Sperry Corporation

{{Short description|American equipment and electronics company (1910–1986)}}

{{Infobox company

| name = Sperry Corporation

| logo = Sperry Corporation logo.svg

| logo_caption =

| logo_alt =

| type =

| industry = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|Aerospace}}|{{nowrap|Defense}}|{{nowrap|Electronics}}|{{nowrap|Information Technology}}}}

| predecessor =

| founded = {{Start date and age|1910}} in Downtown Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.

| founder = Elmer Ambrose Sperry

| defunct = {{End date|1986|09|16}}

| fate = Merged with Burroughs Corporation

| successor = Unisys

| hq_location_city = Lake Success, New York

| hq_location_country = U.S

| area_served =

| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Thomas A. Morgan{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Marvin A. |title=Historic Architecture Eligibility Evaluation Report: Replace Bridge No. 78 on SR 1342 (Morgan Road) over Little Island Creek, Vance County |url=http://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/historic-preservation-office/PDFs/ER%2015-2089.pdf |website=NC.gov |publisher=URS Corporation |access-date=5 December 2021 |date=August 2015}}|Harry Franklin Vickers|Hannibal Ford|James E. Webb}}

| products =

| owner =

| num_employees =

| num_employees_year =

| parent = North American Aviation
(1929–1933)

| subsid = Aircraft Radio Corporation

| website =

}}

File:Sperry Gyro FBE day jeh.JPG

File:Sperry M2 director.jpg

Sperry Corporation was a major American equipment and electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the 20th century. Sperry ceased to exist in 1986 following a prolonged hostile takeover bid engineered by Burroughs Corporation, which merged the combined operation under the new name Unisys. Some of Sperry's former divisions became part of Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon Technologies, and Northrop Grumman.

The company is best known as the developer of the artificial horizon and a wide variety of other gyroscope-based aviation instruments like autopilots, bombsights, analog ballistics computers and gyro gunsights. In the post-WWII era the company branched out into electronics, both aviation-related, and later, computers.

The company was founded by Elmer Ambrose Sperry.

History

=Early history=

File:Sperry Horizon.jpg

The company was incorporated on April 14 1910{{cite web |last1=Lemelson Center |title=Sperry Gyroscope Company Division records, 1910-1970 |url=https://invention.si.edu/sperry-gyroscope-company-division-records-1910-1970 |website=Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation |publisher=Smithsonian |access-date=29 May 2024 |language=en |date=23 July 2014}} by Elmer Ambrose Sperry as the Sperry Gyroscope Company, to manufacture navigation equipment—chiefly his own inventions: the marine gyrostabilizer and the gyrocompass—at 40 Flatbush Avenue Extension in Downtown Brooklyn.{{cite news |date=13 June 1915 |title=Latest Dealings in the Realty Field |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E1DB1631E733A05750C1A9609C946496D6CF |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240404000000/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E1DB1631E733A05750C1A9609C946496D6CF |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The New York Times |page=8 of Realty section}} [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-lastest-dealings-in-t/144778233/ Alt URL] During World War I the company diversified into aircraft components including bomb sights and fire control systems. In their early decades, Sperry Gyroscope and related companies were concentrated on Long Island, New York, especially in Nassau County. Over the years, it diversified to other locations.

In 1918, Lawrence Sperry split from his father to compete over aero-instruments with the Lawrence Sperry Aircraft Company, including the new automatic pilot. After the death of Lawrence on December 13, 1923, the two firms were brought together in 1924. Then in January 1929 it was acquired by North American Aviation,{{cite web |title=Elmer Sperry Dies; Famous Inventor |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1012.html |website=archive.nytimes.com |access-date=14 May 2024}} who reincorporated it in New York as the Sperry Gyroscope Company, Inc. The company once again became independent in 1933 when it was spun-off as a subsidiary of the newly formed Sperry Corporation.{{cite book |title=Munitions Industry |date=1937 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington |pages=13746–13747 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mhcE-yQzzsC |access-date=April 16, 2020}} The new corporation was a holding company for a number of smaller entities such as the original Sperry Gyroscope, Ford Instrument Company, Intercontinental Aviation, Inc., and others. The company made advanced aircraft navigation equipment for the market, including the Sperry Gyroscope and the Sperry Radio Direction Finder. It also moved into the hydraulics industry when it acquired Vickers, Inc. in 1937.{{cite news |title=Sperry Will Acquire Vickers, Inc., Detroit |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/617460888 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Charlotte Observer |agency=AP |date=1 May 1937 |page=12}} Sperry supported the work of a group of Stanford University inventors, led by Russell and Sigurd Varian, who had invented the klystron, and incorporated this technology and related inventions into their products.{{cite book |last1=Lécuyer |first1=Christophe |title=Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–1970 |date=2008 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-12281-8 |page=100 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingsiliconval00chri |url-access=registration}}

The company prospered during World War II as military demand skyrocketed, ranking 19th among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Merton J. |last2=Scherer |first2=Frederic M. |title=The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis |date=1962 |publisher=Harvard Business School |page=619}} It specialized in high technology devices such as analog computer–controlled bomb sights, airborne radar systems, and automated take-off and landing systems. Sperry also was the creator of the Ball Turret Gun mounted under the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and the Consolidated B-24 Liberator.

In 1944, Sperry sold the Brooklyn factory at 40 Flatbush Avenue Extension to the Howard clothing manufacturing company, which already had a smaller nearby factory.{{Cite news |date=June 2, 1944 |title=HOWARD CLOTHES BUYS IN BROOKLYN; Takes 11-Story Sperry Plant for Expansion -- Old L.I.U. Structure in Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/06/02/archives/howard-clothes-buys-in-brooklyn-takes-11story-sperry-plant-for.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=New York Times |page=27 (Business Section)}}

Postwar, Sperry expanded its interests in electronics and computing, producing the company's first digital computer, SPEEDAC, in 1953.

During the 1950s, a large part of Sperry Gyroscope moved to Phoenix, Arizona and soon became the Sperry Flight Systems Company. This was to preserve parts of this defense company in the event of a nuclear war. The Gyroscope division remained headquartered in New York—in its massive Lake Success, Long Island, plant (which also served as the temporary United Nations headquarters from 1946 to 1952)—into the 1980s.

=Sperry Rand=

File:Sperry Rand logo.svg

In 1955, Sperry acquired Remington Rand and renamed itself Sperry Rand. Acquiring then- Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation and Engineering Research Associates along with Remington Rand, the company developed the successful UNIVAC computer series and signed a valuable cross-licensing deal with IBM.{{cite web |title=Company History |url=http://www.unisys.com/company-history |website=Unisys |date=July 9, 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021}} The company remained a major military contractor. From 1967 to 1973, the corporation was involved in an acrimonious antitrust lawsuit with Honeywell, Inc. (see Honeywell v. Sperry Rand).

In 1961, Sperry Rand was ranked 34th on the Fortune 500 list of largest companies in the United States.{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/1961/|title=FORTUNE 500: 1961 Archive Full List 1–100|website=archive.fortune.com|access-date=June 20, 2018}}

In 1977, Sperry Rand purchased Varian Data Machines so as to enter the minicomputer market. Varian would be renamed as the Sperry UNIVAC Minicomputer Operation, operating as part of the Sperry UNIVAC division.{{cite web |title=Sperry Univac V77 Family Communications Capabilities |url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/datapro/communications_processors/C13-877_Sperry_V77.pdf |website=BitSavers.org |publisher=DATAPRO RESEARCH CORPORATION |access-date=28 May 2024}}{{cite news |title=Sperry Plans to Buy Varian Data Machines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/24/archives/sperry-plans-to-buy-varian-data-machines.html |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=24 May 1977}}

In 1978, Sperry Rand decided to concentrate on its computing interests, and sold a number of divisions including Remington Rand Systems, Remington Rand Machines, Ford Instrument Company and Sperry Vickers. The company dropped "Rand" from its title and reverted to Sperry Corporation.

At about the same time as the Remington Rand acquisition, Sperry Gyroscope decided to open a facility that would almost exclusively produce its marine instruments. After considerable searching and evaluation, a plant was built in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in 1956, Sperry Piedmont Division began producing marine navigation products. It was later renamed Sperry Marine.

File:Sperry Remington typewriter in kringloper thrift store in Roosendaal, NL, upper floor 1.jpg

In the 1970s, Sperry Corporation was a traditional conglomerate headquartered in the Sperry Rand Building at 1290 Avenue of Americas in Manhattan, selling typewriters (Sperry Remington); office equipment, electronic digital computers for business and the military (Sperry Univac); construction and farm equipment (Sperry New Holland); avionics, such as gyroscopes, radars, air route traffic control equipment (Sperry Vickers/Sperry Flight Systems); and consumer products such as electric razors (Sperry Remington). In addition, Sperry Systems Management (headquartered in the original Sperry Gyroscope building in Lake Success) performed work on a number of US government defense contracts. Sperry also managed the operation from 1961 to 1975 of the large Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant near Minden. In January 1972, Sperry took over the RCA Spectra 70 line of electronic digital computers (architectural cousins to the IBM System/360). In 1983, Sperry sold Vickers to Libbey Owens Ford (later to be renamed TRINOVA Corporation and subsequently Aeroquip-Vickers). At the same time, it acquired the Aircraft Radio Corporation from Cessna.{{cite news |last1=Townsend |first1=Lew |title=Sperry to Buy Avionics Firm from Cessna |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/695409440 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Wichita Eagle-Beacon |date=29 November 1983 |page=5B}}

=Burroughs takeover=

On September 16, 1986, after the success of a second hostile takeover bid engineered by Burroughs Corporation CEO and former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Michael Blumenthal, Sperry Corporation merged with Burroughs Corporation.{{cite news |last1=Doyle |first1=John M. |title=Kirk Douglas Suing Sperry |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/553844728 |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=York Daily Record |agency=Associated Press |date=28 August 1987 |page=1C}} The newly merged company was renamed Unisys Corporation— a portmanteau of "united", "information", and "systems," while also referencing Sperry's well-known previous UNIVAC computer branding.{{cite news |last=Sims |first=Calvin |date=November 11, 1986 |title=Burroughs Announces New Company Name |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/11/business/burroughs-announces-new-company-name.html |access-date=March 10, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times}} The takeover came about even after Sperry used a "poison pill" in the form of a major share price hike to dissuade the hostile bid, the result of which caused Burroughs to borrow much more funding than was anticipated to complete the bid.

Certain internal divisions of Sperry were sold off after the merger, such as Sperry New Holland (1986, to Ford Motor Company, who in 1991 sold the Ford-New Holland line to Fiat{{cite web |title=New Holland History |url=http://agriculture.newholland.com/nar/en-us/about-us/new-holland/a-long-history |website=New Holland Agriculture |access-date=6 December 2021}}) and Sperry Marine (to Tenneco, in 1987,{{cite web |title=History of Sperry Marine |url=http://www.sperrymarine.com/corporate-history/sperry-marine |website=Sperry Marine |access-date=6 December 2021}} and is currently part of Northrop Grumman{{cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.sperrymarine.com/about-us/sperry-marine/our-history |website=Sperry Marine |access-date=6 December 2021}}). Also sold—to Honeywell—was Sperry Aerospace Group, while Sperry Defense Products Group was sold to Loral; those two units whose functions were originally at the heart of the venerable Sperry Gyroscope division.{{cite news |last1=Price |first1=Kathie |title=Valley Unit of Sperry Sold for $1.03 Billion |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/121767379 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=The Arizona Republic |date=15 November 1986 |pages=A1, A14}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2022}}{{cite news |last1=Abbott |first1=Paul Scott |title=No City Employee Impact Seen in Plant Acquisition |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/157702152 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Albuquerque Journal |date=15 November 1986 |page=17}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2022}}{{cite news |title=Loral Wins Bid for Unisys System |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/153213226 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=Beacon Journal |date=22 March 1995 |page=B8}}{{Failed verification|date=December 2022}} This group is now part of Lockheed Martin.

=British Sperry=

Sperry in Britain started with a factory in Pimlico, London, in 1913, manufacturing gyroscopic compasses for the

Royal Navy. It became the Sperry Gyroscope Co Ltd in 1915. In 1923, Lawrence Sperry was killed in an air crash near Rye, Sussex. The company subsequently expanded to the Golden Mile, Brentford in 1931, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire{{cite web |title=Fifty Years of British Sperry|work=Flight International |date=March 28, 1963|page=434|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200456.html}} in 1938, and Bracknell in 1957.{{cite web |title=Sperry Gyroscope Company (Bracknell)|work=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)|date=April 29, 1966|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1966/apr/29/sperry-gyroscope-company-bracknell}} By 1963, these sites employed some 3,500 people. The Brentford site closed in 1967, with the expansion of Bracknell. Stonehouse closed around 1969. By 1969, the Sperry Gyroscope division of Sperry Rand Corporation employed around 2,500.{{cite web |title=Britain's Aircraft Industry 1969|work=Flight International |date=September 4, 1969|page=378|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202752.html}}

The site of the Bracknell factory and development center (sold to British Aerospace in 1982) is commemorated by a 4.5-meter aluminum sculpture by Philip Bentham, Sperry's New Symbolic Gyroscope (1967).{{cite web|title=Sperry's New Symbolic Gyroscope|publisher=Bracknell Forest Borough Council|url=http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/sperrys-new-symbolic-gyroscope.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927022440/http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/sperrys-new-symbolic-gyroscope.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2011}}

In 1989, the Bracknell site was downsized and work was moved to the Sperry manufacturing site in Plymouth by then under the British Aerospace brand. State of the art, high technology MEMS gyroscopes (together with other avionics equipment) are still made on the site today, although the company is now owned by United Technologies Corporation and is part of UTC Aerospace Systems.

=Sperry since 1997=

The name Sperry lives on in the company Sperry Marine, headquartered in New Malden, England. This company, formed in 1997, from three well-known brand names in the marine industry—Sperry Marine, Decca, and C. Plath—is now part of Northrop Grumman Corporation. It is a worldwide supplier of navigation, communication, information and automation systems for commercial marine and naval markets.

Products

=Aircraft=

class="wikitable sortable"
Model name ! First flight ! Number built ! Type
align=left\| Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane \|align=center\| 1917 \|align=center\| 13 \|align=left\| Flying bomb
align=left\| Sperry Land and Sea Triplane \|align=center\| 1918 \|align=center\| 2 \|align=left\| Single engine triplane reconnaissance airplane
align=left\| Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger \|align=center\| 1921 \|align=center\| 42 \|align=left\| Single engine biplane communication airplane
align=left\| Verville-Sperry R-3 \|align=center\| 1922 \|align=center\| 3 \|align=left\| Single engine monoplane racing airplane

class="wikitable sortable"

Model name

! First flight

! Number built

! Type

align=left| Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane

|align=center| 1917

|align=center| 13

|align=left| Flying bomb

align=left| Sperry Land and Sea Triplane

|align=center| 1918

|align=center| 2

|align=left| Single engine triplane reconnaissance airplane

align=left| Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger

|align=center| 1921

|align=center| 42

|align=left| Single engine biplane communication airplane

align=left| Verville-Sperry R-3

|align=center| 1922

|align=center| 3

|align=left| Single engine monoplane racing airplane

=Missiles and rockets=

Sperry MGM-29 Sergeant

In popular culture

The 1986 comedy Jumpin' Jack Flash features many Sperry computers in the bank where the protagonist (played by Whoopi Goldberg) works. Jim Belushi plays the role of a Sperry "repairman".{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/10/movies/screen-whoopi-goldberg-in-jumpin-jack-flash.html|title=SCREEN: WHOOPI GOLDBERG IN 'JUMPIN' JACK FLASH'|last=Canby|first=Vincent|date=October 10, 1986|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 15, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}

References

=Notes=

=Bibliography=

{{citation |last1=Fahrney |first1=Delmer S. |title=History of Radio-Controlled Aircraft and Guided Missiles}}
{{cite magazine |last1=Pearson |first1=Lee |title=Developing the Flying Bomb |magazine=Naval Aviation News |date=May 1968 |pages=70–73 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/naval-aviation-in-world-war-i/pdfs/ww1-10.pdf |access-date=5 December 2021}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20081121201527/http://www.usstexasbb35.com/mk_51.htm USStexasbb35.com], Mark 51 Gun director
[http://dreadnoughtproject.org/docs/notes/Director_Firing_Handbook_1917.php dreadnoughtproject.org], Director Firing Handbook index from HMS Dreadnought project
[http://maritime.org/doc/br224/part1.htm#par20 Gunnery Pocket book maritime.org]
[http://www.stonehousehistorygroup.org.uk/page73.html Sperry Gyroscope Company Ltd in Stonehouse Glos UK]
[http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1985_261.xml Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division Photograph Collection] at Hagley Museum and Library
[http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1915.xml Sperry Gyroscope Company Division records] at Hagley Museum and Library
[http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/2015.xml Sperry Rand Corporation, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) Division records] at Hagley Museum and Library
[http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1825_III.xml Sperry Rand Corporation. Remington Rand Division records: Advertising and Sales Promotion Department] at Hagley Museum and Library
[http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1825_I.xml Sperry Rand Corporation, Univac Division records] at Hagley Museum and Library
[http://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1825_II.xml Sperry-UNIVAC records] at Hagley Museum and Library