Stand-up comedy

{{main|History of stand-up comedy}}

Stand-up comedy originated in various traditions of popular entertainment in the late 19th century. These include vaudeville, the stump-speech monologues of minstrel shows, dime museums, concert saloons, freak shows, variety shows, medicine shows, American burlesque, English music halls, circus clown antics, Chautauqua, and humorist monologues, such as those delivered by Mark Twain in his 1866 touring show Our Fellow Savages of the Sandwich Islands.{{cite book |last1=Tafoya |first1=Eddie |title=The Legacy of the Wisecrack: Stand-up Comedy as the Great American Literary Form |date=2009 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=9781599424958 |pages=85–148}}Bloomquist, Jennifer. "The Minstrel Legacy: African American English and the Historical Construction of 'Black' Identities in Entertainment." Journal of African American Studies 19, no. 4 (2015): 410–425.

Charles Farrar Browne (April 26, 1834 – March 6, 1867), better known by his nom de plume, Artemus Ward, is considered{{By whom|date=November 2024}} America's first stand-up comedian.{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

The first documented use of "stand-up" appeared in The Stage in 1911, describing Nellie Perrier delivering 'stand-up comic ditties in a chic and charming manner'. However, this referred to a performance of comedy songs rather than stand-up comedy in its modern form.Comedy Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, 106–109{{full citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The term appeared again in the “Stage Gossip” column of The Yorkshire Evening Post on November 10, 1917. The article discussed the career of a comedian Finlay Dunn, stating that Dunn was "what he calls a stand-up comedian'" during the latter part of the 19th century. However, the term may have been used retrospectively.{{Cite journal|last=Double|first=Oliver|date=9 April 2018|title=The origin of the term 'stand-up comedy'|journal=Comedy Studies|volume=12|issue=2|pages=235–237|doi=10.1080/2040610X.2018.1428427|s2cid=195058528|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66675/2/The%20origin%20of%20the%20term%20stand-up%20comedy%20update.docx |via=Taylor & Francis}}

{{Main|Comedic genres}}File:Bill-Bailey.jpg performing in 2007]]

Stand-up has multiple genres and styles with their formats. Common ones include:

• Alternative: Intended to counter the established figures of mainstream comedy.
• Anecdotal comedy: Storytelling using exaggeration and humor.{{cite web | url=https://cleancomedians.com/anecdotal-comedy/ | title=What is Anecdotal Comedy? | date=24 April 2023 }}
• Character: A fictional persona created by the performer.
• Deadpan: The deliberate display of emotional neutrality or no emotion, commonly as a form of comedic delivery to contrast with the ridiculousness or absurdity of the subject matter. This is also called dry humor, or dry-wit humor.
• Impressionist: Imitating notable figures.
• Insult: Consists mainly of offensive insults, usually directed at the audience or other performers.
• Musical: Humorous songs or musical parodies, sometimes without lyrics.
• Observational: Conversation on the absurdities of everyday life.{{cite book|last=Quirk|first=Sophie|date=2015|title=Why Stand-up Matters: How Comedians Manipulate and Influence|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Methuen Drama|page=154|isbn=978-1-4725-7893-8|quote=Observational comedy works by mocking 'normal' behaviours but, even as it does so, it often affirms and promotes a fixed idea of what 'normal' is.}}
• Satire: Ridicule of people, institutions, or ideas through jokes.{{Cite web |last=Cambridge University Press |date= |title=SATIRE {{!}} definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/satire |access-date=February 6, 2024 |website=Cambridge English Dictionary}}
• Topical: Framed around a specific topic related to current events or dealing with issues that are important or popular at the current time.
• Wordplay comedy: Tends to involve the use of tactics like puns, double entendres and rhymes to entertain audiences. Thus, delivery tends to be filled with many one-liners.{{cite web | url=https://www.comedyville.ca/styles-of-stand-up-comedy/ | title=Different Styles of Stand-up Comedy | date=18 July 2022 }}
• Self-Deprecating comedy: In this genre, comedians make jokes at their own expense, often poking fun at their own flaws, insecurities, or embarrassing experiences. The humor comes from vulnerability and relatability, which can make the comedian more likable. (see: Self-deprecation) {{Cite web |last=Moderator ★ |date=2019-07-16 |title=Self-Deprecating Humor |url=https://sova.pitt.edu/educate-yourself-self-deprecating-humor/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=SOVA |language=en-US}}

File:Joan Rivers at Udderbelly 09 (cropped).jpg performing in 2009]]

In a typical stand-up show, the host, compere, or emcee "warms up" the audience and introduces the other performers. This is followed by the opener, the feature, and then the headliner. The host may also act as the opener for smaller shows.{{cite journal|last=Seizer|first=Susan|date=2011|title=On the Uses of Obscenity in Live Stand-Up Comedy|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|publisher=The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research|volume=84|issue=1|pages=215–216|doi=10.1353/anq.2011.0001|jstor=41237487|quote=On this circuit, shows generally consist of three to four comics: Headliner, Feature act, Opener and/or Emcee (i.e., Master of Ceremonies). The Headliner does roughly an hour of original material. The Feature act does 25-30 minutes. The Opener has a ten minute slot, and the Emcee squeezes in a joke or two between acts (if the Opener is not also acting as the Emcee)...|s2cid=144137009}} Proven comics tend to earn regular bookings at clubs that are part of a chain and comedy venues. Jobbing stand-ups may perform sets at two or more venues on the same day.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Clubs and small venues often run open mic events; these slots may be booked in advance or left for walk-ins. Comedians use open mics to work on material or to show off their skills to get an opener slot.{{cite web|last=Oswalt|first=Patton|date=14 June 2014|title=A Closed Letter to Myself About Thievery, Heckling and Rape Jokes|url=http://www.pattonoswalt.com/index.cfm?page=spew&id=167|access-date=3 February 2019|website=Patton Oswalt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304155758/http://www.pattonoswalt.com/index.cfm?page=spew&id=167|archive-date=2019-03-04|quote=Open mikes are where, as a comedian [like Daniel Tosh and his controversy], you're supposed to be allowed to fuck up.}} "Bringer shows" are shows that require amateur performers to bring a specified number of paying guests with them to receive stage time.{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Brian |date=2013-05-22 |title=The "Bringer" Show: What to Expect When Building Your Comedy Career |url=https://newyorkcomedy.wordpress.com/2013/05/22/the-bringer-show-what-to-expect-when-building-your-comedy-career/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=New York City Comedy |language=en}}

As well as being a mainstay of the comedy circuit, festivals often also showcase up-and-coming acts, with promoters and agents using the festivals to seek out new talent.{{cite book|last1=Frances-White|first1=Deborah|last2=Shandur|first2=Marsha|year=2016|title=Off the Mic: The World's Best Stand-up Comedians Get Serious About Comedy|others=Jim Jefferies|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=176|isbn=978-1-4725-2638-0|quote=Go to festivals, because that's where you get noticed by the media ... [and] gauge [yourself against] everybody else.}}

Experienced comics with a following may produce a television special or a comedy album. It may be recorded on tour or at a show advertised and performed specifically for the purpose. A TV special originally released on television, video on demand, or in film theatre's may be re-released as an album on audio CD, LP record, or audio streaming. A "half-hour special" is typically between 20 and 35 minutes in runtime excluding commercial breaks and an "hour-long special" is typically between 40 and 65 minutes excluding commercial breaks.{{Cite web|date=12 August 2018|title=Top 25 Stand-Up Specials of All-Time|url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls068743679/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=IMDb}}

{{main|Theories of humour}}

File:Tiffany Haddish at Incirlik (cropped).jpg performing in 2013]]

Stand-up comedians define their craft through the development of routines, which they construct and refine with jokes and interconnected "bits." These bits form an interwoven narrative, leading to the "closer," the final joke that ties the show's themes together for a satisfying conclusion.

Most jokes are the juxtaposition of two incongruous things and are made up of the premise, set-up, and punchline, often adding a twist, topper, or tagline for an intensified or extra laugh. Delivery relies on the use of intonation, inflection, attitude, and timing as well as other stylistic devices, such as the rule of three, idioms, archetypes, or wordplay.{{cite AV media|title=The Art of Stand-Up|people=Eddie Izzard|medium=TV|language=en|publisher=BBC: One|year=2011|location=United Kingdom|quote=Eddie Izzard states, 'it should be—establish, reaffirm, and then you kill it on the third... you can keep reaffirming before you twist.}}{{cite book|last1=Helitzer|first1=Mel|url=https://archive.org/details/comedywritingsec00heli_0/page/63|title=Comedy Writing secrets: the best-selling book on how to think funny, write funny, act funny, and get paid for it|last2=Shatz|first2=Mark|publisher=Writer's Digest Books|year=2005|isbn=978-1-58297-357-9|edition=2nd|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|page=[https://archive.org/details/comedywritingsec00heli_0/page/63 63]}} Another popular joke structure is the paraprosdokian, a surprising punchline that changes the context or meaning of the setup.{{cite book|last1=Leighton|first1=H. Vernon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjHNDwAAQBAJ|title=Theology and Geometry: Essays on John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces (Politics, Literature, & Film)|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2020|isbn=978-1-4985-8547-7|editor-last=Marsh|editor-first=Leslie|location=United Kingdom|publication-date=29 January 2020|pages=2–4|chapter=A Theory of Humor (Abridged) and the Comic Mechanisms of John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces|quote=it is useful to examine the famous paraprosdokian, 'I've had a wonderful evening, but this wasn't it.'|access-date=27 March 2020}}

In order to falsely frame their stories as true or to free themselves of responsibility for breaking social conventions, comedians can use the jester's privilege, which is the right to discuss and mock anything freely without being punished.{{Cite web|title=Medieval Jesters – And their Parallels in Modern America|url=http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2019/1/13/medieval-jesters-and-their-parallels-in-modern-america|access-date=2022-02-18|magazine=History is Now|date=13 January 2019 |language=en-US}}Billington, Sandra. "A Social History of the Fool," The Harvester Press, 1984. ISBN 0-7108-0610-8 Social commentators have referred to the concepts of "punching up" and "punching down" in attempting to describe who should be the "butt of the joke". This carries the assumption that, relative to the comedian's own socio-political identity, comedy should "punch up" at the rich and powerful without "punching down" at those who are marginalized and less fortunate.{{cite book|last=Quirk|first=Sophie|title=The Politics of British Stand-Up Comedy: The New Alternative|date=2018|publisher=palgrave macmillan|isbn=978-3-030-01104-8|series=Palgrave Studies in Comedy|location=London, UK|pages=23, 29|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-01105-5|lccn=2018956867|quote= the comedy of the left 'punches up' at the established authorities of its time, be they governmental, cultural, or artistic. ... a joke is a joke, not a political act, and the ability to say what you like in the context of joking is held sacred.|author-link=}}{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Sascha|date=2014|title=A Brief History of Punch-Down Comedy|url=http://www.maskmagazine.com/the-joy-issue/life/stand-up-punch-down|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609071341/http://maskmagazine.com/the-joy-issue/life/stand-up-punch-down|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 9, 2018|access-date=6 February 2019|website=Mask|publisher=Maskmag|quote=George Carlin echoed this sentiment, observing that 'comedy has traditionally picked on people in power.' … '[Chappelle and Gervais] have done daring and subversive work on other topics, like race and religion, respectively, but punching down at an essentially powerless minority group is pure hack.'}} Many comedians have criticized the cultural rhetoric concerning "punching up" and "punching down", including Colin Quinn, who described the terms as a product of activism and "not created by humorous people."{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Ben|date=2016|title=Knock Yourselves Out: "Punching up" in American comedy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43958952|journal=The Baffler|volume=31|issue=31 |pages=134–136|jstor=43958952 |access-date=2023-08-23}}

Appropriation and plagiarism are considered "social crimes" by most stand-ups. There have been several high-profile accusations of joke theft, some ending in lawsuits for copyright infringement. Those accused will sometimes claim cryptomnesia or parallel thinking,{{cite web|last=Voss|first=Erik|date=4 November 2010|title=Is There Ever a Justification for Joke Stealing?|url=https://www.vulture.com/2010/11/is-there-eve-a-justification-for-joke-stealing.html|access-date=12 March 2019|website=Vulture: Devouring Culture|publisher=New York Media LLC}}{{cite book|last=Borns|first=Betsy|url=https://archive.org/details/comiclivesinside00born|title=Comic Lives: Inside the World of American Stand-up comedy|publisher=Simon & Schuster|others=Abby Stein|year=1987|isbn=0-671-62620-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/comiclivesinside00born/page/n267 242]|quote=[T]here are also cases of simple coincidence and, often in the case of observational material, parallel thinking.|url-access=registration}} but it is difficult to successfully sue for joke theft regardless due to the idea–expression distinction.{{Cite web|last=Bailey|first=Jonathan|date=27 September 2021|title=When Joke Theft Becomes Serious|url=https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2021/09/27/when-joke-theft-becomes-serious/|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Plagiarism today}}

File:2007 Damon Wayans.jpg performing in 2007]]

According to Anna Spagnolli, stand-up comedy audiences "are both 'co-constructors of the situation' and 'co-responsible for it{{'"}}.{{Cite journal|date=2009|title=The Interactional Context of Humor in Stand-up Comedy|author1=Fabiola Scarpetta|author2=Anna Spagnolli|journal=Research on Language and Social Interaction|volume=42|issue=3|pages=210–230|doi=10.1080/08351810903089159|s2cid=143552897 }}{{page range too broad|date=November 2023}}

In stand-up comedy, an unspoken contract with the audience allows for the exploration of unexpected, controversial, or scandalous subjects. The reception of a joke, whether met with laughter or disapproval, hinges on the audience's understanding of the premise and appreciation of the punchline. A seasoned comic is able to instantly react to the audience's reaction and use it to further the narrative.

Stand-up comedy, distinct from traditional performing arts, features a lone comedian directly engaging the audience. Success hinges on creating spontaneity, fostering intimacy, and deterring heckling.

Part of the appeal of stand up is in appreciation of the skill of the performer, as studies have shown that many people find the idea of standing on stage daunting; research on the subject has consistently found that the fear of public speaking is more intense than the fear of dying.{{cite web | url=https://lovepublicspeaking.org/fear-public-speaking-more-than-death-fear-not-the-audience-only-sees-20-of-your-nerves | title=Fear public speaking more than death? Fear not – the audience only sees 20% of your nerves | date=February 2022 }}{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/speaking-in-public-is-worse-than-death-for-most-5l2bvqlmbnt | title=Speaking in public is worse than death for most | last1=Burgess | first1=Kaya }}

The audience is integral to live comedy, both as a foil to the comedian and as a contributing factor to the overall experience. The use of canned laughter in television comedy reveals this, with shows often seeming "dry" or dull without it. Shows may be filmed in front of a live audience for the same reason.{{Cite journal|last1=Lockyear|first1=Sharon|last2=Myers|first2=Lynn|date=November 2011|title=It's About Expecting the Unexpected - Live Stand-up Comedy from the Audiences Perspective|url=https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/8584/2/Fulltext.pdf|journal=Participations|volume=8|issue=2|pages=165–188|via=on-line Database}}

{{more citations needed section|date=July 2022}}

File:BridgetChristieHoxtonHallColinHuttonedit.jpg performing in 2016]]

;Beat: A pause specifically to create comic timing.

;Bit: A section within a comedy show or routine.

;Bombing: Failing to get laughs.

;Callback: A reference to a joke earlier in the set.

;Chewing the scenery: Being overly theatrical or "trying too hard" to get a laugh, especially when failing.

;Chi-chi room: The ritzy room of a nightclub or a comedy club with niche performances.{{cite book|last=Wilde|first=Larry|title=Great Comedians Talk About Comedy|publisher=Executive Books|others=Shelley Berman|year=2000|isbn=0-937539-51-1|location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania|page=86|chapter=Shelley Berman|quote=Just because it is small, they call it a chi-chi room, or because they bring certain oddball forms of entertainment|orig-date=1968}}

;Clapter: When the audience cheers or applauds an opinion that they agree with, but which is not funny enough for them to laugh at. Coined by Seth Meyers.{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Hershal |date=10 January 2018 |title=The Rise of "Clapter" Comedy |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/01/the-rise-of-clapter-comedy.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=Vulture}}

;Corpsing or breaking: When the comedian laughs unintentionally during a portion of the show in which they are supposed to keep a straight face.

;Crowd work: Talking directly with audience members through prewritten bits, improvisation or both.

;Hack: A clichéd or unskilled comic.

;Killing and dying: When a stand-up does well, they are killing. If they are doing poorly, they are dying.

;Mugging: Pulling silly faces to elicit a cheap laugh, often relying on exaggerated expressions and physical gestures. This comedic technique aims to generate amusement through visual absurdity and can be employed by performers to enhance the comedic impact of their delivery.

;Punter: A member of the audience. Primarily a British term.{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Benamin |date=6 September 2021 |title=Whose job is it to deal with aggressive comedy punters? |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/correspondents/2021/09/06/49197/whose_job_is_it_to_deal_with_aggressive_comedy_punters%3F |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=Chortle}}

;The room: The space where the performance takes place. Stand-ups can "read the room" to interpret signs from the audience or "work the room" by interacting with the audience directly.

;Tight five: A five-minute routine that is well-rehearsed and consists of a comedian's best material that reliably gets laughs. It is often used for auditions and is a stepping stone to getting a paid spot.{{cite book|last=Rosenfield|first=Stephen|title=Mastering Stand-Up: The Complete Guide to Becoming a Successful Comedian|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-61373-692-0|location=Chicago, Illinois|page=195|quote=If you have an all 'A' [material] 5-minute set, you'll get paid nothing.}}

;Warm up: To warm up a "cold" audience during the opening act before the main show. Often used at the filming of television comedies in front of studio audiences.

;Work out: The process in which brand new jokes are introduced and polished over time.

Jessica Delfino holds{{When|date=November 2024}} the record for most comedy sets performed in one night by a female comedian.{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Sean L. |date=11 September 2015 |title=Aaron Berg, Jessica Delfino set out to break Steve Byrne's record for stand-up comedy sets in one night |url=https://thecomicscomic.com/2015/09/11/aaron-berg-jessica-delfino-set-out-to-break-steve-byrnes-record-for-stand-up-comedy-sets-in-one-night/#google_vignette |work=The Comic's Comic}}

Phyllis Diller holds{{When|date=November 2024}} the Guinness World Record for most laughs per minute, with 12.{{cite news |last=King |first=Susan |date=22 December 2006 |title=Diller can still pack a punch line |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-dec-22-et-diller22-story.html |access-date=28 March 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |quote=[Phyllis Diller] still holds the Guinness Book of World Records for doling out 12 punch lines a minute.}}

Taylor Goodwin holds{{When|date=November 2024}} the Guinness World Record for most jokes told in an hour with 550.{{cite web |title=Most jokes told in an hour |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-jokes-told-in-an-hour |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727071127/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-jokes-told-in-an-hour |archive-date=27 July 2015 |work=Guinness World Records}}

Lee Evans sold £7 million worth of tickets for his 2011 tour in a day, the biggest first-day sale of a British comedy tour.{{Cite web |date=17 October 2010 |title=Biggest first day sale of any British comedy tour ever. |url=https://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2010/10/17/11948/lee_evans_breaks_box_office_records |access-date=4 November 2021 |website=Chortle}}

Ricky Gervais set a new Guinness World Record for the highest gross from a single stand-up performance with his tour "Armageddon." The performance at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, California, on May 6, 2023, garnered £1,410,000 ($1,790,206.50).{{Cite web |last=Pilastro |first=Eleonora |date=4 September 2023 |title=Ricky Gervais's Armageddon breaks stand-up comedy record |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/9/ricky-gervaiss-armageddon-breaks-stand-up-comedy-record-757903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118094208/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/9/ricky-gervaiss-armageddon-breaks-stand-up-comedy-record-757903 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Guinness World Records}}

• Comedy
• List of stand-up circuits
• Women in comedy
• Theories of humor
• Macchietta, 19th-century Italian comedy
• Rakugo, Japanese one-man comedy
• Manzai, Japanese double act comedy
• Owarai, Japanese stand-up comedy{{Cite web|last=Spacey|first=John|date=5 September 2015|title=4 Types of Japanese comedy|url=https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/japanese-comedy|access-date=31 October 2021|website=Japan Talk}}
• The Clown's Prayer, a poem or prayer that comedians use for inspiration
• Xiangsheng, Chinese stand-up comedy

{{reflist}}

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