Sports drink

Sports drinks can be split into three major types:{{Cite journal |last1=Rowlands |first1=David S. |last2=Kopetschny |first2=Brigitte Hani |last3=Badenhorst |first3=Claire E. |date=2022-02-01 |title=The Hydrating Effects of Hypertonic, Isotonic and Hypotonic Sports Drinks and Waters on Central Hydration During Continuous Exercise: A Systematic Meta-Analysis and Perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01558-y |journal=Sports Medicine |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=349–375 |doi=10.1007/s40279-021-01558-y |issn=1179-2035 |pmc=8803723 |pmid=34716905}}

• Isotonic sport drinks contain similar concentrations of salt and sugar as in the human body.
• Hypertonic sport drinks contain a higher concentration of salt and sugar than the human body.
• Hypotonic sport drinks contain a lower concentration of salt and sugar than the human body.

Most sports drinks are approximately isotonic, having between 4 and 5 heaped teaspoons of sugar per eight ounce (13 and 19 grams per 250ml) serving.{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=Impact of sports and energy drinks in athletes for performance based activities |url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ajmr&volume=10&issue=10&article=109 |journal=Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research |volume=10 |issue=10 |issn=2278-4853}}

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States does not differentiate between sports drinks and energy drinks.{{Cite web |last=Perishable |date=2014-07-29 |title=Energy Drinks vs. Sports Drinks {{!}} U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) |url=https://www.usada.org/spirit-of-sport/energy-drinks-vs-sports-drinks/#:~:text=The%20general%20public%20is%20often,they%20are%20safe%20and%20healthy? |access-date=2025-03-05 |language=en-US}}

In July 2024, the FDA revoked its authorization for the use of brominated vegetable oil (BVO), which is a stabilizer for fruity and citrus-flavored food and beverages.{{Cite news |last=Suliman |first=Adela |date=July 3, 2024 |title=FDA to ban BVO, additive found in some fruity sodas and sports drinks |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2024/07/03/bvo-soda-fda-ban-brominated-oil-food-additive/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}} BVO has been found to have potential negative consequences for human health.{{Cite journal |last1=Woodling |first1=K. A. |last2=Chitranshi |first2=P. |last3=Jacob |first3=C. C. |last4=Loukotková |first4=L. |last5=Von Tungeln |first5=L. S. |last6=Olson |first6=G. R. |last7=Patton |first7=R. E. |last8=Francke |first8=S. |last9=Mog |first9=S. R. |last10=Felton |first10=R. P. |last11=Beland |first11=F. A. |last12=Zang |first12=Y. |last13=Gamboa da Costa |first13=G. |date=2022-07-01 |title=Toxicological evaluation of brominated vegetable oil in Sprague Dawley rats |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691522003350 |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=165 |pages=113137 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2022.113137 |pmid=35588981 |issn=0278-6915}} In 2024, few beverages in the U.S. contained BVO, with many companies having phased out BVO in the 21st century, including PepsiCo with Gatorade in 2013, and Coca-Cola with Powerade in 2014.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=FDA bans BVO: Here's which beverages contain the food additive |url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/fda-bans-bvo-which-beverages-contain-food-additive |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=FOX TV Stations |language=en-US}} BVO was most commonly found in citrus-flavored drinks.

{{More citations needed section|date=September 2021}}

Athletes that are actively training lose water and electrolytes from their bodies by sweating and expending energy.{{Cite journal |last1=Nuccio |first1=Ryan P |last2=Barnes |first2=Kelly A |last3=Carter |first3=James M |last4=Baker |first4=Lindsay B |date=2017-05-15 |title=Fluid Balance in Team Sport Athletes and the Effect of Hypohydration on Cognitive, Technical, and Physical Performance |journal=Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) |language=en |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1951–1982 |doi=10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7 |pmid=28508338 |pmc=5603646 }} People may choose to consume sports drinks for purposes of fluid replacement, carbohydrate loading, and nutrient supplementation.{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Jennifer |date=1992 |title=A Look at the Components and Effectiveness of Sports Drinks |journal=Journal of Athletic Training |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=173–176 |issn=1062-6050 |pmc=1317152 |pmid=16558151}}

Studies show that, contrary to popular belief, the consumption of an electrolyte-containing sports drink does not protect against hyponatremia (low sodium in the blood). This is likely due to the fact that the sodium content of these drinks is in the range of 20 to 30 meq/L.{{Cite journal |last=ROSNER |first=MITCHELL H. |title=Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia |date=2019 |journal=Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association |volume=130 |pages=76–87 |issn=0065-7778 |pmc=6735969 |pmid=31516170}}

A stated purpose of sports drinks, which provide many calories of energy from sugars, is to improve performance and endurance. The potential benefits of sports drinks depends upon other factors including the quantity of the beverage ingested, the time it takes for the drink to be emptied from ones body, absorption time, and the carbohydrate type,{{Cite journal |last1=Coombes |first1=Jeff S. |last2=Hamilton |first2=Karyn L. |date=2000-03-01 |title=The Effectiveness of Commercially Available Sports Drinks |url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029030-00004 |journal=Sports Medicine |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=181–209 |doi=10.2165/00007256-200029030-00004 |pmid=10739268 |s2cid=12040176 |issn=1179-2035}} although the same source states that "there is little evidence that any one sports drink is superior to any of the other beverages on the market.".

A 2019 meta-review found that "dairy milk may provide either comparable or superior recovery nutrition qualities with regards to muscle protein synthesis, glycogen replenishment, rehydration, and subsequent endurance exercise performance, when compared to non-nutritive, carbohydrate replacement, and (or) carbohydrate-electrolyte alternatives."Russo, Isabella, et al. "Systematic literature review: The effect of dairy milk on markers of recovery optimisation in response to endurance exercise." International Journal of Sports Science (2019): 69-85.

Sports drinks are sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), with a recent study finding that sports drinks comprise approximately 26% of total SSB consumption in adolescents.{{Cite journal |last1=Field |first1=Alison E. |last2=Sonneville |first2=Kendrin R. |last3=Falbe |first3=Jennifer |last4=Flint |first4=Alan |last5=Haines |first5=Jess |last6=Rosner |first6=Bernard |last7=Camargo Jr. |first7=Carlos A. |date=2014 |title=Association of sports drinks with weight gain among adolescents and young adults |journal=Obesity |language=en |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=2238–2243 |doi=10.1002/oby.20845 |issn=1930-739X |pmc=4180814 |pmid=25044989}}

Some potentially harmful health effects of drinking sports drinks without prolonged exercise include weight gain, diabetes and dental erosion.{{Cite journal |last=Schneider |first=Marcie Beth |title=Sports Drinks and Energy Drinks for Children and Adolescents: Are They Appropriate? |url=https://publications.aap.org//ExternalLoginResponse.ashx?elpId=3&redirecturlback=http://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/141/6/e20172784/37631/Adolescent-Consumption-of-Sports-Drinks?autologincheck=redirected?nfToken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 |access-date=2022-10-03 |journal=Pediatrics|date=June 2018 |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=e20172784 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2784 |pmid=29735573 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Noble |first1=Warden H |last2=Donovan |first2=Terence E |last3=Geissberger |first3=Marc |date=2011-04-01 |title=Sports drinks and dental erosion |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/21675676 |journal=Journal of the California Dental Association |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=233–238 |doi=10.1080/19424396.2011.12221890 |issn=1942-4396 |pmid=21675676|s2cid=13102323 }}{{Cite journal |last1=von Fraunhofer |first1=J Anthony |last2=Rogers |first2=Matthew M |date=2005-01-01 |title=Effects of sports drinks and other beverages on dental enamel |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/15779219 |journal=General Dentistry |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=28–31 |issn=0363-6771 |pmid=15779219}} These drinks are high in calories and sugar which thereby can contribute towards an unhealthy diet.{{Cite journal |last=Schneider |first=Marcie Beth |title=Sports Drinks and Energy Drinks for Children and Adolescents: Are They Appropriate? |url=https://publications.aap.org//ExternalLoginResponse.ashx?elpId=3&redirecturlback=http://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/127/6/1182/30098/Sports-Drinks-and-Energy-Drinks-for-Children-and?autologincheck=redirected?nfToken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 |access-date=2022-10-03 |journal=Pediatrics|date=2011 |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=1182–1189 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-0965 |pmid=21624882 }} Generally, commercial sports drinks contain two-thirds the amount of sugar found in a normal soda.

Energy drinks, which are often confused with sports drinks, usually contain high amount of caffeine among other dietary supplements. Often the concentration of caffeine is higher than found in soft drinks.{{Cite journal |last=Macdonald |first=James |date=2013-03-01 |title=The Potential Adverse Health Effects of Energy Drinks |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0301/p321.html |journal=American Family Physician |language=en-US |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=321|pmid=23547548 }} In moderate amounts, caffeine is not harmful and can provide various benefits regarding endurance; however, in large amounts this can have adverse effects.{{Cite journal |last=Burke |first=Louise M. |date=2008-12-06 |title=Caffeine and sports performance |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/H08-130 |journal=Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1319–1334 |doi=10.1139/H08-130 |pmid=19088794 |issn=1715-5312}} Although energy drinks may contain various different dietary supplements, health studies have claimed that there is a lack of thorough labelling which means that consumers may not always be aware of what they are consuming.

High sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in children aged 8–14 results in an increased likelihood of obesity.{{Cite journal |last1=Cantoral |first1=A. |last2=Téllez-Rojo |first2=M. M. |last3=Ettinger |first3=A. S. |last4=Hu |first4=H. |last5=Hernández-Ávila |first5=M. |last6=Peterson |first6=K. |date=February 2016 |title=Early introduction and cumulative consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages during the pre-school period and risk of obesity at 8-14 years of age |journal=Pediatric Obesity |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1111/ijpo.12023 |issn=2047-6310 |pmc=5482497 |pmid=25891908}} The sugar found in these sports drinks still exceeds the recommended amount of sugar in a day for a child.{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Mandy |date=February 2012 |title=Energy drinks: What is all the hype? The dangers of energy drink consumption: The dangers of energy drink consumption |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00689.x |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=70–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00689.x |pmid=22324861 |s2cid=205909525}}

Epidemiological studies and clinical trials provide evidence that links sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to weight gain, type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease, regardless of body weight. Efforts to reduce SSB consumption would continue to support better cardiometabolic health at both individual and population levels.{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=Vasanti S. |date=September 2017 |title=Sugar sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic health |url=https://journals.lww.com/co-cardiology/abstract/2017/09000/sugar_sweetened_beverages_and_cardiometabolic.13.aspx |journal=Current Opinion in Cardiology |language=en-US |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=572–579 |doi=10.1097/HCO.0000000000000439 |pmid=28639973 |issn=0268-4705}}

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, athletes occasionally drank beer of low alcohol content to replenish water, minerals and energy in the body. As the water is boiled during the brewing process and thus sterilized, the beer was a safer option than water from an unknown source.{{cite journal| url = https://www.academia.edu/7065151| author = Mika Rissanen| title = Beer Breaks during the Tour de France. Some observations on beer and cycling in the early 1900s | journal = Ludica, Annali di Storia e Civiltà del Gioco, 17-18 (2011-2012), Pp. 188-190.| date = May 2014|publisher= Ludica, annali di storia e civiltà del gioco |access-date = 27 September 2016}} However, studies suggest that even a low dose of ethanol decreases endurance performance: it inhibits liver glucose output during exercise, and also impairs psychomotor skills such as reaction time, hand-eye coordination and balance.{{cite journal| author = Virgile Lecoultre; Yves Schultz| title= Effect of a small dose of alcohol on the endurance performance of trained cyclists |journal= Alcohol and Alcoholism | pmid=19136497| doi=10.1093/alcalc/agn108| volume=44| issue=3 | pages=278–83| year=2009 | doi-access= free}}

Since the first modern Olympics, fluid intake during sports have been much varied due to a lack of consensus in the scientific community pertaining to the use of sports drinks. In the early 1900s there was a widespread belief that consumption of fluids such as water during exercise was unnecessary.{{Cite journal |last1=Sutehall |first1=Shaun |last2=Muniz-Pardos |first2=Borja |last3=Bosch |first3=Andrew N. |last4=Di Gianfrancesco |first4=Alessia |last5=Pitsiladis |first5=Yannis P. |date=April 2018 |title=Sports Drinks on the Edge of a New Era |url=https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/Fulltext/2018/04000/Sports_Drinks_on_the_Edge_of_a_New_Era.4.aspx |journal=Current Sports Medicine Reports |language=en-US |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=112–116 |doi=10.1249/JSR.0000000000000475 |pmid=29629968 |s2cid=4718787 |issn=1537-8918}} However, with the advancement of exercise physiology in 1923, the cardiovascular model of thermoregulation was researched by A.V. Hill. Based on this model, the consequences of water loss and the significance of fluid consumption was emphasized.

Energy drinks and sports drinks first appeared in Europe and Asia in the 1960s as a response to demands for dietary supplements that would increase energy. Taisho Pharmaceuticals, a Japanese company, introduced Lipovitan D, one of the first energy drinks on the market in 1961.{{Cite journal |last1=Heckman |first1=M.A. |last2=Sherry |first2=K. |last3=De Mejia |first3=E. Gonzalez |date=2010-05-29 |title=Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in the United States |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=303–317 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00111.x|pmid=33467819 |doi-access=free }} Since then, both energy drink and sports drinks have developed into a multibillion-dollar market.

The sports and energy drinks market is rapidly growing around the world. Sports drinks are included within the functional drinks market. Within the functional drinks category, sports and energy drinks account for the largest volume growth. These drinks have experienced exponential growth of more than 240% in the United States of America and around the world from the years 2004 to 2009.

There have been a variety of different types of drinks introduced to the market over the years, many of which target young athletes.{{Cite journal |last1=Jovanov |first1=Pavle |last2=Đorđić |first2=Višnja |last3=Obradović |first3=Borislav |last4=Barak |first4=Otto |last5=Pezo |first5=Lato |last6=Marić |first6=Aleksandar |last7=Sakač |first7=Marijana |date=2019-01-15 |title=Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes |journal=Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=27 |doi=10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7 |pmc=6611041 |pmid=31272457 |doi-access=free }}

Commercially available sports drinks include:

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• 100plus
• 10-K Thirst Quencher
• Accelerade
• All Sport
• Aquarius
• Body Punch{{cite news |work=Waterloo Region Record |last=McNeilly |first=Anne |title=Pass Up Beer For Fruit Juice |date=14 August 1982}}
• Bodyarmor
• Braketime
• ERG
• Exceed{{cite news |work=Minnesota Star Tribune |last=Zavoral |first=Nolan |title=TCM director's heard it all - and then some |date=3 October 1992}}
• Gatorade
• Herbalife {{Proper name|H³O Pro}}
• Isostar
• Lucozade Sport
• Más+
• Mizone
• Muscle Milk
• Pocari Sweat
• Powerade
• Prime
• Quickick
• Runner's Aid
• Sportade
• Sqwincher
• Super Socco
• Vemma Thirst
• Vitamin Water

{{Colend}}

{{portal|Drink}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Dehydration
• Energy drink
• Energy gel
• Gainer (supplement)
• Hyperthermia
• Oral rehydration therapy

{{div col end}}

{{Commons category|Sports drinks}}

{{reflist}}

{{Sports Drinks}}

{{Sport}}

Category:Dietary supplements

Category:Non-alcoholic drinks

Category:Drinks