Spinops

{{speciesbox

| fossil_range = Late Cretaceous, {{fossil range|76.5}}

| image = Spinops.jpg

| image_caption = Skull reconstruction

| display_parents = 2

| genus = Spinops

| parent_authority = Farke et al., 2011

| authority = Farke et al., 2011

| species = sternbergorum

}}

Spinops is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, southern Canada.{{cite journal |last=Farke |first=Andrew A. |author2=Michael J. Ryan |author3=Paul M. Barrett |author4=Darren H. Tanke |author5=Dennis R. Braman |author6=Mark A. Loewen |author7=Mark R. Graham |year=2011 |title=A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dinosaurs |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app56/app20100121.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=691–702 |doi=10.4202/app.2010.0121|doi-access=free }} It was a medium-sized ceratopsian, reaching {{convert|4.5|m|ft}} in length and {{convert|1.3|MT|ST}} in body mass.{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/985402380|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|year=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-78684-190-2|oclc=985402380|pages=289}}

Discovery and naming

File:Spinops sternbergorum.jpg

Spinops is known from the holotype NHMUK PV R 16307, a partial parietal bone, preserving most of the midline bar. Referred material include NHMUK PV R 16308, a partial parietal bone, partial dentary and unidentifiable limb fragments, NHMUK PV R 16306, an incomplete skull, preserving only the dorsal portion of the skull, and NHMUK PV R 16309, a partial right squamosal. None of this material was found in articulation, however it was all closely associated in the same bone bed, in the northwestern region ("Steveville Badlands") of the Dinosaur Provincial Park. Fossils of Spinops were first found in 1916, and were housed in the Natural History Museum in London. The material was not described until 2011, when the new species Spinops sternbergorum was erected. The material was probably collected from the upper part of the Oldman Formation or the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation, dating to the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period.

Two partials skulls of Spinops were found in 1916, in a large bone bed near the Red Deer River of southern Alberta, by American commercial fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his son Levi Sternberg. The fossils were sent to the Natural History Museum in London (then called the British Museum (Natural History)), which had financed the expedition. The museum considered the fossils too fragmentary to display, leaving them unprepared in the collections. In a letter to Charles H. Sternberg, English paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward of the British Museum called the Spinops material "nothing but rubbish".{{cite web |url=http://www.cmnh.org/site/AboutUs/PressRoom/2011/dec11spinops.aspx |title=Scientists Discover New Species of Horned Dinosaur from Specimens Uncovered in London Museum Collections |first=Glenda |last=Bogar |date=6 December 2011 |work=Cleveland Museum of Natural History Press Room |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Natural History |accessdate=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003224528/http://www.cmnh.org/site/AboutUs/PressRoom/2011/dec11spinops.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2013 }} The precise whereabouts of the bonebed that yielded the fossils is unknown due to poor field record keeping, but Darren Tanke of the Royal Tyrrell Museum is spearheading attempts at its relocation. The fossils were re-examined in 2011 by a team led by Dr Andrew A. Farke; which realized that the fossils represented an entirely new species of dinosaur.{{cite news

| last=Collins

| first=Nick

| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/dinosaurs/8938066/New-dinosaur-species-discovered-in-Natural-History-Museum-after-nearly-a-century.html

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206222510/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/dinosaurs/8938066/New-dinosaur-species-discovered-in-Natural-History-Museum-after-nearly-a-century.html

| url-status=dead

| archive-date=6 December 2011

| work=The Telegraph

| title=New dinosaur species discovered in Natural History Museum after nearly a century

| date=6 Dec 2011

| accessdate=13 Mar 2012

}}

Spinops was first named by Andrew A. Farke, Michael J. Ryan, Paul M. Barrett, Darren H. Tanke, Dennis R. Braman, Mark A. Loewen, and Mark R. Graham in 2011; the type species is Spinops sternbergorum. The generic name is derived from Latin spina, "spine", and Greek ops, "face", in reference to the unique ornamentation on the face. The specific name honours Charles H. and Levi Sternberg.

Classification

File:Spinops NT.jpg

File:Spinops sternbergorum holotype.jpg

The cladogram presented below follows a recent phylogenetic analysis by Chiba et al. (2017):{{Cite journal|author1=Kentaro Chiba |author2=Michael J. Ryan |author3=Federico Fanti |author4=Mark A. Loewen |author5=David C. Evans |year=2018 |title=New material and systematic re-evaluation of Medusaceratops lokii (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=272–288 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.62 |bibcode=2018JPal...92..272C |s2cid=134031275 }}

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%

|label1=Centrosaurinae

|1={{clade

|1=Diabloceratops eatoni

|2=Machairoceratops cronusi }}

|2={{clade

|label1 =Nasutoceratopsini

|1={{clade

|1=Avaceratops lammersi (ANSP 15800)

|2=MOR 692

|3=CMN 8804

|4=Nasutoceratops titusi