Standard temperature and pressure
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Reference values for temperature and pressure}}
{{Distinguish|Standard sea-level conditions}}
{{for|the conditions used in thermodynamic evaluations|Standard state}}
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) or standard conditions for temperature and pressure are various standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements used to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted. Other organizations have established a variety of other definitions.
In industry and commerce, the standard conditions for temperature and pressure are often necessary for expressing the volumes of gases and liquids and related quantities such as the rate of volumetric flow (the volumes of gases vary significantly with temperature and pressure): standard cubic meters per second (Sm3/s), and normal cubic meters per second (Nm3/s).
Many technical publications (books, journals, advertisements for equipment and machinery) simply state "standard conditions" without specifying them; often substituting the term with older "normal conditions", or "NC". In special cases this can lead to confusion and errors. Good practice always incorporates the reference conditions of temperature and pressure. If not stated, some room environment conditions are supposed, close to 1 atm pressure, {{degK|273.15}} ({{degC|0}}), and 0% humidity.
Definitions
In chemistry, IUPAC changed its definition of standard temperature and pressure in 1982:{{cite book|title=IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology|year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford|isbn=0-632-03583-8|author=A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson|editor5-first=Alan|editor5-last=McNaught|editor4-first=Aubrey|editor4-last=Jenkins|editor3-first=Bedřich|editor3-last=Košata|editor2-first=Jiří|editor2-last=Jirát|editor1-first=Miloslav|editor1-last=Nič|edition=2nd|url=https://dev.goldbook.iupac.org/files/pdf/green_book_2ed.pdf#page=62|page=54|doi=10.1351/goldbook|quote=Standard conditions for gases: ... and pressure of 105 pascals. The previous standard absolute pressure of 1 atm (equivalent to 101.325 kPa) was changed to 100 kPa in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued.}}{{cite book|entry=standard pressure|title=IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology|year=1997|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-9678550-9-7|entry-url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05921|author=A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson|edition=2nd|doi=10.1351/goldbook.S05921}}
- Until 1982, STP was defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
- Since 1982, STP has been defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 1 bar (100 kPa, 105 Pa).
NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa).{{cite journal|title=20 Degrees Celsius--A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements|journal=NIST |date=January 2007 |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |url=https://www.nist.gov/publications/20-degrees-celsius-short-history-standard-reference-temperature-industrial-dimensional|last1=Doiron |first1=Theodore D. |doi=10.6028/jres.112.001 |pmid=27110451 |pmc=4654601 }} This standard is also called normal temperature and pressure (abbreviated as NTP). However, a common temperature and pressure in use by NIST for thermodynamic experiments is 298.15 K (25 °C, 77 °F) and 1 bar (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa).{{Cite book|last=Helrich|first=Carl S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU5DICYlDEAC&q=Modern+Thermodynamics+with+Statistical+Mechanics&pg=PA1|title=Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics|date=2008-11-14|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-85418-0|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=A Guide to the NIST Chemistry WebBook|url=https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/guide/index.html.en-us.en|access-date=2020-10-06|website=webbook.nist.gov}} NIST also uses 15 °C (288.15 K, 59 °F) for the temperature compensation of refined petroleum products, despite noting that these two values are not exactly consistent with each other.{{cite web|title=Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices|url=https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2021/05/05/00-20-hb44-web-final_0.pdf|page = 3-1}}
The ISO 13443 standard reference conditions for natural gas and similar fluids are {{convert|288.15|K|C F}} and 101.325 kPa;
by contrast, the American Petroleum Institute adopts {{convert|60|F|C K|2}}.[https://www.api.org/-/media/files/publications/2022-catalog/petroleum-measurement-2022.pdf API Petroleum Measurement]
= Past uses =
Before 1918, many professionals and scientists using the metric system of units defined the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure for expressing gas volumes as being {{convert|15|C|K F|2}} and {{convert|101.325|kPa|atm Torr|lk=on|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}. During those same years, the most commonly used standard reference conditions for people using the imperial or U.S. customary systems was {{convert|60|F|C K|2}} and 14.696 psi (1 atm) because it was almost universally used by the oil and gas industries worldwide. The above definitions are no longer the most commonly used in either system of units.{{cite journal|title=20 °C – A Short History of the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Dimensional Measurements|last=Doiron|first=Ted|date=Jan–Feb 2007|journal=Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology|volume=112|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.6028/jres.112.001|pmid=27110451|pmc=4654601}}
= Current use =
Many different definitions of standard reference conditions are currently being used by organizations all over the world. The table below lists a few of them, but there are more. Some of these organizations used other standards in the past. For example, IUPAC has, since 1982, defined standard reference conditions as being 0 °C and 100 kPa (1 bar), in contrast to its old standard of 0 °C and 101.325 kPa (1 atm). The new value is the mean atmospheric pressure at an altitude of about 112 metres, which is closer to the worldwide median altitude of human habitation (194 m).{{cite journal|title=Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude|last1=Cohen|first1=Joel E.|last2=Small|first2=Christopher|date=November 24, 1998|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=95|issue=24|pages=14009–14014|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009|pmid=9826643|pmc=24316|bibcode=1998PNAS...9514009C |doi-access=free}}
Natural gas companies in Europe, Australia, and South America have adopted 15 °C (59 °F) and 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) as their standard gas volume reference conditions, used as the base values for defining the standard cubic meter.{{cite web|url=http://www.gassco.no/sw3138.asp |title=Concepts – Standard cubic meter (scm) |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=Gassco |quote=Scm: The usual abbreviation for standard cubic metre – a cubic metre of gas under a standard condition, defined as an atmospheric pressure of 1.01325 bar and a temperature of 15°C. This unit provides a measure for gas volume. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018212002/http://www.gassco.no/sw3138.asp |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |author-link=Gassco }}{{cite web |url=http://www.nord-stream.com/uploads/media/Nord_Stream_Route_Status_ENGLISH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216043432/http://www.nord-stream.com/uploads/media/Nord_Stream_Route_Status_ENGLISH.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-02-16 |title=Status of the Nord Stream pipeline route in the Baltic Sea |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=Nord Stream |date=October 2007 |quote=bcm: Billion Cubic Meter (standard cubic metre – a cubic metre of gas under a standard condition, defined as an atmospheric pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 15 °C.)|author-link=Nord Stream }}{{cite web |url=http://www.secinfo.com/dsD7y.1a.7.htm |title=Natural gas purchase and sale agreement |access-date=2008-07-25 |author=Metrogas |date=June 2004 |quote=Natural gas at standard condition shall mean the quantity of natural gas, which at a temperature of fifteen (15) Celsius degrees and a pressure of 101.325 kilopascals occupies the volume of one (1) cubic meter.|author-link=Metrogas }} Also, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) each have more than one definition of standard reference conditions in their various standards and regulations.
Abbreviations:
- EGIA: Electricity and Gas Inspection Act (of Canada)
- SATP: Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure
- SCF: Standard Cubic Foot
International Standard Atmosphere
In aeronautics and fluid dynamics the "International Standard Atmosphere" (ISA) is a specification of pressure, temperature, density, and speed of sound at each altitude. At standard mean sea level it specifies a temperature of {{convert|15|C|F}}, pressure of {{convert|101325|Pa|psi}} (1 atm), and a density of {{convert|1.2250|kg/m3|lb/ft3|sp=us}}. It also specifies a temperature lapse rate of −6.5 °C (−11.7 °F) per km (approximately −2 °C (−3.6 °F) per 1,000 ft).{{Cite web | last1 = Auld | first1 = D.J. | last2 = Srinivas | first2 = K. | title = Properties of the Atmosphere | date = 2008 | url = http://www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aero/atmosphere/ | access-date = 2008-03-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609091708/http://www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aero/atmosphere/ | archive-date = 2013-06-09 | url-status = dead }}Batchelor, G. K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1967.
The International Standard Atmosphere is representative of atmospheric conditions at mid latitudes. In the US this information is specified the U.S. Standard Atmosphere which is identical to the "International Standard Atmosphere" at all altitudes up to 65,000 feet above sea level.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
Standard laboratory conditions
Because many definitions of standard temperature and pressure differ in temperature significantly from standard laboratory temperatures (e.g. 0 °C vs. ~28 °C), reference is often made to "standard laboratory conditions" (a term deliberately chosen to be different from the term "standard conditions for temperature and pressure", despite its semantic near identity when interpreted literally). However, what is a "standard" laboratory temperature and pressure is inevitably geography-bound, given that different parts of the world differ in climate, altitude and the degree of use of heat/cooling in the workplace. For example, schools in New South Wales, Australia use 25 °C at 100 kPa for standard laboratory conditions.{{cite book|author=Peter Gribbon|title=Excel HSC Chemistry Pocket Book Years 11–12|publisher=Pascal Press|year=2001|isbn=978-1-74020-303-6}}
ASTM International has published Standard ASTM E41- Terminology Relating to Conditioning and hundreds of special conditions for particular materials and test methods. Other standards organizations also have specialized standard test conditions.{{cn|date=May 2023}}
Molar volume of a gas
{{see also|Standard cubic feet|Oil barrel}}
It is as important to indicate the applicable reference conditions of temperature and pressure when stating the molar volume of a gas{{cite web |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Results?search_for=volume+molar |title=Fundamental Physical Properties: Molar Volumes (CODATA values for ideal gases) |publisher=NIST}} as it is when expressing a gas volume or volumetric flow rate. Stating the molar volume of a gas without indicating the reference conditions of temperature and pressure has very little meaning and can cause confusion.
The molar volume of gases around STP and at atmospheric pressure can be calculated with an accuracy that is usually sufficient by using the ideal gas law. The molar volume of any ideal gas may be calculated at various standard reference conditions as shown below:
- Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
- Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 100.000 = 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa
- Vm = 8.3145 × 288.15 / 101.325 = 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa
- Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 101.325 = 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa
- Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 100.000 = 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa
- Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.696 = 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole)
- Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.730 = 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi
Technical literature can be confusing because many authors fail to explain whether they are using the ideal gas constant R, or the specific gas constant Rs. The relationship between the two constants is Rs = R / m, where m is the molecular mass of the gas.
The US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) uses 8.31432 m3·Pa/(mol·K) as the value of R. However, the USSA in 1976 does recognize that this value is not consistent with the values of the Avogadro constant and the Boltzmann constant.[https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/space-weather/online-publications/miscellaneous/us-standard-atmosphere-1976/us-standard-atmosphere_st76-1562_noaa.pdf U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976], U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976.
See also
- Environmental chamber
- ISO 1 – standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications
- Reference atmospheric model
- Room temperature
- Standard sea-level conditions
- Standard state
Explanatory notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05910.html "Standard conditions for gases"] from the IUPAC Gold Book.
- [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html "Standard pressure"] from the IUPAC Gold Book.
- [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S06036.html "STP"] from the IUPAC Gold Book.
- [http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05925.html "Standard state"] from the IUPAC Gold Book.
Category:Atmospheric thermodynamics