Stains-all
{{short description|Dye}}
{{Chembox
| ImageFile = Stains-all.svg
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| PIN = 1-Ethyl-2-[(1E,3Z)-3-(1-ethylnaphtho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-2(1H)-ylidene)-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl]naphtho[1,2-d][1,3]thiazol-1-ium bromide
| OtherNames = DBTC; Carbocyanin DBTC
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 7423-31-6
| PubChem = 6364602
| UNII = 4MB06G6N2I
| SMILES = CCN1/C(=C/C(=C/C2=[N+](C3=C(S2)C=CC4=CC=CC=C43)CC)/C)/SC5=C1C6=CC=CC=C6C=C5.[Br-]
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=30 | H=27 | Br=1 | N=2 | S=2
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
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Stains-all is a carbocyanine dye, which stains anionic proteins, nucleic acids, anionic polysaccharides and other anionic molecules.{{cite journal | pmid = 4128675| year = 1973| last1 = Green| first1 = M. R.| title = Differential staining of phosphoproteins on polyacrylamide gels with a cationic carbocyanine dye| journal = Analytical Biochemistry| volume = 56| issue = 1| pages = 43–51| last2 = Pastewka| first2 = J. V.| last3 = Peacock| first3 = A. C.| doi = 10.1016/0003-2697(73)90167-x}}{{cite journal | doi = 10.1006/abio.1996.0361| pmid = 8811925| title = A Method for Enhancing the Sensitivity and Stability of Stains-All for Phosphoproteins Separated in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gels| journal = Analytical Biochemistry| volume = 240| issue = 2| pages = 300–302| year = 1996| last1 = Myers| first1 = Jody M.| last2 = Veis| first2 = Arthur| last3 = Sabsay| first3 = Boris| last4 = Wheeler| first4 = A.P.}}
Properties
Stains-all is metachromatic and changes its color dependent on its contact to other molecules.{{cite journal | pmid = 2480348| year = 1989| last1 = Sharma| first1 = Y.| title = Binding site conformation dictates the color of the dye stains-all. A study of the binding of this dye to the eye lens proteins crystallins| journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry| volume = 264| issue = 35| pages = 20923–7| last2 = Rao| first2 = C. M.| last3 = Rao| first3 = S. C.| last4 = Krishna| first4 = A. G.| last5 = Somasundaram| first5 = T.| last6 = Balasubramanian| first6 = D.| doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)30024-9| doi-access = free}} The detection limit for phosphoproteins is below 1 ng after one hour of staining,{{cite journal | pmid = 24114871| year = 2013| last1 = Cong| first1 = W. T.| title = Improved staining of phosphoproteins with high sensitivity in polyacrylamide gels using Stains-All| journal = Electrophoresis| volume = 34| issue = 24| pages = 3277–86| last2 = Ye| first2 = W. J.| last3 = Chen| first3 = M.| last4 = Zhao| first4 = T.| last5 = Zhu| first5 = Z. X.| last6 = Niu| first6 = C.| last7 = Ruan| first7 = D. D.| last8 = Ni| first8 = M. W.| last9 = Zhou| first9 = X.| last10 = Jin| first10 = L. T.| doi = 10.1002/elps.201300328| s2cid = 1412613}} for anionic polysaccharides between 10 and 500 ng.N{{cite journal | pmid = 15866501| year = 2005| last1 = Volpi| first1 = N.| title = Simultaneous detection of submicrogram quantities of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate on agarose-gel by sequential staining with toluidine blue and Stains-All| journal = Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences| volume = 820| issue = 1| pages = 131–5| last2 = MacCari| first2 = F.| last3 = Titze| first3 = J.| doi = 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.028}}{{cite journal | pmid = 12481260| year = 2002| last1 = Volpi| first1 = N.| title = Detection of submicrogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans on agarose gels by sequential staining with toluidine blue and Stains-All| journal = Electrophoresis| volume = 23| issue = 24| pages = 4060–6| last2 = MacCari| first2 = F.| doi = 10.1002/elps.200290021| s2cid = 22945783}} Highly anionic proteins are stained blue, proteoglycans purple and anionic proteins pink.{{cite journal | pmid = 9299020| year = 1997| last1 = Goldberg| first1 = H. A.| title = The staining of acidic proteins on polyacrylamide gels: Enhanced sensitivity and stability of "Stains-all" staining in combination with silver nitrate| journal = Analytical Biochemistry| volume = 251| issue = 2| pages = 227–33| last2 = Warner| first2 = K. J.| doi = 10.1006/abio.1997.2252}} RNA is stained blueish-purple with a detection limit of 90 ng and DNA is stained blue with a detection limit of 3 ng.Sigma-Aldrich: MSDS Stains-All ~95%, accessed May 16, 2015.
Stains-all is light sensitive, therefore the staining is performed in the absence of light and photographed immediately. Staining of proteins can be improved by a subsequent silver stain. The analogue Ethyl-Stains-all has similar properties as stains-all, with differences in solubility and staining properties.{{cite journal | pmid = 90067| year = 1979| last1 = Green| first1 = M. R.| title = The cationic carbocyanine dyes Stains-all DBTC, and Ethyl-Stains-all, DBTC-3,3',9 triethyl| journal = The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry | volume = 27| issue = 3| pages = 797–9| last2 = Pastewka| first2 = J. V.| doi = 10.1177/27.3.90067| doi-access = free}}
Applications
Stains-all stains nucleic acids, anionic proteins, anionic polysaccharides such as alginate and pectinate,{{cite journal | pmid = 1711507| year = 1991| last1 = Krishna| first1 = A. G.| title = Conformation of alginate and pectate chains monitored by the binding of the dye stains-all| journal = Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics| volume = 28| issue = 1| pages = 30–3| last2 = Sharma| first2 = Y.}} hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. It is used in SDS-PAGE, agarose gel electrophoresis and histologic staining, e.g. staining of growth lines in bones.{{cite journal | pmid = 1716999| year = 1991| last1 = Gruber| first1 = H. E.| title = Application of stains-all for demarcation of cement lines in methacrylate embedded bone| journal = Biotechnic & Histochemistry | volume = 66| issue = 4| pages = 181–4| last2 = Mekikian| first2 = P.| doi = 10.3109/10520299109109966}}