Spinochordodes tellinii

{{Short description|Species of horsehair worm}}

{{Speciesbox

| image = Spinochordodes in Meconema.jpg

| image_caption = Spinochordodes tellinii with its bush-cricket host (Meconema thalassinum)

| display_parents = 3

| genus = Spinochordodes

| species = tellinii

| authority = (Camerano, 1888) {{ITIS |id=700110 |taxon=Spinochordodes tellinii}}

}}

Spinochordodes tellinii is a parasitic nematomorph hairworm whose larvae develop in grasshoppers and crickets. This parasite is able to influence its host's behavior: once the parasite is grown, it causes its grasshopper host to jump into water, where the grasshopper will likely drown. The parasite then leaves its host; the adult worm lives and reproduces in water.{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Shaoni |title=Parasites brainwash grasshoppers into death dive |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7927-parasites-brainwash-grasshoppers-into-death-dive/ |website=New Scientist |accessdate=14 January 2019}} S. tellinii does not influence its host to actively seek water over large distances, but only when it is already close to water.{{cite journal |title=Do hairworms (Nematomorpha) manipulate the water seeking behaviour of their terrestrial hosts? |author=F. Thomas |author2=A. Schmidt-Rhaesa |author3=G. Martin |author4= C. Manu |author5=P. Durand |author6=F. Renaud |name-list-style=amp |date=May 2002 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=356–361 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00410.x |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713102214/http://pt.wkhealth.com/pt/re/jevb/abstract.00009809-200205000-00003.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-13 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00410.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.485.9002 }}

The microscopic larvae are ingested by their insect hosts and develop inside them into worms that can be three to four times longer than the host.

The precise molecular mechanism underlying the modification of the host's behaviour is not yet known. A study in 2005 indicated that grasshoppers which contain the parasite express, or create, different proteins in their brains compared to uninfected grasshoppers. Some of these proteins have been linked to neurotransmitter activity, others to geotactic activity, or the body's response to changes in gravity. Furthermore, it appears that the parasite produces proteins from the Wnt family that act directly on the development of the central nervous system and are similar to proteins known from other insects, suggesting an instance of molecular mimicry.{{cite journal |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 272 |issue = 1577 |year=2005 |pages = 2117–2126 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3213 |title = Behavioural manipulation in a grasshopper harbouring hairworm: a proteomics approach |author=D. G. Biron |author2=L. Marché |author3=F. Ponton|author4=H. D. Loxdale |author5=N. Galéotti|author6=L. Renault |author7=C. Joly |author8=F. Thomas |name-list-style=amp |pmid = 16191624 |pmc=1559948}}

A similar parasitic worm is Paragordius tricuspidatus.{{cite journal |author=Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa |author2=David G. Biron |author3=Cécile Joly |author4=Frédéric Thomas |name-list-style=amp |title=Host–parasite relations and seasonal occurrence of Paragordius tricuspidatus and Spinochordodes tellinii (Nematomorpha) in Southern France |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |volume=244 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1016/j.jcz.2005.04.002|bibcode=2005ZooAn.244...51S |url=https://hal.science/hal-02308189 }}

==References==

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