St Edward's Crown

Edward the Confessor wore his crown at Easter, Whitsun, and Christmas.{{cite book|editor=H.R. Luard|title=Life of St Edward the Confessor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plhSdTkLX_YC|year=1858|publisher=Longman|pages=215, 273, 281}} In 1161, he was canonised, and objects connected with his reign became holy relics. The monks at his burial place of Westminster Abbey claimed that Edward had asked them to look after his regalia in perpetuity for the coronations of all future English kings.Keay, pp. 18–20. Although the claim is likely to have been an exercise in self-promotion on the abbey's part, and some of the regalia probably had been taken from Edward's grave when he was reinterred there, it became accepted as fact, thereby establishing the first known set of hereditary coronation regalia in Europe.Rose, p. 13. A crown referred to as St Edward's Crown is first recorded as having been used for the coronation of Henry III in 1220, and it appears to be the same crown worn by Edward.Ronald Lightbown in Blair, vol. 1. pp. 257–353. It is believed Edward was the first English king to wear a crown with arches, known as an imperial or "closed crown", symbolising subservience to no one but God, in the tradition of Byzantine emperors.Rose, p. 24–25. Edward's regalia kept in Westminster Abbey was recorded in an inventory made in circa 1450 by a monk of the abbey, Richard Sporley.{{cite book |last=Legg |first=L.G. Wickham |author-link=Leopold George Wickham Legg |date=1901 |title=English Coronation Records |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924081293627/page/n329/mode/2up |location=Westminster |publisher=A. Constable & Co. |page=191 |isbn= |access-date=1 April 2025}} There it is recorded as 'an excellent golden crown'.

St Edward's Crown rarely left Westminster Abbey, and there are no certain visual records of it.{{cite book|last=Strong|first=Roy|title=Lost Treasures of Britain|year=1990|location=London|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-83383-5|page=122|url=https://archive.org/details/losttreasuresofb0000stro/page/122}} On Henry III's expedition to Britany in 1230, the nobles and the abbot of Westminster refused to allow the Crown of Saint Edward to leave the kingdom with Henry, a tradition which has continued.{{cite book |last=Barker |first=Brian |date=1979 |title=The Symbols of Sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/38/mode/2up |location=Totowa, New Jersey |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |pages=39–42 |isbn=9780715376492 |access-date=6 April 2025}} When Henry III created a new treasury at the Tower of London to hold his own regalia, that of earlier monarchs, including Saint Edward, remained at the abbey in the Pyx Chamber ("pyx" denoting a small box).{{cite web |author= |title=History of the Chapter House and Pyx Chamber, Westminster Abbey |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chapter-house-and-pyx-chamber/history/ |website=English Heritage |access-date=6 April 2025}} In 1303, Richard of Pudlicott attempted a burglary of the treasury at the abbey, though most of the lost treasure was recovered.

When Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1399, he had the crown brought to the Tower of London, where he symbolically handed it over to his successor Henry IV, saying "I present and give to you this crown with which I was crowned King of England and all the rights dependent on it".Steane, p. 34. It was used in 1533 to crown the second wife of Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, which was unprecedented for a queen consort.{{cite book|author=Alice Hunt|title=The Drama of Coronation: Medieval Ceremony in Early Modern England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5eZBJ6UXiAC|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-47466-5|page=93}}

Henry VII or his son and successor Henry VIII commissioned an elaborate crown, now known as the Tudor Crown, which is first described in detail in an inventory of royal jewels in 1521.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/reportspapersofa17asso/page/158 |chapter=King Henry VIII's Jewel Book |year=1521 |author=John Plowfeld |title=Associated Architectural Societies Reports and Papers |volume=17 |pages=158–159 |editor=Edward Trollope |publisher=James Williamson }} Henry VIII wore the Tudor Crown during court ceremonies, in particular at Christmas when Henry would process to chapel in his coronation regalia.{{cite AV media |date=30 October 2012 |title=The making of Henry VIII's Crown |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8uQ2lp2DBM |via=YouTube |publisher=Historic Royal Palaces |access-date=4 February 2025 }} Both Edward VI and Mary I were crowned with three crowns in succession: first St Edward's Crown, second the Tudor Crown (termed the 'Imperiall crowne' in contemporary accounts) and finally in 'very rich' crowns made specifically for each of their coronations.{{cite journal |last1=St John Hope |first1=William Henry |author-link1=William Henry St John Hope |date=July 1902 |title=The King's Coronation Ornaments |url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorquarterl02unse/page/62/mode/2up |journal=The Ancestor; A Quarterly Review of County and Family History, Heraldry and Antiquities |volume=II |location=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable & Co |pages=63–81 |doi= |access-date=1 April 2025}} Three crowns were also present at the coronation of Elizabeth I, and she was probably crowned in the same fashion as her predecessors. After the English Reformation, the Church of England denounced the veneration of medieval relics and, starting with the coronation of Edward VI in 1547, the significance of the crown's link to Edward the Confessor was downplayed.Ronald Lightbown in MacGregor, p. 257. James I reverted to the tradition of being crowned with St Edward's Crown only before donning his own crown to depart Westminster Abbey.{{cite book |last=Nichols |first=John |date=1828 |title=The Progresses of King James the First in Four Volumes |volume=I |url=https://archive.org/details/progressesproce01nichgoog/page/232/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=J.B. Nichols |pages=232–233 |isbn= |access-date=6 April 2025 }}

During the English Civil War and following Charles I's flight from London in 1642, rumours circulated in London (which held some truth) that the king was attempting to sell the crown jewels in Holland in order to fund a war against parliament.{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}} Parliament declared that anyone trafficking the crown jewels—which were the property of the Crown and not the king personally—was an enemy of the state.{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}} In 1643, suspicions arose in parliament that the coronation regalia had been taken from Westminster Abbey to York by the royalist Dean of Westminster, John Williams. When the sub-dean refused to allow access for the regalia to be checked, a motion was brought before parliament to force the opening of the abbey treasury.{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}} The first motion failed, but a second motion passed which ordered the locks to be opened, an inventory made, and the locks changed. The inventory was taken by Henry Marten and George Wither, who were reported by Peter Heylyn to have mocked the regalia, with Marten having dressed Wither in St Edward's Crown and robes, who then, 'marched about the room with stately garb and afterwards with a Thousand Apish and Ridiculous Actions exposed these sacred ornaments to contempt and laughter'.{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}} Parliament ordered that the reglia be removed from the abbey and taken to join the rest of the crown jewels and plate at the Tower of London.{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}}

As parliament became more desperate for funds to maintain its forces against the king, the House of Commons passed a motion to melt down the king's plate and turn it into coinage, though the House of Lords objected.{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}} Following the execution of Charles I in 1649, parliament ordered that the regalia, then under the supervision of Sir Henry Mildmay, Master of the Jewel Office, 'be totally broken, and that they melt down all the gold and silver and sell all the jewels to the best advantage of the Commonwealth.'{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}} Henry Mildmay stayed away, but his nephew and Clerk of the Jewel House, Carew Mildmay, returned the instructions 'not obeyed', for which he was jailed at Fleet Prison.{{sfn|Barker|1979|loc=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofsoverei0000bark/page/48/mode/2up pp. 49–59]}} Nonetheless, an inventory and valuation was taken, and the reglia was broken up and sold or turned into coinage. St Edward's Crown was described in the inventory as, 'King Alfred's Crown of gold wire-work set with slight stones and two little bells', weighing {{convert|79.5|oz|kg}}, valued at £3 per ounce, total value £248 10s 0d.{{cite book |year=1897 |first=Cyril |last=Davenport |title=The English Regalia |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |pages=4–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/englishregalia00daveuoft/englishregalia00daveuoft/page/4/mode/2up }}{{cite journal |last1= Brand|first1= John|date=1806 |title=An Inventory and Appraisement of the Plate in the Lower Jewel House of the Tower, Anno 1649. Communicated by the Rev. John Brand, Secretary, from the original MS. in his Possession |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/archaeologia/article/abs/xxiv-an-inventory-and-appraisement-of-the-plate-in-the-lower-jewel-house-of-the-tower-anno-1649-communicated-by-the-rev-john-brand-secretary-from-the-original-ms-in-his-possession/AAA3AC88C5C6AFB2645EA474756531AB |journal=Archaeologia |volume=15 |publisher=The Society of Antiquaries of London |location=London |pages=271–290 |doi=10.1017/S0261340900018415 |access-date=1 April 2025}} An inscription on the lid of its box, translated from Latin, read: 'This is the chief crown of the two, with which were crowned Kings Alfred, Edward and others'. However, there is no evidence to support its dating from Alfred's reign, and the crown has always been referred to as St Edward's Crown (or Crown of St Edward) in the coronation order of service.Holmes, p. 216.

File:St Edward's Crown by Francis Sandford.png at the English coronation of James II in 1685]]

The monarchy was restored in 1660, and in preparation for the coronation of Charles II, who had been living in exile abroad, a new St Edward's Crown and a new state crown were ordered from the Royal Goldsmith, Sir Robert Vyner.{{Royal Collection|31700|St. Edward's Crown}} The new St Edward's Crown was fashioned to closely resemble the medieval crown, with a heavy gold base and clusters of semi-precious stones, but the arches are decidedly Baroque.Holmes, pp. 213–223. In the late 20th century, it was assumed to incorporate gold from the original St Edward's Crown, as they are almost identical in weight, and no invoice was produced for the materials in 1661. A crown was also displayed at the lying in state of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England from 1653 until 1658. On the weight of this evidence, writer and court historian Martin Holmes, in a 1959 paper for Archaeologia, concluded that in the time of the Interregnum St Edward's Crown was saved from the melting pot and that its gold was used to make a new crown at the Restoration.Barclay, pp. 149–170.

His theory became accepted wisdom, and many books, including official guidebooks for the Crown Jewels at the Tower of London, repeated his claim as fact. In 2008, new research found that a coronation crown and sceptre were made in 1660 in anticipation of an early coronation, which had to be delayed several times. Charles II's other regalia were commissioned in 1661 after Parliament increased the budget as a token of their appreciation for the king. The crown at Cromwell's lying in state was probably made of gilded base metal such as tin or copper, as was usual in 17th-century England; for example, a crown displayed at the funeral of James I had cost only £5 and was decorated with fake jewels.

A new monde and cross were created for the coronation of James II, but otherwise the crown was little altered for successive coronations beyond re-setting loaned jewels for each occasion (jewels were not set permanently in the crown until 1911).{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Edward Alfred |date=1908 |title=The Old Royal Plate in the Tower of London |url=https://archive.org/details/oldroyalplatein00jonegoog/page/n146/mode/2up |location=Oxford |publisher=Fox, Jones & Co. |pages=63–67 |isbn= |access-date=24 January 2025 }} After the coronation of William III in 1689, monarchs chose to be crowned with a lighter, bespoke coronation crown (e.g., the Coronation Crown of George IV)Dixon-Smith, et al., p. 61. or their state crown, while St Edward's Crown usually rested on the high altar.Mears, p. 23.

File:Crowning of Charles III (modified).jpg with St Edward's Crown]]

Edward VII intended to revive the tradition of being crowned with St Edward's Crown in 1902, but on coronation day he was still recovering from an operation for appendicitis, and instead he wore the lighter Imperial State Crown.Rose, p. 35.

Jewels were hired for use in the crown and removed after the coronation until 1911, when it was permanently set with 444 precious and semi-precious stones. Imitation pearls on the arches and base were replaced with gold beads which at the time were platinum-plated.Rose, p. 29. Its band was also made smaller to fit George V, the first monarch to be crowned with St Edward's Crown in over 200 years, reducing the crown's overall weight from {{convert|82|ozt|kg}} to {{convert|71|ozt|kg}}. It was used to crown his successor George VI in 1937, and Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.

On 4 June 2013, St Edward's Crown was displayed on the high altar in Westminster Abbey at a service marking the 60th anniversary of Elizabeth II's coronation, the first time it had left the Tower of London since 1953.{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/10096497/Queens-coronation-anniversary-Crown-to-leave-Tower-for-first-time-since-1953-for-Westminster-Abbey-service.html|title=Crown to leave Tower for first time since 1953 for Westminster Abbey service|author=Gordon Rayner|date=4 June 2013|access-date=14 December 2015|newspaper=The Telegraph}} In December 2022, the crown was removed from the Tower of London to be resized ahead of its use in the coronation of Charles III on 6 May 2023.{{cite news|url=https://www.royal.uk/coronation-crowns|title=St Edward's Crown removed from the Tower of London ahead of the Coronation|author=|date=3 December 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}} Its circumference was enlarged by sawing the base into four pieces and welding 7mm-wide strips of gold into the gaps. Eight new gold beads were then added to the rim.Hardman, p. 194.

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| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7cTR_i9a-I 2023 video of St Edward's Crown by the Royal Collection Trust] (1:36)

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St Edward's Crown is 22-carat gold,{{cite podcast|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/resources/lecture-podcast-royal-gold-reflections-of-power|title=Royal Gold: Reflections of Power|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|author=Kathryn Jones|date=17 December 2014|minutes=13:03|access-date=14 February 2018}} measures {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, and weighs {{convert|2.23|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It has four fleurs-de-lis alternating with four crosses pattée, which support two dipped arches topped by a monde and cross pattée. Its purple velvet cap is trimmed with ermine. The crown features 444 precious and fine gemstones including 345 rose-cut aquamarines, 37 white topazes, 27 tourmalines, 12 rubies, 7 amethysts, 6 sapphires, 2 jargoons, 1 garnet, 1 spinel, 1 carbuncle and 1 peridot.

Although St Edward's Crown is regarded as the official coronation crown, only seven monarchs have been crowned with it since the Restoration: Charles II (1661), James II (1685), William III (1689), George V (1911), George VI (1937), Elizabeth II (1953) and Charles III (2023). Mary II and Anne were crowned with small diamond crowns of their own; George I, George II, George III and William IV with the State Crown of George I; George IV with a large new diamond crown made specially for the occasion; and Queen Victoria and Edward VII chose not to use St Edward's Crown because of its weight and instead used the lighter 1838 Imperial State Crown. When not used to crown the monarch, St Edward's Crown rested on the high altar; however, it did not feature at all in Queen Victoria's coronation.Mears, et al., p. 23.

File:Royal Cypher of Queen Elizabeth II.svg of Elizabeth II]]

After the restoration of the monarchy, Charles II based the heraldic crown on the new St Edward's Crown of 1661. It had four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis; the number of arches was reduced to two and the curvature of the arches was depressed at the point of intersection. On this pattern the royal crown was depicted until the reign of Queen Victoria.{{cite book |last=Boutell |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Boutell |editor-last1=Brooke-Little |editor-first1=J. P. |editor-link1=John Brooke-Little |date=1983 |edition=Revised |title=Boutell's Heraldry |url=https://archive.org/details/boutellsheraldry0000bout_y2m5/page/184/mode/2up |location=London and New York |publisher=Frederick Warne |pages=184–185 |isbn=0723230935}} Although Fox-Davies states that the St Edward's Crown is supposed to be heraldically represented over the Royal Arms and other insignia because "it is the 'official' crown of England", various other crowns were depicted under Victoria, whose coronation, unusually, did not feature the St Edward's Crown at all.{{cite wikisource |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |chapter=Chapter 22 |last=Fox-Davies |first=Arthur Charles |author-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |date=1909 |publisher=T. C. & E. C. Jack |location=London |pages=358–359 }}{{cite book|last1=Mears|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Thurley|first2=Simon|last3=Murphy|first3=Claire|title=The Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1GJnAEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|asin=B000HHY1ZQ|page=23}} Early depictions of the Royal Arms during her reign featured the Imperial State Crown which was created for Victoria's coronation in 1838 and was similar to the St Edward's Crown but with a flatter top.{{Royal Collection|630740|The Imperial Crown of Great Britain}} However, depictions varied depending on the artist.

In 1876, Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India, and in 1880, the heraldic crown was altered to give it a more imperial form by making the arches semi-circular.{{Cite web |publisher=Senate of Canada |title=The Rose and Crown: Parliament's royal symbols, part one |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/sencaplus/how-why/the-rose-and-crown-parliaments-royal-symbols-part-one/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=SenCA+ Magazine|language=en |date=May 2023}} However, Victoria had favoured a Tudor style crown since at least the 1860s.{{cite book |last=Boutell |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Boutell |date=1864 |title=Heraldry, historical and popular |url=https://archive.org/details/heraldryhistoric01bout/page/332/mode/2up |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |pages=320, 332 |quote=The Heraldic Crown which enjoys the Royal favour, differs from both No. 562, and the State Crown, No. 624, and inclines to the type of an earlier time ; this Heraldic Crown of our Most Gracious Sovereign is represented in No. 334, page 332, ensigning the Royal Shield of Arms.}}{{cite book |date=1865 |title=Debrett's Illustrated Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jrmY_qqD84C&pg=PR19 |location=London |publisher=Bosworth |page=xix |isbn=}}{{efn|Victoria had featured in William Wyon's gothic crown coin in 1847,{{cite web |url=https://www.baldwin.co.uk/news/victoria-gothic-crown-1847/ |title=Victoria Gothic Crown, 1847 |last=Booth |first=James |date=19 March 2019 |website=Baldwin's |publisher= |access-date=29 June 2024 }} and the Palace of Westminster, rebuilt from 1840 to 1876, makes extensive use of a gothic style crown. The British had assumed direct rule over India in 1858, and the Order of the Star of India, created in 1861, depicted a Tudor Crown from its inception.{{sfn|Boutell|1864|loc=[https://archive.org/details/heraldryhistoric01bout/page/352/mode/2up p. 352]}} Victoria had a new crown made in 1870 which resembled the Tudor Crown,{{Royal Collection|31705|Queen Victoria's Small Diamond Crown}} declining to wear the Imperial State Crown which she found heavy and uncomfortable.}} After the accession of Edward VII, the War Office raised the issue of a standardised design of the crown for use by the British Army, there being in use several crowns of different patterns.{{cite journal |orig-date=First published July 1901 |year=1902 |title=The Royal Arms and Cypher for the Present Reign |url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalmaga5190unse/page/92/mode/2up |journal=The Genealogical Magazine |volume=5 |pages=93–94 |doi= |access-date=28 June 2024 }} On 4 May 1901, the king approved a single Tudor Crown design based on the crown of Henry VII, as "chosen and always used by Queen Victoria personally".

George VI had ceased to use the style "Emperor of India" in 1948 following India's independence in 1947,{{London Gazette |issue=38330 |date=22 June 1948 |page=3647}} and on the accession of Elizabeth II in 1952, she opted to change from the 1901 Tudor Crown to a design resembling St Edward's Crown, similar to that last used before the reign of Victoria.{{cite book |last=Bedingfeld |first=Henry |author-link= |date=1993 |title=Heraldry |url=https://archive.org/details/heraldry0000bedi/page/122/mode/2up |location=Leicester |publisher=Magna Books |page=123 |isbn=978-1854224330}} Charles III adopted the Tudor Crown on his accession in 2022, similar to that last used under George VI but with some differences.{{cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Royal Cypher |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher |website=College of Arms |access-date=11 July 2024}}{{cite web |url=https://publicsafetyfoundation.uk/uploads/ciiir_state_symbols_guidance_july_2023.pdf |title=Symbols of State Guidance |author= |date=July 2023 |website=The Public Safety Foundation (UK) |publisher= |access-date=19 July 2024 }} The cap of the heraldic crowns is always represented as crimson, regardless of the colour of any actual crowns.

Use of the crowns for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the Paris Convention) under sections 4 and 99 of the Trade Marks Act 1994, and their use is governed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office.{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1994 |chapter=26 |act=Trade Marks Act 1994 |section=4 |access-date=25 July 2024 }}{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1994 |chapter=26 |act=Trade Marks Act 1994 |section=99 |access-date=25 July 2024 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.royal.uk/use-of-royal-arms |title=Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images |author= |website=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household |access-date=19 July 2024 }} It is also an offence under Section 12 of the Trade Descriptions Act 1968 to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family.{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |year=1968 |chapter=29 |act=Trade Descriptions Act 1968 |section=12 |access-date=25 July 2024 }}

• Canadian royal symbols

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=Janet|title=The 'Coronation' Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I|year=1978|journal=Burlington Magazine|volume=120|number=908|pages=726–739+741|jstor=879390}}
• {{cite journal|last=Barclay|first=Andrew|title=The 1661 St Edward's Crown – Refurbished, Recycled or Replaced?|year=2008|journal=The Court Historian|volume=13|number=2|pages=149–170|doi=10.1179/cou.2008.13.2.002|s2cid=159809217 }}
• {{cite book|editor-last=Blair|editor-first=Claude|title=The Crown Jewels: The History of the Coronation Regalia …|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwSPlwEACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-11-701359-9}}
• {{cite book|last1=Dixon-Smith|first1=Sally|last2=Edwards|first2=Sebastian|last3=Kilby|first3=Sarah|last4=Murphy|first4=Clare|last5=Souden|first5=David|last6=Spooner|first6=Jane|last7=Worsley|first7=Lucy|title=The Crown Jewels: Souvenir Guidebook|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|year=2010|isbn=978-1-873993-13-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Hardman|first=Robert|title=The Making of a King: King Charles III and the Modern Monarchy|year=2024|publisher=Pegasus Books|isbn=978-1-639365-31-9}}
• {{cite journal|last=Holmes|first=Martin|year=1959|title=New Light on St. Edward's Crown|journal=Archaeologia|volume=97|pages=213–223|doi=10.1017/S0261340900010006}}
• {{cite book|last=Keay|first=Anna|title=The Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwpjtwAACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51575-4}}
• {{cite book|editor-last=MacGregor|editor-first=Arthur|title=The Late King's Goods: Collections, Possessions and Patronage of Charles I …|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gUXAQAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Alistair McAlpine|isbn=978-0-19-920171-6}}
• {{cite book|last1=Mears|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Thurley|first2=Simon|last3=Murphy|first3=Claire|title=The Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1GJnAEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|asin=B000HHY1ZQ}}
• {{cite book|last1=Moncreiffe|first1=Iain|last2=Pottinger|first2=Don|title=Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated|year=1953|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.}}
• {{cite book|last=Rose|first=Tessa|title=The Coronation Ceremony and the Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSUTAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=HM Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-117-01361-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Steane|first=John|title=The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1SFAgAAQBAJ|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64159-8}}
• {{cite book|last=Twining|first=Edward Francis|title=A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvIOAQAAMAAJ|year=1960|publisher=B. T. Batsford|asin=B00283LZA6}}

{{Refend}}

{{commons category|Crown of St Edward}}

• {{Royal Collection|31700|St Edward's Crown}}
• [https://www.royal.uk/crown-jewels The Crown Jewels] at the royal family website

{{Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom}}

{{Crowns}}

{{Royal heraldry in the United Kingdom}}

{{Canadian royal symbols}}

Category:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

Category:Individual crowns

Category:Crowns in heraldry

Category:National symbols of the United Kingdom

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Category:1661 works

Category:Edward the Confessor

Category:Charles II of England