State Peace and Development Council

{{short description|1988–2011 military government of Myanmar}}

{{About|the military government in Burma set up in 1988|the military junta established after the 2021 coup d'etat|State Administration Council}}

{{Use British English|date=February 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox country

| native_name = Union of Burma
(1988–1989)
Union of Myanmar
(1989–2011)
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
(2011)

----{{lang|my|ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်}}
(1988–2011)
{{lang|my|ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်}}
(2011)

| common_name = Myanmar

| status =

| status_text =

| stat_year2 = 2000

| stat_year3 = 2010

| stat_pop1 = 41,335,187{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/1990/|title=Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724142101/https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/1990/|url-status=live}}

| stat_pop2 = 46,719,698{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2000/|title=Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724142100/https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2000/|url-status=live}}

| stat_pop3 = 50,600,827{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2010/|title=Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724142101/https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2010/|url-status=live}}

| p1 = Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma

| flag_p1 = Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg

| s1 = Myanmar

| flag_s1 = Flag of Myanmar.svg

| image_flag = Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg

| flag = Flag of Myanmar

| image_flag2 = Flag of Myanmar.svg

| flag_type = Top: Flag (1988–2010)
Bottom: Flag (2010–2011)

| image_coat = 90px
90px

| symbol_type = Top: Seal (1988–2011)
Bottom: Seal (2011)

| image_map = Location Burma (Myanmar) ASEAN.svg

| image_map_alt =

| image_map_caption =

| capital = Rangoon (Yangon)
(1988–2006)
Naypyidaw
(2006–2011)

| largest_city = Rangoon

| national_motto =

| national_anthem = {{lang|my|ကမ္ဘာမကျေ}}
{{transliteration|my|Kaba Ma Kyei}}
"Till the End of the World"

| official_languages = Burmese

| religion = Theravada Buddhism (official since 2008)

| demonym = Burmese (officially until 1989, still commonly used by general population)
Myanmar (Officially after 1989)

| government_type = Unitary state under a Stratocracy

| title_leader = Chairman

| leader1 = Saw Maung

| year_leader1 = 1988–1992

| leader2 = Than Shwe

| year_leader2 = 1992–2011

| title_representative = Vice-Chairman

| representative1 = Than Shwe

| year_representative1 = 1988–1992

| representative2 = Maung Aye

| year_representative2 = 1992–2011

| title_deputy = Prime Minister

| deputy1 = Saw Maung

| year_deputy1 = 1988–1992 (first)

| deputy2 = Than Shwe

| year_deputy2 = 1992–2003

| deputy3 = Khin Nyunt

| year_deputy3 = 2003–2004

| deputy4 = Soe Win

| year_deputy4 = 2004–2007

| deputy5 = Thein Sein

| year_deputy5 = 2007–2010 (last)

| legislature = State Law and Order Restoration Council (1988–1997)
State Peace and Development Council (1997–2011)

| area_km2 = 676,570

| area_rank = 39th

| era = Cold War

| date_start = 18 September

| year_start = 1988

| event_start = 1988 Military takeover

| event1 = Renamed from "Burma" to "Myanmar"

| date_event1 = 18 June 1989{{cite act |index= |date=18 June 1989 |article=2 |article-type=|title=The Adaptation of Expressions Law |trans-title= |url=https://www.mlis.gov.mm/mLsView.do;jsessionid=5E21A98456533CF19E1A144838C49A4B?lawordSn=1157 }}

| event2 = ASEAN Declaration

| date_event2 = 23 July 1997

| event3 = Saffron Revolution

| date_event3 = 15 August 2007

| event4 = Elections

| date_event4 = 7 November 2010

| event5 = Aung San Suu Kyi released

| date_event5 = {{nowrap|13 November 2010}}

| event6 = Renamed to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar

| date_event6 = 31 January 2011{{cite act |index= |date=27 January 2011 |article=1(b),2(a) |article-type= |legislature=The State Peace and Development Council |title=The Law Relating to Adaptation of Expressions, 2011 |trans-title= |url=https://www.mlis.gov.mm/mLsView.do;jsessionid=9881A8DE26818038C1F9B00B2A5F1D26?lawordSn=7791 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/my/laws-history-five |title=၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ |trans-title=2008 Constitution |language=my |author= |date=March 2018 |website=Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar, Online Law Library |quote=ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်များနှင့်အညီ ၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေသည် ပထမအကြိမ် ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်စတင်ကျင်းပသည့် ၃၁-၁-၂၀၁၁ ရက်နေ့တွင် စတင်အာဏာတည်ခဲ့သည်။ |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162907/https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/my/laws-history-five |url-status=live }}

| event_end = SPDC dissolved

| date_end = 30 March

| stat_year1 = 1990

| year_end = 2011

| drives_on = right

| currency = Kyat

| calling_code = 95

| today = Myanmar

| GDP_PPP = $152.150 billion

| GDP_PPP_year = 2010

| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,090

| GDP_nominal = $38.080 billion

| GDP_nominal_year = 2010

| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $774

| HDI = 0.526

| HDI_year = 2011

}}

{{Infobox government agency

| name = State Law and Order Restoration Council

| native_name = {{lang|my|နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှုတည်ဆောက်ရေး အဖွဲ့}}

| native_name_a = {{lang|my|နဝတ}}

| native_name_r =

| type = Council

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| formed = 18 September 1988

| preceding1 = Council of State (as the supreme council)

| preceding2 = Pyithu Hluttaw (as the legislature)

| dissolved = 15 November 1997

| superseding1 = State Peace and Development Council

| superseding2 =

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{{Infobox government agency

| name = State Peace and Development Council

| native_name = နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေးနှင့်ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ

| native_name_a = နအဖ

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| type = Council

| seal =

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| formed = 15 November 1997

| preceding1 = State Law and Order Restoration Council

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| dissolved = 30 March 2011

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{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}

{{Politics of Myanmar}}

The State Peace and Development Council ({{langx|my|နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေး နှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ}} {{IPA|my|nàɪɰ̃ŋàɰ̃dɔ̀ ʔédʑáɰ̃θàjajé n̥ḭɰ̃ pʰʊ̰ɰ̃bjó jé kaʊ̀ɰ̃sì|}}; abbreviated SPDC or {{lang|my|နအဖ}}, {{IPA|my|na̰ʔa̰pʰa̰|}}) was the official name of the military government of Burma (Myanmar) which, in 1997, succeeded the State Law and Order Restoration Council ({{langx|my|နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှု တည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့|links=no}}; abbreviated SLORC or {{lang|my|နဝတ}}) that had seized power under the rule of Saw Maung in 1988. On 30 March 2011, Senior General and Council Chairman Than Shwe signed a decree that officially dissolved the council.{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/569/news56902.html |title=Mission accomplished as SPDC 'dissolved' |author1=Shwe Yinn Mar Oo |author2=Soe Than Lynn |date=4 April 2011 |work=The Myanmar Times |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916200931/http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/569/news56902.html |archive-date=16 September 2011}}

SLORC succeeded the Pyithu Hluttaw as a legislature and the Council of State as a ruling council, after dissolving the state organs of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. In 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The powerful regional military commanders, who were members of SLORC, were promoted to new positions and transferred to the capital of Rangoon (now Yangon). The new regional military commanders were not included in the membership of the SPDC.

The SPDC consisted of eleven senior military officers. The members of the junta{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2192726/ |title=Who's in the Junta? The mysterious generals who run Burma |author-first=Jacob |author-last=Leibenluft |publisher=Slate |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=2 June 2008 |archive-date=3 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603094909/http://www.slate.com/id/2192726/ |url-status=live }} wielded a great deal more power than the cabinet ministers, who were either more-junior military officers or civilians. The exception was the Defence Ministry portfolio, which was in the hands of junta leader Senior General Than Shwe himself. On 15 September 1993, it established the Union Solidarity and Development Association which was replaced by Union Solidarity and Development Party on 29 March 2010 in time for the elections.

Although the regime retreated from the totalitarian Burmese Way to Socialism of the BSPP when it took power in 1988, the regime was widely accused of human rights abuses. It rejected the 1990 election results and kept Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest until her release on 13 November 2010.{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/11/20101113105340355661.html |title=Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi released |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-date=31 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531021128/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2010/11/20101113105340355661.html |url-status=live }} The way the junta handled Cyclone Nargis was also internationally criticised.{{cite news |last=Klug |first=Foster |date=12 May 2008 |title=Bush says world should condemn Myanmar |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/12/bush-says-world-should-condemn-myanmar.html |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=13 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513132117/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/12/bush-says-world-should-condemn-myanmar.html |url-status=live }} The council was officially dissolved on 30 March 2011, with the inauguration of the newly elected government, led by its former member and Prime Minister, President Thein Sein.{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21040 |title=Than Shwe Officially Dissolves Junta |author=Wai Moe |date=30 March 2011 |work=The Irrawaddy |access-date=30 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403064358/http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21040 |archive-date=3 April 2011}}