Stanisław Egbert Koźmian

{{Short description|Polish translator, writer and poet (1811–1885)}}

{{For-text|the Polish politician and artistic director|{{ill|Stanisław Koźmian|pl}}}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Stanisław Egbert Koźmian

| image =Koźmian, Stanisław Egbert.png

| alt = portrait of Koźmian

| caption =

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1811|04|21|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Wronów, Poland

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1885|04|23|1811|04|21|df=yes}}

| death_place = Poznań, Poland

| nationality =

| other_names =

| occupation = Translator

| years_active =

| known_for =

| notable_works = Translations of the works of William Shakespeare

| spouse = {{marriage |Felicya Łempicka |1853}}

| children = 2

| relatives = {{Indented plainlist|

{{ill|Zofia Przewłocka|pl}} (sister)
Jan Koźmian (brother)

}}}}

Stanisław Egbert Koźmian ({{IPA|pl|staˈɲiswaf ɛɡbɛrt 'koźmJian |lang|PL-Stanisław Egbert Koźmian.ogg}}) (21 April 1811{{snd}}23 April 1885) was a Polish writer, poet and translator. He is now best known for translating the works of William Shakespeare into Polish.

Koźmian was born in Wronów, near Lublin, to wealthy parents. After attending the Warsaw Lyceum, he studied law at the University of Warsaw from 1828 to 1830, where his friends included the poet Zygmunt Krasiński and the writer and translator {{Ill|Konstanty Gaszyński|pl}}. He participated as a junior officer in the Polish insurrection of 1831 and was forced to live abroad after the rebellion was crushed. He settled in England, where he lived as an exile for 12 years.

In England, Koźmian helped to raise funds for Polish emigrants and lobbied Parliamentarians about the plight of his homeland. After being allowed to return home to the Duchy of Posen, he and his brother Jan Koźmian worked as joint editors of their pro-Catholic periodical Poznań Review ({{Ill|Przegląd Poznański|pl}}). His translations of seven of the works of William Shakespeare were included in the publication of Drama Works by William Shakespeare ({{lang|pl|Dzieła dramatyczne Williama Shakespeare'a}}) in 1875, the first translation into Polish of all of Shakespeare's plays. Koźmian became a member of the Poznań Society of Friends of Learning in 1857, and was elected as president. He died in Poznań on 23 April 1885.

Life

=Family and early years=

File:Piotrowice, dwór, XVIII, 2 poł. XIX w.JPG, where Stanisław Egbert Koźmian lived until he was educated at the Warsaw Lyceum]]

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Stanisław Egbert Koźmian was born in the Polish village of Wronów, near Lublin (then in the Duchy of Warsaw), on 21 April 1811, the eldest child of Tomasz Jan Adam Kożmian (b. 1780) and Wiktorya Mikuliczówna (b. 1789).{{sfn|Boniecki|Reiski|1908|p=120}} His parents owned estates at Wola Gałęzowska and Wronów.{{sfn|Morawska|1885|p=5}}{{sfn|Pihan-Kijasowa|2008|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} Stanisław had three siblings: a sister, {{ill|Zofia Przewłocka|pl}}, and two brothers, Teofil Seweryn Tomasz and Jan Koźmian.{{sfn|Boniecki|Reiski|1908|p=120}} After the death of his father in 1818, at the age of 38,{{sfn|Morawska|1885|p=5}} Stanisław and his the family were brought up in the household of an uncle, the poet, critic and journalist {{Ill|Kajetan Koźmian|pl}}, at Piotrowice, near Puławy.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=201}}

Koźmian was educated in Lublin from 1821 to 1825. From 1826 to 1828 he attended the Warsaw Lyceum,{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=202}} where his classmates included the poet Zygmunt Krasiński and the writer and translator {{Ill|Konstanty Gaszyński|pl}}.{{sfn|Sokol|Kissane|Abramowicz|1992|p=209}} From 1828 to 1830 he studied law and public administration at the University of Warsaw; whilst there he published a translation of the Irish poet Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=202}}{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} His earliest poems were written in around 1830;{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} his first attempt at writing a play, Spy ({{lang|pl|Szpieg}}), produced in 1831, was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=202}}

Together with his brother Jan, Koźmian took part in the November Uprising. On 30 November 1830, he joined the {{ill|Academic Guard|pl|Gwardia Akademicka}} and fought in the honour guard of the commander of the Polish army, Józef Chłopicki. He took part in the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska on February 25, 1831.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=202}} With his old school friend {{Ill|Leon Ulrich|pl}}, he edited the newspaper Dziennik Gwardii Honorowej, and translated Goethe's Clavigo and Schiller's William Tell. During the uprising, Koźmian wrote patriotic poems; his War Song ({{lang|pl|Śpiew wojenny}}) was performed to the tune of God Save the King.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=202}}

From March 1831, Koźmian served in the artillery under Girolamo Ramorino. Koźmian was captured on 17 August near Ołtarzew, but two weeks later managed to escape and reach Warsaw. He left the city after it was recaptured and made his way to the Prussian border with the troops of Maciej Rybiński; his final rank in the Polish military was that of a {{lang|pl|podporucznik}} (second lieutenant).{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

=Exile in England=

When the revolution failed, Koźmian left Poland to live as an exile in England. He arrived on 1 January 1833, having first gone to Brussels, and also briefly volunteering for the French forces during the Siege of Antwerp.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} He lived in London before moving to Birmingham, where he found employment as a French teacher. In 1835 he returned to London, where he promoted Poland's cause in Parliament. He spoke at public meetings, and produced articles about Poland in the British press, as well as articles about England, which appeared in the Dziennik Naodowy.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} He helped to raise funds for Polish emigrants by organising concerts, balls and other charity events,{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=203}} and worked for the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland to help distribute aid.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} He attempted to establish a Polish bookstore in London, but was unsuccessful.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=203}}

During his exile Koźmian travelled to France and the Pyrenees in 1835, Switzerland and Italy in 1842 and 1843, and Ireland and Scotland in 1844.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=205}} The following year he obtained permission to stay in the Grand Duchy of Posen, created in 1815 when part of Poland transferred to Prussia.{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=410}} After his brother's father-in law, the political activist and military commander Dezydery Chłapowski, interceded on his behalf, he was able to stay in Poznań for 10 days. On his return journey, Koźmian tried unsuccessfully to become engaged to Skrzynecki's daughter. In 1846 he travelled up the Rhine and visited Rome.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=205}}

In the early years of his exile, Koźmian was associated with the Hôtel Lambert faction, whose political beliefs played a role in keeping the Polish question alive in European politics.{{sfn|Wandycz|1980|pp=58{{ndash}}61}} He was initially an active supporter of the pro-democratic, right-wing faction among the Polish emigrants in the United Kingdom. However, after 1846 he distanced himself from his prior political activism, as he intended to settle back in the Polish lands, and did not want to risk running into trouble with the authorities there.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} This did not prevent him from acting as a representative of the Polish National Committee in 1848, during the Greater Poland uprising of that year—part of the Europe-wide upheaval known as the Spring of Nations. He attempted to secure loans from Britain for the insurgent cause, and in London met the British prime minister Lord Palmerston, and called on him to come to the aid of Poland.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

In June 1848, Koźmian met Krasiński in Paris, and during the summer of that year he withdrew from the political scene, and travelled to the resorts of Duszniki-Zdrój and Lázně Jeseník.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

During much of his time as an exile, Koźmian was secretary to the British politician Lord Dudley Stuart, the vice-president of the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland,{{sfn|Pihan-Kijasowa|2008|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} a position he gained with the help of the politician Władysław Zamoyski.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} In both 1837 and 1848 Koźmian was the companion and guide in London of the composer Frédéric Chopin, whom he had known at the Warsaw Lyceum.{{cite web |title=Stanisław Egbert Koźmian 1811–1885 |url=http://www.polskietradycje.pl/enAuthors/view/343 |website=Polish Intellectual Traditions |publisher=Centre for Political Thought ({{lang|pl|Ośrodek Myśli Politycznej)}} |access-date=6 March 2021}}{{sfn|Zamoyski|1980|p=158}}

=Return to Poland=

After living as an exile in England for 12 years, Koźmian was granted permission to return to Polish lands within the Greater Poland region, and settled within the Prussian Province of Posen in 1849.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}{{cite web |title=Stanisław Egbert Koźmian |url=http://polskiszekspir.uw.edu.pl/stanislaw-egbert-kozmian-translator |website=Polski Shekspir |publisher=University of Warsaw |access-date=29 July 2021}} He became a member of the Poznań Society of Friends of Learning in 1857.{{sfn|Pihan-Kijasowa|2008|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} In 1867, he moved permanently to Poznań and became more involved in the work of the Society;{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=206}} he was made its vice-president in 1868, from 1869 to 1872 he headed the Department of History, and was from 1875 until his death the president of the Society.{{sfn|Pihan-Kijasowa|2008|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} He was very active in the works of the Society, supporting and initiating a number of projects such as the study of Polish orthography or legal terminology; he also supported the Society against interference from the Prussian government, which was increasingly unfriendly towards Polish-language activities. At the same time, however, representing the conservative and Catholic factions, he successfully opposed efforts of the Society's Department of Natural History, which attempted to promote Darwin's theory of evolution, preventing it from holding lectures on the topic.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} He became a member of the Academy of Learning ({{lang|pl|Akademia Umiejętności}}) in 1873.{{sfn|Pihan-Kijasowa|2008|pp=35{{ndash}}36}}

In 1851, he bought the {{convert|700|ha|acre}} Przylepki estate in the district of Śremski; the estates of the political activist Dezydery Chłapowski, the politician Cezary Plater and Jan Koźmian were nearby, and Koźmian and his friends visited each other, debating political, social and economic issues. He was also visited by his friends the poets Lucjan Siemieński, Wincenty Pol and Julian Klaczko, as well as with Ulrich, with whom he discussed Shakespeare.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=206}} Koźmian married Felicya Łempicka in 1853;{{sfn|Morawska|1885|p=73}} they had two daughters, Zofia and Maria.{{sfn|Boniecki|Reiski|1908|p=120}}

On 19 February 1884, he was temporarily paralysed. Left in constant pain and unable to write, his health slowly deteriorated.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=207}} He died on 23 April 1885, at Brodnica, near Śrem.{{sfn|Pihan-Kijasowa|2008|pp=35{{ndash}}36}}

Literary career

File:Frontispiece - Do mistrzów słowa.jpg

= Writer =

From 1845 Koźmian published articles in the cultural magazine Poznań Review ({{ill|Przegląd Poznański|pl}}),{{cite web|title=Poznań Review: six-week magazine. Vol. 27, Book 1 (first half of 1859)|url=https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/637787/edition/605422|access-date=11 March 2021|website=Jagiellonian Digital Library|publisher=Jagiellonian University}} and in 1849 he and his brother Jan become joint editors.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=206}} From the mid-1850s until the magazine ceased publication in 1865, he was its editor-in-chief.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=206}} The periodical moved from being purely religious to discussing issues such as literature, art, science, and economics, although it maintained its strongly Catholic and conservative perspective.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}{{sfn|Chmielowski|1899|p=29}} Koźmian's interests were wide; he published articles and essays on issues ranging from mathematical topics in Polish and English{{sfn|Pihan-Kijasowa|2008|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} as well as on Polish-British relations, and on Shakespeare.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

Koźmian's own prose consists mainly of essays, many of which appeared in the two volumes of his England and Poland ({{lang|pl|Anglia i Polska}}), which was published in 1862. The first volume describes what the English thought and knew of Poland, their feelings towards the Polish people, and reasons for the indifference most English people felt towards the Poland's fate at the hands of its more powerful neighbours. The second volume gave particulars of English institutions, life, politics, and literature.{{sfn|Tarnowski|1910}}

Koźmian wrote numerous essays, particularly on literature.{{sfn|Tarnowski|1910}} Some of his articles appeared in {{ill|Kurier Poznański|pl|Kurier Poznański}} and were collected in a collection I z bliska, i z daleka (1881).{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} As a journalist he took an unpopular Catholic point of view, and was comparatively unknown in his lifetime.{{sfn|Tarnowski|1910}} Nonetheless Stefan Kieniewicz described him as a "pretty good journalist" for his time and era, noting that he was respected for the quality of his prose.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} As a literary critic, his articles, also considered quite popular, were published, anonymously, in the columns of The Newspaper of the Grand Duchy of Poznań ({{ill|Gazeta Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego|pl}}).{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

As a poet, Koźmian debuted in 1830. Early in his lifetime, he tried to imitate the style of Adam Mickiewicz, and later that of Krasiński.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} His best known work during his lifetime, published in October 1846, was To the Masters of the Word ({{lang|pl|Do mistrzów słowa}}). It was addressed to the poets Mickiewicz, Krasiński, and Józef Bohdan Zaleski.{{sfn|Tarnowski|1910}} This work, published shortly after the Galician slaughter, called upon those poets to issue a statement about the Polish cause and its future.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} Overall, Kieniewicz notes that Koźmian was a mediocre poet at best, an assessment with which Koźmian himself agreed during his own lifetime. His most worthwhile poems are his sonnets about the Pyrenees, and the series Gorzkie żale about the contemporary politics.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

Koźmian was a friend of Krasiński, two of whose works—The Day of To-Day ({{lang|pl|Dzień dzisiejszy}}) and The Last One ({{lang|pl|Ostatni}}), both responses to Koźmian's 1846 work{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}{{cite web|title=Dzień dzisiejszy|url=https://poezja.org/wz/Krasi%C5%84ski_Zygmunt/24925/Dzie%C5%84_dzisiejszy|access-date=26 July 2021|website=Poezja.org|language=Polish}}{{cite web|title=Ostatni|url=https://polona.pl/item/ostatni,ODIzMjc5OTI/8/#info:metadata|access-date=26 July 2021|website=Polona|language=Polish}}—first appeared under Koźmian's name, as Krasiński in general published his works either anonymously or under pseudonyms to avoid provoking the Russian Empire authorities.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}{{sfn|Winkler|2018|p=202}} Their success put Koźmian in an uncomfortable position, which he described in one of his poems, an imitation of Dante's Inferno.{{sfn|Tarnowski|1910}} Despite that, Krasiński pressed Koźmian to declare himself as the author of all of Krasiński's works, past and present, a troublesome honour that Kożmian declined.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} In 1873 he would publish in print his correspondence with Krasiński.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

= Translator =

According to Kieniewicz, Koźmian's contribution to literature is arguably most important in his capacity as a translator.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}} He translated into Polish from German and, particularly, from English languages; during his lifetime he was the most vocal supporter of translating and popularizing English literature in Poland.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

As a translator, Koźmian is best remembered for his work on Shakespeare.{{sfn|Jakubczyk|Walczak|2010}} The English poet was first translated into Polish in 1837 by Ignacy Hołowiński, Placyd Jankowski, and the novelist Joseph Conrad, after the novelist Józef Ignacy Kraszewski had made repeated appeals for such work to be done.{{sfn|Kujawinska-Courtney|1996|p=24}} That year, Koźmian’s friend Ulrich came to London. They studied Shakespeare together, making use of the commentaries that were hard to find outside of England, and attending performances of the plays. They consulted Charles Knight's The Pictorial Edition of Shakespeare (published 1838{{ndash}}1841) as the basis for their translations. In 1838, after Ulrich returned to France, the translators continued to collaborate, albeit separately.{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=209}}

File:Selous - Król Lir.jpg for Koźmian's translation of King Lear (1875)]]

The translations of Kozmian, Ulrich, and {{Ill|Józef Paszkowski|pl}}, which formed the basis of the first complete edition of Shakespeare's plays into Polish in 1875, surpassed in quality the work done in the 1830s. The 12-volume publication, illustrated by the English artist Henry Courtney Selous and edited by Kraszewski, was produced in Warsaw in 1875 by different publishers, so as to reduce costs.{{sfn|Kujawinska-Courtney|1996|p=25}} Koźmian chose plays with a political dimension that matched his political views, although his choice of The Two Gentlemen of Verona may have been because it was the first play he saw performed in London. He preserved Shakespeare's use of prose and poetry, although arguably to the extent that went too far in some cases when it comes to clarity and style. At first, he translated proper names into Polish phonetically, removing phrases he considered to be vulgar.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=208}} Kieniewicz notes that the quality of Koźmian's translations varies from jarring to beautiful, but they are nonetheless considered still valuable and useful today. In total, Koźmian translated seven of Shakespeare's plays; in addition to The Two Gentlemen of Verona those were King Lear, King John, Richard II, A Midsummer Night's Dream and both parts of Henry IV.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}

Koźmian also translated poems by Lord Byron, John Moore, Robert Southey, Percy Shelley, William Cowper, and passages by the Scottish poet Thomas Campbell on Poland.{{sfn|Tarnowski|1910}} In 1870{{ndash}}1872 he published Pism wierszem i prozą, two volumes of prose and poetry which included translations from poems by William Wordsworth, Walter Scott, Byron, Shelley, Southey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Burns.{{sfn|Kieniewicz|1970}}{{sfn|Cetera-Włodarczyk|Kosim|2019|p=206}}

Selected works

({{circa}}1830). Poems honouring the actress Henriette Sontag and Chopin; a translation of Moore's poem Lalla Rookh
(1832{{ndash}}1840). The Letters of Stanisław Egbert Koźmian ({{lang|pl|Z listów emigracyjnych Stanisława Egberta Koźmiana. Cz. 1, Listy z lat 1832–1840}})
(1838). Poland. London: The Athenaeum.{{cite web |title=Poland, by Stanislas Koźmian |url=https://polona.pl/item/poland,MTExNzY3NzQ2/4/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=10 March 2021}}
(1845{{ndash}}1865). Poznań Review ({{lang|pl|Przegląd Poznański}}). 42 issues. Poznań: W. Stefańsiego.{{cite journal |title=Poznań Review; monthly magazine |url=https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/25331#description |journal=Biblioteka Uniwersytecka W Poznaniu |publisher=Poznan Foundation for Scientific Libraries |access-date=11 March 2021 |language=Polish |doi=|trans-title=Przegląd Poznański; pismo miesięczne}}
(1846). To the Masters of the Word ({{lang|pl|Do mistrzów słowa}}). First published in Paris: Catholic Bookshop Poland (poetry).{{cite web |title=Do mistrzów słowa |url=https://polona.pl/item/do-mistrzow-slowa,OTc3MDE1MDY/2/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1849). Polish Speech ({{lang|pl|Mowa polska}}). Poznań: first published in Przegląd Poznański.{{cite web |title=Polish speech by S. K. |url=https://www.estreicher.uj.edu.pl/xixwieku/baza/wpis/?sort=id&order=1&id=109264&offset=108000&index=16 |website=Estreicher Bibliography |publisher=Jagiellonian University |access-date=9 March 2021}}
(1862). England and Poland ({{lang|pl|Anglia i Polska}}).

:* [https://archive.org/details/angliaipolska00kogoog Volume 1]

:* [https://polona.pl/item/anglia-i-polska-wspomnienia-i-rozprawy-t-2,MTQwNjkwMg/3/#info:metadata Volume 2]

(1866{{ndash}}1877). Koźmian's translations of Shakespeare's plays were published as Dzieła dramatyczne Williama Shakespeare (Drama Works by William Shakespeare) in three volumes.{{sfn|Helsztyński|1964|p=346}}

:* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YZA9AAAAYAAJ Volume 1]: A Midsummer Night’s Dream ({{lang|pl|Sen nocy letniej}}), King Lear ({{lang|pl|Król Lyr}}) and The Two Gentlemen of Verona ({{lang|pl|Dwóch panów z Werony}}).

:* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpk9AAAAYAAJ Volume 2]: King John ({{lang|pl|Król Jan}}) and Richard II ({{lang|pl|Ryszard II}}).

:* [https://polona.pl/item/dziela-dramatyczne-szekspira-t-3-krol-henryk-iv-cz-1-2,MTM0MjE1/73/#info:metadata Volume 3]: Henry IV Part 1 and Henry IV Part 2 ({{lang|pl|Henryk IV}}).

(1869). Konrad Celtes. Poznań: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Poznańskie.{{cite web |title=Konrad Celtes |url=https://polona.pl/item/konrad-celtes,ODE1MjAzMzk/6/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1869). The Legend of the Tree of the Holy Cross ({{lang|pl|Legenda o drzewie krzyża ś.}}). Poznań: N. Kamieński.{{cite web |title=Legenda o drzewie krzyża ś. |url=https://polona.pl/item/legenda-o-drzewie-krzyza-s,MTIwMzE2/2/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1869). Popular Science Lectures ({{lang|pl|O popularnych wykładach naukowych}}). Poznań: N. Kamieński.{{cite web |title=O popularnych wykładach naukowych |url=https://polona.pl/item/o-popularnych-wykladach-naukowych,ODE1MjAyOTY/2/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1870). Poetry and prose by Stanisław Koźmian ({{lang|pl|Pisma wierszem i prozą Stanisława Koźmiana}}). 2 volumes.{{cite web |title=Pisma wierszem i prozą Stanisława Koźmiana. T. 1. |url=https://polona.pl/item/pisma-wierszem-i-proza-stanislawa-kozmiana-t-1,ODE4OTIzMzk/8/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}{{cite web |title=Pisma wierszem i prozą Stanisława Koźmiana. T. 2. |url=https://polona.pl/item/pisma-wierszem-i-proza-stanislawa-kozmiana-t-2,ODE4OTIyNTQ/6/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1872). The Life and Writings of Konstanty Gaszyński ({{lang|pl|Żywot i Pisma Konstantego Gaszyńskiego}}). Poznań: N. Kamieński.{{cite web |title=Żywot i Pisma Konstantego Gaszyńskiego |url=https://polona.pl/item/zywot-i-pisma-konstantego-gaszynskiego,ODE1MjAzMzc/6/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1877). Journey on the Rhine and Switzerland (1846) {{lang|pl|Podróż nad Renem i w Szwajcaryi: (w 1846 roku odbyta)}}. Poznań: Jan Konstanty Żupańsk.{{cite web |title=Podróż nad Renem i w Szwajcaryi: (w 1846 roku odbyta) |url=https://polona.pl/item/podroz-nad-renem-i-w-szwajcaryi-w-1846-roku-odbyta,OTUyNzEwODA/2/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1881). And from near and far: a set of one hundred pheletons. (?) Placed in Kuryer Poznański from October 1878 to September 1880 ({{lang|pl|I z bliska i z daleka. Poczet stu feletonów umieszczonych w 'Kuryerze Poznańskim' od października 1878 do września 1880}}). Poznań: J. K. Żupański.{{cite web |title=I z bliska i z daleka. Poczet stu feletonów umieszczonych w 'Kuryerze Poznańskim' od października 1878 do września 1880|url=https://polona.pl/item/i-z-bliska-i-z-daleka-poczet-stu-feletonow-umieszczonych-w-kuryerze-poznanskim-od,OTI5MDI0NDM/4/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=10 March 2021 |language=Polish}}
(1882). The Journey of Saint Angela Merici to the Holy Land ({{lang|pl|Podróż Świętej Anieli Merici do Ziemi Swiętej}}). Poznań: Jarosław Leitgeb.{{cite book |title=Podróż Świętej Anieli Merici do Ziemi Swiętej |url=https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=927 |website=Jagiellonian Digital Library | year=1882 |publisher=Jagiellonian University |access-date=8 March 2021}}
(1882). Traces of Polish historical events in Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale and The Tempest (Ślady historycznych wypadków polskich w Zimowej Powieści i Burzy). Poznań: Society of Friends of Science.{{cite web |title=Ślady historycznych wypadków polskich w Zimowej Powieści i "Burzy" Szekspira" |url=https://polona.pl/item/slady-historycznych-wypadkow-polskich-w-zimowej-powiesci-i-burzy-szekspira,OTc0OTg4MTY/4/#info:metadata |website=Polona |publisher=National Library of Poland |access-date=8 March 2021}}

References

Sources

{{cite book |last1=Boniecki |first1=Adam |last2=Reiski |first2=Artur |title=Herbarz Polski |date=1908 |publisher=Gebethner and Wolff |location=Warsaw |isbn=|oclc=427214761 |pages=|trans-title=Heraldry of Poland |edition=|volume=12: Korty – Krzemieniewscy |url=https://crispa.uw.edu.pl/object/files/416456/display/PDF |language=Polish |quote=Having returned from omlgracyi, he settled in Wielkopolska}}
{{cite book |last1=Cetera-Włodarczyk |first1=Anna |last2=Kosim |first2=Alicja |title=Polish translations of Shakespeare in the 19th century |date=2019 |publisher=University of Warsaw Press |location=Warsaw |isbn=978-83235-3-898-1 |page=|trans-title=Polskie przekłady Shakespeare'a w XIX wieku |edition=1 |url=http://polskiszekspir.uw.edu.pl/themes/szekspir2/images/biogramy/stanislaw-egbert-kozmian-biogram.pdf}}
{{cite book |last1=Chmielowski |first1=Piotr |author1-link=Piotr Chmielowski |title=History of Polish Literature |trans-title=Historya literatury polskiej |date=1899 |publisher=Granowski and Sikorski |location=Warsaw |isbn=|oclc=697783321 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyaliteratu06chmiuoft/page/n6/mode/1up |language=Polish}}
{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Christopher M |title=Iron Kingdom: the Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 |date=2006 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-06740-2-385-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri/page/n5/mode/2up}}
{{cite book |last1=Helsztyński |first1=Stanisław |title=Moje szekspiriana |trans-title=My Shakespearean |date=1964 |publisher=Państowy Instytut Wydawn |location=Warsaw |isbn=|oclc=213793998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxFIAAAAMAAJ |language=Polish}}
{{cite journal |last1=Jakubczyk |first1=Marcin |last2=Walczak |first2=Justyna |title='Stanisław Egbert Koźmian: Tłumacz Szekspira' by Aleksandry Budrewicz-Beratan |journal=Poradnik Językowy |date=2010 |issue=9 |pages=93{{ndash}}100 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=108952 |language=Polish |issn=0551-5343}}
{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kieniewicz |first=Stefan |author-link= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |encyclopedia=Internet Polish Biographical Dictionary (Internetowy Polski słownik biograficzny) |title=Stanisław Egbert Koźmian |trans-title= |url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/stanislaw-egbert-kozmian |access-date=29 July 2021 |language=Polish |edition= |date=1970 |publisher=National Film Archive – Audiovisual Institute |series= |volume=15 |location=|id= |isbn= |issn= |oclc=|doi= |page= |pages= |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status= |quote= }}
{{cite journal |last1=Kujawinska-Courtney |first1=Krystyna |title=Shakespeare's Women and Polish Male Critics |journal=Shakespeare Bulletin |date=1996 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=23{{ndash}}25 |jstor=26352979 |issn=0748-2558 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26352979 }}
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{{Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Stanislaus and John Kozmian |prescript= |no-icon=1 |inline= |author-link=Stanisław Tarnowski |= |last=Tarnowski |first= Stanislaus |authorlink= |authors= |title= |url= |access-date= |volume=8 |page= |pages= |oclc=71367711}}
{{cite book|last=Wandycz |first=Piotr Stefan |title=The United States and Poland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC&pg=PA58 |year=1980 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-92685-1 |pages=}}
{{cite book |last1=Winkler |first1=Markus |title=Barbarian: Explorations of a Western Concept in Theory, Literature, and the Arts |publisher=J.B. Metzler, Springer |location=Stuttgart |edition=|volume=1: From the Enlightenment to the Turn of the Twentieth Century|date= 2018|isbn=978-3-476-04485-3|page=202|quote=Krasiński traveled freely between the centers of European and Polish emigre cultural life and his family manor in the Russian part of Poland. Still he was part of Polish emigre culture and published his works anonymously in order to avoid provoking the Russian authorities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXVsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 }}
{{cite book |last1=Zamoyski |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Zamoyski |title=Chopin: a new biography |date=1980 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, New York |isbn=978-03851-3-597-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/chopinnewbiograp00zamo/page/158/mode/2up}}

External links

[https://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Criticism/shakespearein/poland12/index.html Shakespeare in Poland: Translations] from the Internet Shakespeare Editions (ISE)
[https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/501626/edition/412937/content Koźmian's manuscript] of Dwóch panów z Werony and Król Lyr, from the Wojciech Simon Theater Library
[http://polskiszekspir.uw.edu.pl/stanislaw-egbert-kozmian-tlumacz Information on Koźmian] from the Institute of English Studies, University of Warsaw
[https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Stanis%C5%82aw_Egbert_Ko%C5%BAmian Translations by Koźmian] from Wikiźródła (Polish WikiSource)
[https://wiercinski.otostrona.pl/index.php?p=1_41_XIV Information about the branch of Wierciński family] that included Koźmian's wife Felicja, by Dariusz Witold Wierciński (in Polish)
[https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Dzie%C5%82a_dramatyczne_Williama_Shakespeare#:~:text=TYTUS%20ANDRONIKUS.&text=FIGLE%20KOBIET%20(WESO%C5%81E%20WINDSORSKIE%20KOBIETY,KUPIEC%20WENECKI. Drama works by William Shakespeare] (Dzieła dramatyczne Williama Shakespeare) (1875), from Wikiźródła (Polish WikiSource)