Springer Science+Business Media

Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.{{cite web| url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/history| title=The Springer story (1842-2017)| at=Transition and restructuring (1999-2007)| accessdate=13 June 2021| website=Springer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195401/https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/history |archive-date= Jun 14, 2021 }}"[https://www.springer.com/index.php?id=199 Chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414145907/https://www.springer.com/index.php?id=199 |date=2020-04-14 }}". Springer Science+Business Media. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, opening an office in New York City. Offices in Tokyo, Paris, Milan, Hong Kong, and Delhi soon{{when|date=April 2020}} followed.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

In 1999, the academic publishing company BertelsmannSpringer was formed after the media and entertainment company Bertelsmann bought a majority stake in Springer-Verlag. In 2003, the British investment groups Cinven and Candover bought BertelsmannSpringer from Bertelsmann.Poynder, Richard. "[http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbReader.asp?ArticleId=16696 BertelsmannSpringer is Sold to Private Equity Firms]". Information Today. May 27, 2003. They merged the company in 2004 with the Dutch publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers (successor of D. Reidel, Dr. W. Junk, Plenum Publishers, most of Chapman & Hall, and Baltzer Science Publishers) which they bought from Wolters Kluwer in 2002,{{Cite web |last=Poynder |first=Richard |date=November 4, 2002 |title=Kluwer Academic Publishers Sold to Venture Capitalists |url=http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb021104-1.htm |access-date=2014-08-15 |publisher=Infotoday.com}} to form Springer Science+Business Media.

In 2006, Springer acquired Humana Press.{{cite news |date=2008-02-20 |df=dmy |title=Springer's Humana Press launches new Web site |department=Press releases |publisher=Springer-Verlag |url=https://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-11002-2-804710-0 |access-date=2020-12-31}}

Springer acquired the open-access publisher BioMed Central in October 2008 for an undisclosed amount.{{cite news |date=2008-10-07 |df=dmy |title=Springer to acquire BioMed Central Group |department=Press releases |publisher=Springer-Verlag |url=https://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/pressreleases?SGWID=0-11002-6-805003-0 |access-date=2020-12-31}}

In 2009, Cinven and Candover sold Springer to two private equity firms, EQT AB and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation, confirmed in February 2010 after the competition authorities in the US and in Europe approved the transfer.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/springer-sale/update-2-eqt-singapore-fund-snap-up-springer-media-idUSGEE5BA0TT20091211 |title=EQT, Singapore fund snap up Springer Media |date=December 11, 2009 |work=Reuters |first1=Victoria |last1=Howley |first2=Tessa |last2=Walsh}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/46eeab46-d8ee-11e2-84fa-00144feab7de |title=Springer Science: turning a page |date=June 19, 2013 |work=The Financial Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622074255/https://www.ft.com/content/46eeab46-d8ee-11e2-84fa-00144feab7de |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=June 22, 2022 }}

In 2011, Springer acquired Pharma Marketing and Publishing Services (MPS) from Wolters Kluwer.{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21214491/medical_publisher_to_close_ambler_office/|title=Medical publisher to close Ambler office, move workers|last=DiStefano|first=Joseph N.|date=September 17, 2013|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|access-date=June 23, 2018|page=A14|via=Newspapers.com (Publisher Extra)}}

In 2013, the London-based private equity firm BC Partners acquired a majority stake in Springer from EQT and GIC for $4.4 billion.{{cite web|last=Heiskanen |first=Ville |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-19/bc-partners-to-buy-springer-science-for-4-4-billion.html |title=BC Partners to Buy Springer Science for $4.4 Billion |website=Bloomberg.com|date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=August 15, 2014}}

In January 2015, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group / Nature Publishing Group and Springer Science+Business Media announced a merger.{{cite web|url=http://se.macmillan.com/Media/News/HOLTZBRINCK-PUBLISHING-GROUP-AND-BC-PARTNERS-ANNOUNCE--AGREEMENT-TO-MERGE-MAJORITY-OF-MACMILLAN-SCIENCE-AND-EDUCATION--WITH-SPRINGER-SCIENCE-BUSINESS-MEDIA/?taxId=145|title=Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and BC Partners Announce Agreement to Merge Majority of MacMillan Science and Education with Springer Science+Business Media|website=macmillan.com|date=15 January 2015}} in May 2015 they concluded the transaction and formed a new joint venture company, Springer Nature with Holtzbrinck in the majority 53% share and BC Partners retaining 47% interest in the company.{{cite news|title=Completed merger forms 'Springer Nature' |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/completed-merger-forms-springer-nature |author=Caroline Carpenter |work=The Bookseller |date=May 6, 2015 |access-date=July 8, 2015 }}

In 1996, Springer launched electronic book and journal content on its SpringerLink site.{{cite web |date=2016-09-22 |df=dmy |title=Happy Birthday, SpringerLink! |department=Press releases |publisher=Springer |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/media/press-releases/corporate/happy-birthday--springerlink-/10734078 |access-date=2020-12-31}}

SpringerImages was launched in 2008. In 2009, SpringerMaterials, a platform for accessing the Landolt-Börnstein database of research and information on materials and their properties, was launched.{{cite web|url=https://support.springer.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000054847-springermaterials-information|title=SpringerMaterials Information|website=Springer Support |accessdate=May 29, 2022}}

AuthorMapper is a free online tool for visualizing scientific research that enables document discovery based on author locations and geographic maps, helping users explore patterns in scientific research, identify literature trends, discover collaborative relationships, and locate experts in several scientific/medical fields.{{cite web|url=https://static.springer.com/sgw/documents/732998/application/pdf/Autohor_Mapper_Fact_Sheet|title=Springer.com, Palgrave.com, and Apress.com are changing|website=Springer |accessdate=May 29, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616050011/https://static.springer.com/sgw/documents/732998/application/pdf/Autohor_Mapper_Fact_Sheet |archive-date= Jun 16, 2022 }}

Springer Protocols contained a collection of laboratory protocols, recipes that provide step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments, which in 2018 was made available in SpringerLink instead.{{cite web |title=SpringerProtocols.com platform deactivation |publisher=Springer Nature |url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/landing/springer-protocols-closure |access-date=December 31, 2020}}

Book publications include major reference works, textbooks, monographs and book series; more than 168,000 titles are available as e-books in 24 subject collections.{{Cite web |title=FEDLINK Services Directory: Springer Science & Business Media, Inc. |url=https://www.loc.gov/flicc/svcdir/so.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.loc.gov}}

Springer is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.{{cite web |title=Springer Nature |department=Member Record |publisher=OASPA |url=https://oaspa.org/member/springer-nature/ |access-date=2020-12-31}} For some of its journals, Springer does not require its authors to transfer their copyrights, and allows them to decide whether their articles are published under an open-access license or in the traditional restricted licence model.{{cite web|url=https://www.springer.com/open+access/open+choice?SGWID=0-40359-0-0-0 |title=Springer Open Choice |publisher=Springer.com |access-date=August 15, 2014}} While open-access publishing typically requires the author to pay a fee for copyright retention, this fee is sometimes covered by a third party. For example, a national institution in Poland allows authors to publish in open-access journals without incurring any personal cost but using public funds.{{cite web|url=https://www.springer.com/open+access/authors+rights/institutional+compliance?SGWID=0-176707-0-0-0 |title=Springer Open Choice for Polish Institutions |publisher=Springer.com |access-date=August 15, 2014}}

In 1938, Springer-Verlag was pressed to apply Nazi principles on the journal Zentralblatt MATH. Tullio Levi-Civita, who was Jewish, was forced out from the editorial board, and Otto Neugebauer resigned in protest along with most of the rest of the board.{{Cite web |title=Otto Neugebauer - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Neugebauer/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Maths History |language=en}}

In 2014, it was revealed that 16 papers in conference proceedings published by Springer had been computer-generated using SCIgen. Springer subsequently retracted all papers from these proceedings. IEEE had removed more than 100 fake papers from its conference proceedings.{{cite journal | url=http://www.nature.com/news/publishers-withdraw-more-than-120-gibberish-papers-1.14763?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews | title=Publishers withdraw more than 120 gibberish papers | journal=Nature News | date=24 February 2014 | access-date=1 March 2014 | first=Richard|last=Van Noorden| doi=10.1038/nature.2014.14763 | doi-access=free }}

In 2015, Springer retracted 64 papers from 10 of its journals it had published after a fraudulent peer review process was uncovered.{{cite news|last1=Kaplan|first1=Sarah|title=Major publisher retracts 64 scientific papers in fake peer review outbreak|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/08/18/outbreak-of-fake-peer-reviews-widens-as-major-publisher-retracts-64-scientific-papers/|access-date=August 24, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 18, 2015}}

According to Goodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor, which is often used as a proxy of prestige and can influence revenues, including public subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.{{cite journal | doi=10.7554/eLife.47338 | title=Use of the Journal Impact Factor in academic review, promotion, and tenure evaluations | year=2019 | last1=McKiernan | first1=Erin C. | last2=Schimanski | first2=Lesley A. | last3=Muñoz Nieves | first3=Carol | last4=Matthias | first4=Lisa | last5=Niles | first5=Meredith T. | last6=Alperin | first6=Juan P. | journal=eLife | volume=8 | pmid=31364991 | pmc=6668985 | doi-access=free }}

Seven Springer Nature journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.{{cite web|first1=Ivan|last1=Oransky|access-date=July 1, 2020|title=Major indexing service sounds alarm on self-citations by nearly 50 journals|url=https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/29/major-indexing-service-sounds-alarm-on-self-citations-by-nearly-50-journals/|date=June 29, 2020}}

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• Adis International{{cite news|last=Brochu|first=Nicole|date=24 December 2012|title=Injection shown to reverse stroke, brain injuries|department=Health|quote=...an article produced by Adis' parent company, Springer Science+Business Media.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21214243/injection_shown_to_reverse_stroke_brain/|work=Albuquerque Journal|publisher=Journal Publishing Company|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|via=Newspapers.com (Publisher Extra)|access-date=23 June 2018 |page=C4}}
• Apress
• BioMed Central
• Chemistry Central (defunct)
• PhysMath Central (defunct)
• Birkhäuser Verlag
• Current Medicine Group
• Humana Press
• Infochem
• Kluwer Academic Publishers (defunct)
• Baltzer Science Publishers
• D. Reidel
• Plenum Publishers
• SpringerOpen
• Springer Gabler
• Springer Praxis Books{{cite book | url=https://www.springer.com/series/4097 | title=Springer Praxis Books | publisher=Springer Science+Business Media | access-date=May 1, 2015}}
• {{anchor|SAV}}{{ill|Springer Spektrum|de}} (formerly {{ill|Spektrum Akademischer Verlag|de}} (SAV))
• Springer Vieweg
• {{ill|Springer VS|de}}

{{colend}}

• Cellular Oncology
• Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
• Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (book series)
• Graduate Texts in Mathematics (book series)
• Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique
• The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
• Lecture Notes in Computer Science
• Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics (book series)
• Zentralblatt MATH
• MRS Bulletin

• {{Cl|Springer Science+Business Media academic journals}}
• List of publishers
• Media concentration

{{Reflist}}

• {{Official website|https://www.springer.com/}}
• {{cite web |title=Springer Timeline |url=http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm |work=The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition |author=Mary H. Munroe |year=2004 |via=Northern Illinois University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020152138/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm |archive-date=2014-10-20 }}

{{Holtzbrinck}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Springer Science and Business Media}}

Category:Academic publishing companies

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Category:Publishing companies established in 1842

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Category:1842 establishments in Prussia

Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Germany

Category:Multinational publishing companies

Category:German digital libraries

Category:German companies established in 1842

Category:German companies disestablished in 2015