Spirit (rover)

File:Lancement Spirit fusee Delta IIs 10062003.jpg

The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to:{{cite web |title=Objectives - NASA |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/science/objectives/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |access-date=23 April 2023}}

• Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity. In particular, samples sought include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation, or hydrothermal activity.
• Determine the distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils surrounding the landing sites.
• Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry. Such processes could include water or wind erosion, sedimentation, hydrothermal mechanisms, volcanism, and cratering.
• Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) instruments. This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit.
• Search for iron-containing minerals, and to identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates.
• Characterize the mineralogy and textures of rocks and soils to determine the processes that created them.
• Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present.
• Assess whether those environments were conducive to life.

{{Main|Timeline of Spirit}}

Image:Columbia Hills from MER-A landing site PIA05200 br2.jpg

File:MOLA spirit.jpg

Opportunity and Spirit rovers were part of the Mars Exploration Rover program in the long-term Mars Exploration Program. The Mars Exploration Program's four principal goals were to determine if the potential for life exists on Mars (in particular, whether recoverable water may be found on Mars), to characterize the Mars climate and its geology, and then to prepare for a potential human mission to Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers were to travel across the Martian surface and perform periodic geologic analyses to determine if water ever existed on Mars as well as the types of minerals available, as well as to corroborate data taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/science/objectives/ |title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission Science Objectives |publisher=mars.nasa.gov |access-date=February 19, 2021}} Both rovers were designed with an expected 90 sols (92 Earth days) lifetime, but each lasted much longer than expected. Spirit{{'s}} mission lasted 20 times longer than its expected lifetime, and its mission was declared ended on May 25, 2011, after it got stuck in soft sand and expended its power reserves trying to free itself. Opportunity lasted 55 times longer than its 90 sol planned lifetime, operating for {{age in days|2004|01|25|2019|02|13}} days from landing to mission end. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the Opportunity Update Archive.{{cite web |url=http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_opportunity.html |title=Opportunity Update Archive |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507050626/http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_opportunity.html |archive-date=May 7, 2009 |url-status=live}}

File:Animation of Spirit around Sun.gif

The MER-A (Spirit) and MER-B (Opportunity) were launched on June 10, 2003 and July 7, 2003, respectively. Though both probes launched on Boeing Delta II 7925-9.5 rockets from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17 (CCAFS SLC-17), MER-B was on the heavy version of that launch vehicle, needing the extra energy for Trans-Mars injection. The launch vehicles were integrated onto pads right next to each other, with MER-A on CCAFS SLC-17A and MER-B on CCAFS SLC-17B. The dual pads allowed for working the 15- and 21-day planetary launch periods close together; the last possible launch day for MER-A was June 19, 2003 and the first day for MER-B was June 25, 2003. NASA's Launch Services Program managed the launch of both spacecraft.

Spirit successfully landed on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Spacecraft Event Time (SCET) on January 4, 2004. This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010. Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about {{convert|10|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from the center of the target ellipse{{cite web|url=http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/landingsites/mer2003/topsites/final/Gusev/|title=Gusev Crater: LandingSites|website=marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov}} at {{Coord|14.5718|S|175.4785|E|globe:mars_type:landmark}}.[http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/mera/040113exploration.html Spaceflightnow.com], Destination Mars, Rover headed toward hilly vista for martian exploration After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images. These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations.{{cite web|url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040114.html|title=APOD: 2004 January 14 – A Mars Panorama from the Spirit Rover|website=antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov}} The MER team named the landing site "Columbia Memorial Station," in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

File:Spirit's First Color Photograph Mars.jpg

On May 1, 2009 (sol {{age in sols|2004|01|04|2009|05|01}}), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil. Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction.{{Cite news

| date = May 12, 2009

| author = Maggie McKee

| title = Mars rover may not escape sand trap for weeks

| work = New Scientist

| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17120-mars-rover-may-not-escape-sand-trap-for-weeks.html

}}{{Cite news

| last = Chang

| first = Kenneth

| date = May 19, 2009

| title = Mars rover's 5 working wheels are stuck in hidden soft spot

| work = The New York Times

| access-date =May 19, 2009

| issn = 0362-4331

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/19/science/19rove.html

}}

On January 26, 2010 (sol {{age in sols|2004|01|04|2010|01|26}}), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA abandoned this attempt and instead changed the mission to use the mobile robot as a stationary research platform. Efforts were directed towards orienting it toward the Sun to recharge its batteries, to keep systems operational during the winter.{{Cite news |title=Now A Stationary Research Platform, NASA's Mars Rover Spirit Starts a New Chapter in Red Planet Scientific Studies |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/freespirit/ |date=January 26, 2010 |work=NASA |access-date=June 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050447/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/freespirit/ |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=dead }} On March 30, 2010, Spirit skipped a planned communication session and as anticipated from recent power-supply projections, had probably entered a low-power hibernation mode.{{Cite news |title=Spirit May Have Begun Months-Long Hibernation |url=http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/newsroom/pressreleases/20100331a.html |date=March 31, 2010 |work=NASA }}

The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol {{age in sols|2004|01|04|2010|03|22}}){{cite web |url=http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_spiritAll.html#sol2533 |title=Spirit status |publisher=NASA |access-date=February 28, 2011 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011170827/http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_spiritAll.html#sol2533 |url-status=dead }} and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy that the mission clock stopped. In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above {{convert|−40|C|F}}, but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to {{convert|−55|C|F}}. If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover.A.J.S. Rayl [http://www.planetary.org/news/2010/0731_Mars_Exploration_Rovers_Update_Spirit.html Spirit Sleeps Soundlessly, Opportunity Turns a Corner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401234545/http://www.planetary.org/news/2010/0731_Mars_Exploration_Rovers_Update_Spirit.html |date=April 1, 2012 }} Planetary Society July 31, 2010 Spirit remains silent at its location, called "Troy," on the west side of Home Plate.{{cite journal |last1=Reisert |first1=Sarah |title=Life on Mars |journal=Distillations |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=42–45 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/life-on-mars |access-date=April 13, 2018 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325082704/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/life-on-mars |url-status=dead }}

It is likely that Spirit experienced a low-power fault and had turned off all sub-systems, including communication, and gone into a deep sleep, trying to recharge its batteries. It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault. If that had happened, the rover would have lost track of time and tried to remain asleep until enough sunlight struck the solar arrays to wake it. This state is called "Solar Groovy." If the rover woke up from a mission clock fault, it would only listen. Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol {{age in sols|2004|01|04|2010|07|26}}), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented but was unsuccessful.

JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission.{{cite news |url=https://www.universetoday.com/85923/end-of-the-road-for-spirit-rover/ |title=End of the Road for Spirit Rover |publisher=Universe Today | author=Atkinson, Nancy |date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=May 25, 2011 }}

According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold "internal temperatures" due to "inadequate energy to run its survival heaters" that, in turn, was a result of "a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight." Many critical components and connections would have been "susceptible to damage from the cold." Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active twin, Opportunity.

The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols. The mission received several extensions and lasted about 2,208 sols. On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander. Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays. Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars. On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the Spirit Update Archive.{{cite web |url=http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_spirit.html |title=Spirit Update Archive |publisher=NASA/JPL |access-date=May 4, 2009 |archive-date=June 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609032113/http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status_spirit.html |url-status=dead }}

Spirit's total odometry is {{convert|7730.50|m|mi|2|sp=us}}.{{cite web |url=http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/mission/status_spiritAll.html |title=Spirit Updates |access-date=May 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228232506/http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/mission/status_spiritAll.html |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |url-status=dead }}

{{main|Mars Exploration Rover#Scientific instrumentation}}

File:Mars Exploration Rover.jpg

File:MER Pancam.JPG

Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing {{convert|1.5|m|ft|sp=us}} high, {{convert|2.3|m|ft|sp=us}} wide and {{convert|1.6|m|ft|sp=us}} long and weighing {{convert|180|kg|lb}}. Six wheels on a rocker-bogie system enabled mobility over rough terrain. Each wheel had its own motor. The vehicle was steered at front and rear and was designed to operate safely at tilts of up to 30 degrees. The maximum speed was {{convert|5|cm/s|in/s|sp=us}};{{cite web|url=http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_rover_wheels.html|title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission: The Mission|website=marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov|access-date=January 25, 2011|archive-date=October 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013205728/http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft_rover_wheels.html|url-status=dead}} {{convert|0.18|km/h|mph|sp=us}}, although the average speed was about {{convert|1|cm/s|in/s|sp=us}}. Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were "turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms".{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/07/science/07mars.html?pagewanted=2 |title=Martian Robots, Taking Orders From a Manhattan Walk-Up |work=The New York Times |date=November 7, 2004 |access-date=April 9, 2009 | first=Kenneth | last=Chang}}{{cite book|first=Steve|last=Squyres|title=Roving Mars: Spirit, Opportunity, and the Exploration of the Red Planet|publisher=Hyperion Press|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQBRAAAAMAAJ&q=%22World+Trade+Center%22|pages=113–117 | isbn=978-1-4013-0149-1}}

Solar arrays generated about 140 watts for up to fourteen hours per sol, while rechargeable lithium ion batteries stored energy for use at night. Spirit{{'}}s onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM and 3 MB of EEPROM.{{cite web |title=The Rover's "Brains" - NASA |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/rover/brains/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |access-date=23 April 2023}} The rover's operating temperature ranges from {{convert|−40|to|+40|C|F}} and radioisotope heaters provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary.{{cite web |title=The Rover's Temperature Controls - NASA |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/rover/temperature/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |access-date=23 April 2023}}

Communications depended on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth. A low-gain antenna was also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars.{{cite web |title=The Rover's Antennas - NASA |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/rover/antennas/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |access-date=23 April 2023}}

The science instruments included:{{cite web |title=The Rover's "Eyes" and Other "Senses" - NASA |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/rover/eyes-and-senses/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |access-date=23 April 2023}}

• Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examined the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain.
• Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving.
• Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identified promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determined the processes that formed them.
• Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provided additional data about the rover's surroundings.

The rover arm held the following instruments:{{cite web |title=The Rover's "Arm" - NASA |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/rover/arm/ |website=mars.nasa.gov |access-date=23 April 2023}}

• Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils.
• Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) – close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils.
• Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles.
• Microscopic Imager (MI) – obtained close-up, high-resolution images of rocks and soils.
• Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposed fresh material for examination by instruments on board.

Spirit was 'driven' by several operators throughout its mission.{{cite web |last1=Venkatraman |first1=Vijaysree |title=The space roboticist |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/space-roboticist |website=Science magazine |date=July 13, 2015 |access-date=February 14, 2019}}

{{main|Mars Exploration Rover#Power and electronic systems}}

The rover uses a combination of solar cells and a rechargeable chemical battery.{{cite web|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/technology/bb_power.html|title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Technology|work=nasa.gov|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228213007/http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/technology/bb_power.html|archive-date=December 28, 2016|url-status=live}} This class of rover has two rechargeable lithium batteries, each composed of 8 cells with 8 amp-hour capacity.{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/technology/bb_power.html |title=Power |access-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118021407/http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/technology/bb_power.html |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=live}} At the start of the mission the solar panels could provide up to around 900 watt-hours (Wh) per day to recharge the battery and power system in one Sol, but this could vary due to a variety of factors. In Eagle crater the cells were producing about 840 Wh per day, but by Sol 319 in December 2004, it had dropped to 730 Wh per day.{{cite web|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status_opportunityAll_2004.html#sol11|title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission: All Opportunity Updates|work=nasa.gov|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201175441/http://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status_opportunityAll_2004.html#sol11|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url-status=live}}

Like Earth, Mars has seasonal variations that reduce sunlight during winter. However, since the Martian year is longer than that of the Earth, the seasons fully rotate roughly once every 2 Earth years.{{cite web|url=http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1885|title=Mars Rover Opportunity Busy Through Depth of Winter – Mars News|last=mars.nasa.gov|work=nasa.gov|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726141458/http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1885|archive-date=July 26, 2016|url-status=live}} By 2016, MER-B had endured seven Martian winters, during which times power levels drop which can mean the rover avoids doing activities that use a lot of power. During its first winter power levels dropped to under 300 Wh per day for two months, but some later winters were not as bad.

Another factor that can reduce received power is dust in the atmosphere, especially dust storms.{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-10-europe-exomars-mission-middle-season.html|title=Europe's ExoMars mission arrives in the middle of dust season|work=phys.org|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130091828/http://phys.org/news/2016-10-europe-exomars-mission-middle-season.html|archive-date=November 30, 2016|url-status=live}} Dust storms have occurred quite frequently when Mars is closest to the Sun. Global dust storms in 2007 reduced power levels for Opportunity and Spirit so much they could only run for a few minutes each day. Due to the 2018 dust storms on Mars, Opportunity entered hibernation mode on June 12,[https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/13/17460314/nasa-opportunity-rover-mars-dust-storm-battery-drained NASA's Opportunity rover is in a deep sleep on Mars – but there's hope it will wake up again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021406/https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/13/17460314/nasa-opportunity-rover-mars-dust-storm-battery-drained |date=June 14, 2018 }}. Loren Grush, The Verge. June 13, 2018.{{Cite news|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-massive-storm-rages-on-mars-opportunity-rover-falls-silent/|title=As Massive Storm Rages on Mars, Opportunity Rover Falls Silent|last=Malik|first=Tariq|work=Scientific American (Space.com)|access-date=June 13, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613180214/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-massive-storm-rages-on-mars-opportunity-rover-falls-silent/|archive-date=June 13, 2018|url-status=live}} but it remained silent after the storm subsided in early October.{{cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status_opportunityAll.html|title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission: All Opportunity Updates|website=mars.nasa.gov|access-date=February 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325061258/https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/status_opportunityAll.html|archive-date=March 25, 2018|url-status=live}}

The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt. They contain the minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and magnetite. They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs).{{cite journal | last1 = McSween | first1 = HY| year = 2004 | title = Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater | journal = Science | volume = 305 | issue = 5685| pages = 842–845 | doi = 10.1126/science.3050842 | pmid = 15297668 | last2 = Arvidson | first2 = RE | last3 = Bell Jf | first3 = 3rd | last4 = Blaney | first4 = D | author4-link= Diana Blaney | last5 = Cabrol | first5 = NA | last6 = Christensen | first6 = PR | last7 = Clark | first7 = BC | last8 = Crisp | first8 = JA | last9 = Crumpler | first9 = LS | display-authors=8 | bibcode = 2004Sci...305..842M}}{{cite journal | last1 = Arvidson | first1 = R. E. | year = 2004 | title = Localization and physical properties experiments conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater| journal = Science | volume = 305 | issue = 5685| pages = 821–824 | doi = 10.1126/science.1099922 | pmid = 15297662 | last2 = Anderson | first2 = RC | last3 = Bartlett | first3 = P | last4 = Bell Jf | first4 = 3rd | last5 = Blaney | first5 = D |author5-link= Diana Blaney | last6 = Christensen | first6 = PR | last7 = Chu | first7 = P | last8 = Crumpler | first8 = L | last9 = Davis | first9 = K | display-authors=8 |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..821A | s2cid = 31102951 }}

{{Wide image|PIA01907 fig1-MarsSpirit-200604c.jpg|1100px|Annotated panorama of rocks near Spirit (April, 2006)}}

Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks. Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1029/2005JE002555 | title = Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS): Results from Gusev crater and calibration report | year = 2006 | last1 = Gellert | first1 = R. | last2 = Rieder | first2 = R. | last3 = Brückner | first3 = J. | last4 = Clark | first4 = B. C. | last5 = Dreibus | first5 = G. | last6 = Klingelhöfer | first6 = G. | last7 = Lugmair | first7 = G. | last8 = Ming | first8 = D. W. | last9 = Wänke | first9 = H. | display-authors=8 | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 111 | issue = E2 | pages = n/a | bibcode=2006JGRE..111.2S05G| hdl = 2060/20080026124 | s2cid = 129432577 | hdl-access = free }}

Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe bromine compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).{{cite journal | last1 = Christensen | first1 = P. | year = 2004| title = Initial Results from the Mini-TES Experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover | journal = Science | volume = 305 | issue = 5685| pages = 837–842 | doi = 10.1126/science.1100564 | pmid = 15297667 | last2 = Ruff | first2 = SW | last3 = Fergason | first3 = RL | last4 = Knudson | first4 = AT | last5 = Anwar | first5 = S | last6 = Arvidson | first6 = RE | last7 = Bandfield | first7 = JL | last8 = Blaney | first8 = DL |author8-link= Diana Blaney | last9 = Budney | first9 = C | display-authors=8 |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..837C | s2cid = 34983664 }}

The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet. All the dust was found to be magnetic. Moreover, Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite, especially magnetite that contained the element titanium. One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic.{{cite journal | last1 = Bertelsen | first1 = P. | year = 2004 | title = Magnetic Properties on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater | journal = Science | volume = 305 | issue = 5685| pages = 827–829 | doi = 10.1126/science.1100112 | pmid = 15297664 | last2 = Goetz | first2 = W | last3 = Madsen | first3 = MB | last4 = Kinch | first4 = KM | last5 = Hviid | first5 = SF | last6 = Knudsen | first6 = JM | last7 = Gunnlaugsson | first7 = HP | last8 = Merrison | first8 = J | last9 = Nørnberg | first9 = P | display-authors=8 |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..827B | s2cid = 41811443 }} The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites. A thin layer of dust, maybe less than one millimeter thick, covers all surfaces. Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water.Bell, J (ed.) The Martian Surface. 2008. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-86698-9}}{{cite journal | last1 = Gelbert | first1 = R. | year = 2004| title = Chemistry of Rocks and Soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer | journal = Science | volume = 305 | issue = 5685| pages = 829–832 |doi=10.1126/science.1099913 |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..829G | pmid=15297665| s2cid = 30195269 }}

{{see also|Astronomy on Mars}}

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| caption2 = Night sky of Mars showing Deimos (left) and Phobos (right) in front of Sagittarius, as seen by Mars Exploration Rover Spirit on August 26, 2005. For full animation, see :Image:Phobos & Deimos full.gif.

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Spirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars). It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004.

In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos.Jim Bell (Cornell University) et al. [http://pancam.astro.cornell.edu/pancam_instrument/projects_2.html Pancam Projects: Spirit Night-time Imaging]. Retrieved October 21, 2008 These observations included a "lunar" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow. Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays.

A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005, from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC. Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1" angular diameter. They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1" angular diameter. Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit.{{Clarify|date=October 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons|title=HORIZONS System|first=Alan|last=Chamberlin|website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov}}

Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over. The extended time on the surface, and therefore additional stress on components, resulted in some issues developing.

On March 13, 2006 (sol {{age in sols|2004|01|04|2006|03|13}}), the right front wheel ceased working{{cite web|url=http://www-b.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mer/images.cfm/images.cfm?id=1906|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050606/http://www-b.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mer/images.cfm/images.cfm?id=1906|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 21, 2011|title=JPL.NASA.GOV: Mars Exploration Rovers|website=www-b.jpl.nasa.gov}} after having covered {{Convert|4.2|mi|km|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} on Mars. Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel. Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible. However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth. On November 29, 2009 (sol {{age in sols|2004|01|04|2009|11|29}}), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission.

Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners. Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets.{{cite web|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/rover/Roverextension.html|title=NASAʼs Mars rovers and Steve Squyres keep going and going – Cornell Chronicle|website=www.news.cornell.edu}} All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirit's life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days.

To commemorate Spirit's great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it.{{cite web|url=http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/spotlight/20041011.html|title=Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Spotlight|website=marsrovers.nasa.gov|access-date=June 30, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511042036/http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/spotlight/20041011.html|archive-date=May 11, 2008|url-status=dead}} The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960.

To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'.{{cite web |last1=Greicius |first1=Tony |last2=Dunbar |first2=Brian |title=Arrival at 'Spirit Point' by Mars Rover Opportunity |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/multimedia/gallery/pia14509.html |date=August 10, 2011 |work=NASA |access-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816034550/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/multimedia/gallery/pia14509.html |url-status=dead }}

The 2022 documentary film, Good Night Oppy, about Opportunity, Spirit, and their long missions, was directed by Ryan White, and included support from JPL and Industrial Light & Magic.{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Rollo |title='Good Night Oppy' about NASA's rover mission may make you cry |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/good-night-oppy-about-nasas-rover-mission-may-make-you-cry-2022-11-22/ |website=Reuters |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=en |date=22 November 2022}}

The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters. The panorama views were usually built up from PanCam images. Spirit transferred 128,224 pictures in its lifetime.{{cite web|url=http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/spirit.html|title=Mars Exploration Rover|last=mars.nasa.gov|website=marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov}}

{{Wide image|missoula spirit.jpg|800px|Missoula Crater (Sol 105, April 19, 2004)}}

{{Wide Image|Spirit Lookout L256t-A413R1 br2.jpg|800px|Color panorama taken from "Larry's Lookout". On the far left is "Tennessee Valley" and on the right, rover tracks.}}

{{Wide image|Main Apollo Hills.jpg|800px|Annotated Apollo Hills panorama from the Spirit landing site}}

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{{Reflist}}

{{Commons|Mars Exploration Rover}}

• [http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page]
• [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mer/daily.cfm (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713085838/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mer/daily.cfm |date=July 13, 2008 }}
• [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/Spirit Planetary Photojournal], NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit
• [http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/MM_NTV_Breaking.html NASA TV Special Events Schedule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221085634/http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/MM_NTV_Breaking.html |date=December 21, 2014 }} for MER News Briefings at JPL
• [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mer2004/mission-status/index.html Mission Status updates from NASA JPL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204055044/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mer2004/mission-status/index.html |date=December 4, 2004 }}
• Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings
• [http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/meran MER Analyst's Notebook], Interactive access to mission data and documentation

• [http://spaceflightnow.com/mars/mera/status.html SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com], Status Page last updated May 2004
• [http://athena.cornell.edu/ Cornell's rover site: Athena] last update 2006
• [http://www.roving-mouse.com/planetary/Mars/Atlas/clickable-globe.html Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site. Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E)] (not working as of June 4, 2008)
• [http://www.google.com/mars/#lat=-14.569960&lon=175.469512&zoom=12&map=infrared&q=spacecraft Google map with Spirit landing site marked]
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7140 New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508195141/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7140 |date=May 8, 2008 }}, March 15, 2005
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8944-mars-rovers-broken-wheel-is-beyond-repair.html New Scientist on Spirit wheel status], April 3, 2006
• [http://www.unmannedspaceflight.com/index.php?showforum=1 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit] as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04
• [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/33019896621/in/photostream/ High-resolution video] by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirit{{'}}s final location
• [http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2011/ Archive] of MER progress reports by A.J.S. Rayl at planetary.org

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