Spanish Steps fountain water black |work= CNN |date= 1 April 2023 |url= https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/01/europe/climate-activists-dye-spanish-steps-intl/index.html |accessdate= 25 December 2023}}

The steps are featured in several literary works. Notable examples include:

• Numerous scenes in Alfred Bester's novel The Stars My Destination (1956)
• F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel Tender Is the Night (1933)
• Anthony Burgess' novel Abba Abba (1977)
• Tom Clancy's novel The Teeth of the Tiger (2003)

{{cleanup list|date=April 2025}}

File:The Spanish Steps, as seen from the Fontana della Barcaccia in the Piazza di Spagna, Sallustiano obelisk against background of the Church of the Santissima Trinità dei Monti. Rome, Italy.jpg lived, now the Keats-Shelley Memorial House.]]

The film Le Ragazze di Piazza di Spagna of 1952, directed by Luciano Emmer and starring Liliana Bonfatti, Lucia Bosè, Cosetta Greco, and Marcello Mastroianni, centers on the Spanish Steps.

File:Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck in Roman Holiday trailer 2.jpg with Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn on the Spanish Steps]]

The film Roman Holiday (1953), starring Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck featured the Spanish Steps.

In the 1963 Italian giallo film The Girl Who Knew Too Much, Nora witnesses a murder on the Spanish Steps.

The apartment that was the setting for The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) is halfway up on the right. Bernardo Bertolucci's Besieged (1998) is also set in a house next to the Steps. The Steps were featured prominently in the film version of The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), starring Matt Damon in the title role.

The Spanish Steps are mentioned (as the Spanish Stairs) in the first verse of the song When I Paint My Masterpiece (1971).

The Spanish Steps are referenced in the song "Credo" by the Swiss/ English band Refugee as the Spanish Stairs.

In a film for German titled Martha (1974), directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, the father of the title character (played by Margit Carstensen) dies while climbing the Spanish Steps.

In an episode of Everybody Loves Raymond (Season 5, Episode 1: Italy) which aired on October 2, 2000, Ray, Debra, Frank, and Marie climb the Spanish Steps during a family vacation in Rome.

An episode of the anime series Gunslinger Girl, entitled "Gelato (Ice Cream)," which first aired in 2003, features the protagonist by the Spanish Steps having her "reward" of ice cream after having completed a successful raid.

In the film To Rome with Love (2012), Hayley (Alison Pill) and Michelangelo Santoli (Flavio Parenti) met on the Spanish Steps.

The Spanish Steps were the setting of a 'Roadblock' task during The Amazing Race 24 (2014) in which contestants had to count the steps.{{cite web|url=https://www.hypable.com/the-amazing-race-season-24-episode-7-recap-the-roman-holiday/|title='The Amazing Race' season 24, episode 7 recap: The Roman holiday|last=Field|first=Sonya|date=13 April 2014|access-date=9 January 2020}}

In the 2000 film “It Had To Be You”, it is the dream of the female lead, a school teacher who has never been out of NYC, to go to the Spanish Steps. She and her love interest imagine they are there while in a fountain in Central Park.

The Spanish Steps are featured in a scene in the film The Man From U.N.C.L.E. (2015), in which Illya (Armie Hammer), posing as a Russian architect, attempts to explain to Gaby (Alicia Vikander) that the Steps were actually made by a Russian architect.

Midway through the animated film Love Live! The School Idol Movie: Over the Rainbow (2019), the Steps were featured prominently as the site where the main idol group Aqours performed the main musical number of the film, "Hop? Stop? Nonstop!," during their overseas trip from Numazu, Japan to Rome.

The Spanish Steps feature in car action scene in Fast X (2023).

The Spanish Steps feature in a car chase in Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One. The end credits assure the viewer that, for the car chase, a replica on a studio backlot was used. The film also premiered on the Spanish Steps on June 19, 2023.

The Spanish Steps appear as part of the Rome Avanti course in Mario Kart Tour and subsequently in Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, being added to both games in 2023.

On 16 January 2008, the Italian artist Graziano Cecchini covered the Spanish Steps with hundreds of thousands of multicolored plastic balls. He claimed it was done to raise international awareness of the situation of the Karen people in Myanmar,{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7192196.stm |work=BBC News |title=Officials unamused by Rome stunt |publisher=BBC |first=Christian |last=Fraser |date=16 January 2008 |access-date=18 June 2019}} and as a protest against the living conditions of artists in Italy.{{cite news |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/a-ball-bonanza-at-the-spanish-steps/ |newspaper=The New York Times |title=A Ball Bonanza at the Spanish Steps |first=Mike |last=Nizza |date=16 January 2008 |access-date=18 June 2019 |editor-first=Ian |editor-last=Fisher |editor-link=Ian Fisher (journalist)}}

• Babington's tea room
• Giorgio De Chirico House
• Keats-Shelley Memorial House
• Palazzo di Spagna
• Fontana della Barcaccia

• List of tourist attractions in Rome

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|first= Carlo Alberto |last=Ferrari di Valbona |title=I viventi diritti dell'Italia a palazzo Farnese alla scalinata ed alla Trinità dei Monti in Roma|location=Rome|publisher=Edizioni d’Arte|year=1965}}
• {{cite journal|first= Pio |last=Pecchiai|title=Regesti dei documenti patrimoniali del Convento Romano della Trinità dei Monti|journal=Archivi|issue=25|pages=406–423|year=1958}}
• {{cite book|first=Claudio |last=Rendina|title=Enciclopedia di Roma|publisher=Newton Compton|location=Rome|year=2000}}
• {{cite book|first=Luigi |last=Salerno | author-link=Luigi Salerno |title=Piazza di Spagna|location=Naples|year=1967}}
• {{cite book|first=Daniele |last=Varè | author-link=Daniele Vare |title=Ghosts of the Spanish Steps|location=London|year=1955}}
• {{cite web |url=https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/spanish_steps_piazza_di_spagna_roma_italy.209625.html/ |title=Elevation of Spanish Steps, Piazza di Spagna, Roma, Italy |publisher=MAPLOGS.COM |website=Worldwide Elevation Map Finder |access-date=May 4, 2021}}

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130716200452/http://spanishstepsrome.com/ Spanish Steps Rome] The official website of the Association of Piazza di Spagna.
• [http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/spanish_steps.htm Spanish Steps] Virtual reality movie and picture gallery
• [http://www.romeartlover.it/Vasi40.html Detailed information] with photos and 18th-century engravings by Giuseppe Vasi
• [http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen5/f3_rome.html The Spanish Steps] 360 degree panorama - QuickTime VR.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130307131726/http://www.romainteractive.com/eng/guided_tours/piazza_di_spagna.html Guided tour of Piazza di Spagna on romainteractive.com]

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