Spiral Dynamics#Influence and applications

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Union College psychology professor Clare W. Graves published a series of articles which described a so-called emergent cyclical theory of developmental psychology and human development.{{cite book |last=Lee |first=William R. |title=Levels of Human Existence: Edited Transcription of a Seminar at the Washington School of Psychiatry, October 16, 1971 |publisher=ECLET Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-9724742-0-X |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=William R. |location=Santa Barbara, CA |pages=vii–viii |chapter=Preface |editor2-last=Cowan |editor2-first=Christopher |editor3-last=Todorovic |editor3-first=Natasha}}{{cite book |last=Graves |first=Clare W. |title=Levels of Human Existence: Edited Transcription of a Seminar at the Washington School of Psychiatry, October 16, 1971 |publisher=ECLET Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-9724742-0-X |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=William R. |location=Santa Barbara, CA |editor2-last=Cowan |editor2-first=Christopher |editor3-last=Todorovic |editor3-first=Natasha}}{{cite journal |last=Combs |first=Allan |date=April 2007 |title=Book Review: The Never Ending Quest |department=Review |journal=Journal of Transformative Education |publisher=SAGE |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=192–197 |doi=10.1177/1541344607303850 |s2cid=143451037}}

Spiral Dynamics emerged as a result of a collaboration between University of North Texas (UNT) professor Don Beck, communications lecturer Christopher Cowan, and Graves.{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Don |title=Spiral Dynamics in Action: Humanity's Master Code |last2=Larsen |first2=Teddy Hebo |last3=Solonin |first3=Sergey |last4=Viljoen |first4=Rica |last5=Johns |first5=Thomas Q. |date=29 May 2018 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-38718-3 |place=Chester, United Kingdom |pages=15–16}} Beck and Graves first met in person in 1975, and was joined by Cowan shortly after in developing Grave's emergent cyclical theory, working closely with Graves until his death in 1986. In 1979, Beck and Cowan founded the consulting company National Values Center, Inc. (NVC).{{cite web |title=National Values Center, Inc. |url=https://mycpa.cpa.state.tx.us/coa/ |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts}} (search for "National Values Center", click "details" then "Public Information Report"; results cannot be bookmarked) By 1981, both Beck and Cowan had resigned from UNT to work with Graves.{{cite act|url=http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/74R/billtext/html/SR00901F.htm|legislature=Texas State Senate|article=901|article-type=Senate Resolution|date=3 May 1995|title=[Archive Document 74R SR00901F]}} (Notes Beck's resignation from UNT){{cite book |last=Viljoen |first=Rica |title=Spiral Dynamics in Action: Humanity's Master Code |date=29 May 2018 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-38718-3 |editor-last=Beck |editor-first=Don |place=Chester, United Kingdom |chapter=Back to the Future – The South African Crucible Revisited}} During the 1980s and 1990s, Beck made over 60 trips to South Africa applying Graves's emergent cyclical theory in various projects. This experience, along with others Beck and Cowan had applying the theory in North America, motivated the development of spiral dynamics.{{harvnb|Beck|Cowan|1996|p=3}}{{harvnb|Butters|2015}}

Beck and Cowan first published their original extension of Graves's theory in the 1996 book Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change (Exploring the New Science of Memetics). At around the same time, new-age author Ken Wilber published Sex, Ecology, Spirituality (1995), which expounded and drew heavily upon Graves' work.{{harvnb|Reitter|2018|pp=42–43}} Beck and Cowan introduced a color-coding for the eight value systems identified by Graves, and predicted a ninth value system. Additionally, Beck and Cowan integrated ideas from the field of memetics, identifying memetic attractors for each of Graves's levels. These attractors, which they called "^VMemes", are said to bind memes into cohesive packages which structure the worldviews of both individuals and societies.

In 1998, Cowan and Natasha Todorovic formed their own consulting company, NVC Consulting (NVCC).{{harvnb|Butters|2015}}, p. 71 In the same year, Cowan filed for the service mark of "Spiral Dynamics" service mark, which was registered to NVC.{{US servicemark|75477781}} Beck was against the nature of Spiral Dynamics as a service mark, and by 1999, the pair had ceased collaborating, in part due to Cowan's opposition to Wilber's theory, which he regarded as overtly spiritual and unrelated to Grave's original theory.{{cite web |last1=Cowan |first1=Christopher |last2=Todorovic |first2=Natasha |title=FAQs: Integral |url=http://www.spiral-dynamics.com/faq_integral.htm |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=Spiral Dynamics Online}}{{cite journal |last=Hampson |first=Gary P. |date=June 2007 |title=Integral Re-views Postmodernism: The Way Out Is Through |url=https://integral-review.org/pdf-template-issue.php?pdfName=issue_4_hampson_integral_re-views_postmodernism.pdf |journal=Integral Review |issue=4 |page=131 |access-date=4 March 2021}} That same year, Wilver published The Collected Works of Ken Wilber, Vol. 4: Integral Psychology, which contained the first spiral dynamics reference in literature at the time.{{cite book |last=Visser |first=Frank |title=Ken Wilber: Thought as Passion |date=1 September 2003 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-5815-0 |series=SUNY series in Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology |page=229}}

Following the split of NVC, Cowan and Wilber began to expound upon two different conceptions of spiral dynamics. Wilber's theory increasingly incorporated elements of spirituality, religion and original concepts drawn from his integral theory.{{Cite journal |last=MacDonald |first=Copthorne |title=Review Of: A Theory of Everything |url=http://www.wisdompage.com/toerevw.html |journal=Integralis: Journal of Integral Consciousness, Culture, and Science |volume=1 |access-date=12 August 2020}} In the early 2000s, Beck and Wilber launched the Integral Institute and the Spiral Dynamics Integral (SDi) brand. Beck also founded the Center for Human Emergence.{{harvnb|Schuitemaker|Merry|Voorhoeve|2012|page=258}}{{cite book |last1=Lessem |first1=Ronnie |title=Integral Polity: Integrating Nature, Culture, Society and Economy |last2=Abouleish |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Pogačnik |first3=Marko |last4=Herman |first4=Louis |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4724-4247-5 |pages=111–128 |chapter=Cultural and Spiritual Emergence: Spiral Dynamics}} By 2005, however, Beck and Wilber had fallen out due to disagreements on Wilber's changes to SDi. The following year, Wilber published Integral Spirituality, which incorporated chakras into SDi theory.{{harvnb|Visser|2017|pp=35–36}}

In 2009, NVC was dissolved as business entity, and the original SD service mark (officially registered to NVC) was canceled. The next year, Cowan and Todorovic re-filed for the SD service mark and trademark, which was registered to NVCC.{{US trademark|85125521}}, {{US servicemark|85125521}} By 2010, the three theories of spiral dynamics comprised Cowan and Todorovic's trademarked "SPIRAL DYNAMICS®", which purported to be fundamentally the same as Graves's emergent cyclical theory; Don Beck advocating SDi with a community of practice around various chapters of his Centers for Human Emergence; and Ken Wilber subordinating SDi to his similarly but-not-identically colored AQAL altitudes, with a greater focus on spirituality.{{cite book |last=Christensen |first=Tom |title=Innovate Development: Emerging Worldviews & Systems Change |date=2015a |isbn=978-1-4951-5908-4 |editor-last=Christensen |editor-first=Tom |section=Orienting Details}}

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Spiral dynamics describes how value systems and worldviews emerge from the interaction of social and historical conditions and mental processes.{{harvnb|Cacioppe|Edwards|2005|p=93}} It posits a linear series of "stages of development" that individuals, organizations, and societies progress through, which emerge as a response to the local environment, social circumstances, place and time.{{harvnb|Nasser|2021|p=11}}{{Cite web |title=Spiral Dynamics For Newbies |url=https://thegreatupdraft.com/what-is-spiral-dynamics/}} Under the theory, groups and cultures structure their societies around corresponding set of values, with each new value stage developed as a response to solving existing problems. Changes between states that occur incrementally are described as "first-order changes", whilst changes that emerge from a sudden breakthrough are known as "second-order changes".{{harvnb|Cook|2008|pp=46–47}}{{cite journal |last1=van Marrewijk |first1=Marcel |last2=Werre |first2=Marco |date=May 2003 |title=Multiple Levels of Corporate Sustainability |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |publisher=Springer |volume=44 |issue=2/3 |pages=108–109 |doi=10.1023/A:1023383229086 |s2cid=152644493}}

In 2008, Cowan and Todorovic published an article on spiral dynamics in the peer-reviewed journal Strategy & Leadership,{{harvnb|Cook|2008|pp=300, 344}} edited and published Graves's unfinished manuscript, and generally took the position that the distinction between spiral dynamics and Graves's ECLET is primarily one of terminology. Holding this view, they opposed interpretations seen as "heterodox."

Cowan and Todorovic's view of spiral dynamics stands in opposition to that of Ken Wilber. Wilber biographer Frank Visser describes Cowan as a "strong" critic of Wilber and his integral theory, particularly the concept of a "Mean Green Meme."{{cite web |last=Visser |first=Frank |date=February 2006 |title=A Spectrum of Wilber Critics |url=http://www.integralworld.net/visser11.html |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Integral World}} Todorovic produced a paper arguing that research refutes the existence of the "Mean Green Meme" as Beck and particularly Wilber described it.

By early 2000, Beck was corresponding with Wilber about spiral dynamics and using a "4Q/8L" diagram combining Wilber's four quadrants with the eight known levels of spiral dynamics. Beck officially announced SDi as launching on January 1, 2002, aligning Spiral Dynamics with integral theory and additionally citing the influence of John Petersen of the Arlington Institute and Ichak Adizes. By 2006, Wilber had introduced a slightly different color sequence for his AQAL "altitudes", diverging from Beck's SDi and relegating it to the values line, which is one of many lines within AQAL.

Later influences on SDi include the work of Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn Sherif in the fields of realistic conflict and social judgement, specifically their Assimilation Contrast Effect model{{cite web |last=Maalouf |first=Elza |title=Large Scale Psychology presentation at The Engaging The Other Conference in San Francisco |url=http://www.humanemergencemiddleeast.org/build-palestine-blog/2008/08/large-scale-psychology-presentation-at-the-engaging-the-other-conference-in-san-francisco |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=Center for Human Emergence Middle East}}{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Keith E. |date=4 October 2015 |title=Assimilation-Contrast Effect |url=https://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/theory/assimilation-contrast-effect/ |access-date=3 August 2020}} and Robber's Cave study{{cite book |last=McTaggart |first=Lynne |title=The Bond: Connecting Through the Space Between Us |date=May 2011 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-1-4391-5794-7 |location=New York, NY |page=187}}

Ken Wilber briefly referenced Graves in his 1986 book Transformations of Consciousness,{{cite book |last1=Wilber |first1=Ken |title=Transformations of Consciousness |last2=Engler |first2=Jack |last3=Brown |first3=Daniel P. |date=12 Sep 1986 |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-0-394-74202-1 |page=78}} and again in 1995's Sex, Ecology, Spirituality, which also introduced his four quadrants model. However, it was not until the "Integral Psychology" section of 1999's Collected Works: Volume 4 that he integrated Gravesian theory, now in the form of spiral dynamics. Beck and Wilber began discussing their ideas with each other around this time.

By 2006, Wilber was using SDi only for the values line, one of many lines in his All Quadrants, All Levels/Lines (AQAL) framework.{{cite book |last=Bozesan |first=Mariana |title=Integral Investing: From Profit to Prosperity |date=10 Oct 2020 |publisher=Springer, Cham |isbn=978-3-030-54015-9 |page=136 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-54016-6 |s2cid=226553363}} In the book Integral Spirituality published that year, he introduced the concept of "altitudes" as an overall "content-free" system to correlate developmental stages across all of the theories on all of the lines integrated by AQAL.{{cite book |last=Esbjörn-Hargens |first=Sean |title=Integral Theory in Action: Applied, Theoretical, and Constructive Perspectives on the AQAL Model |date=August 2010 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-3385-1 |editor-last=Esbjörn-Hargens |editor-first=Sean |series=SUNY Series in Integral Theory |place=Albany |page=42 |chapter=An Overview of Integral Theory: An All-Inclusive Framework for the Twenty-First Century}}

The altitudes used a set of colors that were ordered according to the rainbow, which Wilber explained was necessary to align with color energies in the tantric tradition. This left only Red, Orange, Green, and Turquoise in place, changing all of the other colors to greater or lesser degrees. Furthermore, where spiral dynamics theorizes that the 2nd tier would have six stages repeating the themes of the six stages of the 1st tier, in the altitude system the 2nd tier contains only two levels (corresponding to the first two SD 2nd tier levels) followed by a 3rd tier of four spiritually-oriented levels inspired by the work of Sri Aurobindo. Beck and Cowan each consider this 3rd tier to be non-Gravesian.{{harvnb|Visser|2017|pp=35–39}}

Wilber critic Frank Visser notes that while Wilber gives a correspondence of his altitude colors to chakras, his correspondence does not actually match any traditional system for coloring chakras, despite Wilber's assertion that using the wrong colors would "backfire badly when any actual energies were used."{{harvnb|Visser|2017|pp=43–46}} He goes on to note that Wilber's criticism of the SD colors as "inadequate" ignores that they were not intended to correlate with any system such as chakras. In this context, Visser expresses sympathy for Beck and Cowan's dismay over what Visser describes as "vandalism" regarding the color scheme, concluding that the altitude colors are an "awkward hybrid" of the SD and rainbow/chakra color systems, both lacking the expressiveness of the former and failing to accurately correlate with the latter.{{harvnb|Visser|2017|pp=47–49}}

Spiral dynamics has been criticized by some as appearing to be like a cult, with undue prominence given to the business and intellectual property concerns of its leading advocates.{{harvnb|Butters|2015|pp=74–76}} Psychologist Keith Rice, discussing his application of SDi in individual psychotherapy, notes that it encounters limitations in accounting for temperament and the unconscious.{{cite book |last=Rice |first=Keith |title=Developmental Innovation: Emerging Worldviews & Individual Learning |date=2015b |isbn=978-1-4951-5909-1 |editor-last=Christensen |editor-first=Tom |chapter=The Use of SDi in Psychotherapy}}

The journalist Patrick Vermeren argues that spiral dynamics is an ideological construct that is in blatant contradiction to scientific facts and has no theoretical or empirical validity, noting that Graves' speculative assumptions about human developmental stages contradict established findings in biology, physics and evolutionary psychology. Patrick Vermeren: Spiral Dynamics: A foolish alternative theory about human evolution. In: www.wirtschaftspsychologie-heute.de. 2. Juli 2020 Vermeren also criticises spiral dynamics as ahistorical and factually inaccurate in its dating of human development stages; arbitrary in its use of color codes; reliant upon esoteric and pseudoscientific concepts; contradictory to evolutionary theory; and primarily a tool that consultants use to sell services to HR professionals.

Nicholas Reitter, writing in the Journal of Conscious Evolution, observes:{{harvnb|Reitter|2018|p=47}}

On the other hand, the SD authors seem also to have magnified some of the weaknesses in Graves' approach. The occasional messianism, unevenness of presentation and constant business-orientation of Graves' (2005) manuscript is transmuted in the SD authors' book (Beck and Cowan 1996) into a sometimes- bewildering array of references to world history, pop culture and other topics, often made in helter-skelter fashion.

Spiral dynamics has been applied in some academic articles on management theory, which was the primary focus of the 1996 Spiral Dynamics book.{{cite book |last=Neal |first=Judith |title=Handbook of Personal and Organizational Transformation |date=12 July 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-66892-5 |editor-last=Neal |editor-first=Judith |pages=3–46 |chapter=An Overview of the Field of Transformation |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-66893-2_26}}{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Erik G. |last2=Schaltegger |first2=Stefan |date=January 2016 |title=The Sustainability Balanced Scorecard: A Systematic Review of Architectures |url=http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/the-sustainability-balanced-scorecard-a-systematic-review-of-architectures(c109a132-17cc-4e61-89dd-e460972109e0).html |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |publisher=Springer |volume=133 |issue=2 |page=216 |doi=10.1007/s10551-014-2340-3 |s2cid=54638344}}{{harvnb|Cacioppe|Edwards|2005|pp=86–88}}{{cite journal|last=Cook‐Greuter |first=Susanne R. |date=1 December 2004 |title=Making the Case for a Developmental Perspective |journal=Industrial and Commercial Training |volume=36 |issue=7 |publisher=Emerald |pages=275–281 |doi=10.1108/00197850410563902 }}{{cite book|last=Laloux |first=Frederic |title=Reinventing Organizations: A Guide to Creating Organizations Inspired by the Next Stage of Human Consciousness |publisher=Nelson Parker |date=20 February 2014 |isbn= 978-2960133516}} John Mackey and Rajendra Sisodia write that the vision and values of conscious capitalism as they articulate it are consistent with the "2nd tier" ^VMEMES.{{cite book |last1=Mackey |first1=John |title=Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business |last2=Sisodia |first2=Rajendra |date=15 January 2013 |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |isbn=978-1-62527-175-4 |page=204}} Rica Viljoen's case study of economic development in Ghana demonstrates how understanding the Purple ^VMEME allows for organizational storytelling that connects with diverse (non-Western) worldviews.{{cite book|last=Viljoen |first=Rica |title=Inclusive Organizational Transformation: An African Perspective on Human Niches and Diversity of Thought |publisher=Gower |date=2015 |chapter=Navigating Transformation in a Purple Country |isbn=978-1-4724-2299-6}}

Spiral dynamics has also been noted as an example of applied memetics.{{cite web |title=Economic Complexity and Evolution |url=https://www.springer.com/series/11583 |website=Springer}} "All titles in this series are peer-reviewed."{{cite book |last=Schlaile |first=Michael P. |title=Memetics and Evolutionary Economics |date=22 December 2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-59954-6 |editor-last=Schlaile |editor-first=Michael P. |series=Economic Complexity and Evolution |page=17 |chapter="Meme Wars": A Brief Overview of Memetics and Some Essential Context |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-59955-3_2 |s2cid=234331290}} Schlaile also notes Said Dawlabani's SDi-based "MEMEnomics" as an alternative to his own "economemetics" in his chapter examining memetics and economics in the same book.{{cite book|last=Schlaile |first=Michael P. |editor-last=Schlaile |editor-first=Michael P. |title=Memetics and Evolutionary Economics |chapter=A Case for Economemetics? Why Evolutionary Economists Should Re-evaluate the (F)utility of Memetics |series=Economic Complexity and Evolution |publisher=Springer |date=22 December 2020 |page=37 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-59955-3_3 |isbn=978-3-030-59954-6|s2cid=234331290 }} Elza Maalouf argues that SDi provides a "memetic" interpretation of non-Western cultures that Western NGOs often lack, focusing attention on the "indigenous content" of the culture's value system.{{cite book|last=Maalouf|first=Elza |title=Emerge! The Rise of Functional Democracy and the Future of the Middle East|publisher=Select Books |section=Introduction |date=2014|isbn=978-1-59079-286-5}}

spiral dynamics remains influential in new-age philosophy and spirituality.{{cite book|last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics, Book One |date=10 March 2017 |publisher=Metamoderna |isbn=978-8799973903 |chapter=Effective Value Meme|pages=305–325}}

SDi has also been referenced in the fields of education,{{harvnb|Nasser|2021}} urban planning,{{cite book|last=Weichelt-Kosnick |first=Kristina |editor1-last=Planing |editor1-first=Patrick |editor2-last=Müller |editor2-first=Patrick |editor3-last=Dehdari |editor3-first=Payam |editor4-last=Bäumer |editor4-first=Thomas |title=Innovations for Metropolitan Areas |year=2020 |chapter=Alternative Ways to Promote Sustainable Consumer Behaviour—Identifying Potentials Based on Spiral Dynamics |pages=145–156 |publisher=Springer |place=Berlin |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-60806-7_12|isbn=978-3-662-60805-0 |s2cid=226684034 }} and cultural analysis.{{cite book|last1=Viljoen |first1=Rica |last2=Laubscher |first2=Loraine I. |editor1-last=Spiller |editor1-first=Chellie |editor2-last=Wolfgramm |editor2-first=Rachel |title=Indigenous Spiritualities at Work: Transforming the Spirit of Enterprise |chapter=African Spirituality: Insights from the Cradle of Mankind |date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Information Age Publishing |isbn=978-1-68123-155-6}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last1=Beck |first1=Don Edward |last2=Cowan |first2=Christopher C. |title=Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=8 May 1996 |isbn=978-1-55786-940-1}}
• {{cite journal|last=Butters |first=Albion |date=17 November 2015 |title=A Brief History of Spiral Dynamics |journal=Approaching Religion |volume=5 |issue=2 |publisher=Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural Studies |pages=67–78 |doi=10.30664/ar.67574 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Cacioppe |first1=Ron |last2=Edwards |first2=Mark |title=Seeking the Holy Grail of Organisational Development |journal=Leadership & Organization Development Journal |publisher=Emerald |date=1 March 2005 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=86–105 |doi=10.1108/01437730510582536}}
• {{cite thesis|type=PhD |last=Cook |first=John Edward |date=October 2008 |title=The Role of the Individual in Organisational Cultures: a Gravesian Integrated Approach |publisher=Sheffield Hallam University |url=https://shura.shu.ac.uk/19499/ |access-date = 20 August 2020}}
• {{cite tech report|last=Nasser |first=Ilham |title=Mapping the Terrain Report: 2019–2020 |institution=International Institute of Islamic Thought |series=Advancing Education in Muslim Societies |date=March 2021 |doi=10.47816/mtt.2019-2020-march2021|doi-access=free }} (Note on page ii: "This study was approved by Indiana University Institutional Review Board (IRB)." Note also that a previous report was published as: Nasser, Ilham (June 2020). "Mapping the Terrain of Education 2018–2019: A Summary Report". Journal of Education in Muslim Societies. Indiana University Press. 1 (2): 3–21. [https://doi.org/10.2979/jems.1.2.08 doi:10.2979/jems.1.2.08], but is not freely downloadable.)
• {{cite journal|last=Reitter |first=Nicholas |date=Jun 2018 |title=Clare W. Graves and the Turn of Our Times |journal=Journal of Conscious Evolution |volume=11 |issue=11 |at=Article 5 |publisher=California Institute of Integral Studies |url=https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/cejournal/vol11/iss11/5 |access-date=4 March 2021}}
• {{cite book|last1=Schuitemaker |first1=Lisette |last2=Merry |first2=Peter |last3=Voorhoeve |first3=Anne-Marie |editor-last=Zoeteman |editor-first=Kees |chapter=The Case of the Center for Human Emergence Netherlands |title=Sustainable Development Drivers: The Role of Leadership in Government, Business and NGO Performance |publisher=Edward Elgar |date=31 October 2012 |isbn=978-0-85793-489-5}}
• {{cite web|last=Visser |first=Frank |title=Climbing the Stairway to Heaven: Reflections on Ken Wilber's "The Religion of Tomorrow" |date=2017 |website=Integral World |url=http://www.integralworld.net/pdf/Climbing11.pdf |access-date = 19 May 2021}}

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Category:Developmental psychology