Steam railcar#Sweden

The first steam railcar was designed by James Samuel, the Eastern Counties Railway Locomotive Engineer, built by William Bridges Adams in 1847, and trialled between Shoreditch and Cambridge on 23 October 1847. An experimental unit, {{convert|12|ft|6|in|m}} long with a small vertical boiler and passenger accommodation was a bench seat around a box at the back.{{sfn|Rush|1971|p=16}} The following year Samuel and Adams built the Fairfield steam carriage. This was much larger, {{convert|31|ft|6|in|m}} long, and built with an open third class section and a closed second class section. After trials in 1848, it was sold to the Bristol and Exeter Railway and ran for two years on the Tiverton branch.{{sfn|Rush|1971|pp=16–18}}

{{Inc-transport|date=October 2021}}

In 1905, the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway purchased a steam railcar from Kerr, Stuart and Company.{{cite journal |title=Rail Motor Coaches |journal=The Railway Magazine |issue=98 |date=August 1905 |page=136}}{{cite web |url=https://portaldetrenes.com.ar/coches-motor-vapor-ferrocarril-sud/ |title=Los coches motor a vapor del Ferrocarril Sud |language=es |date=2020-05-13 |access-date=2022-07-22}} Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company supplied a twin-car unit with an oil-fired boiler in 1931 to the Entre Ríos Railway.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|pp=153–154}}

{{Clear}}

File:Rowan Car No.1.jpg

In 1883, the Victorian Railways purchased the Rowan steam railmotor.{{cite web |url=http://www.pjv101.net/cd/pages/c360m.htm |title=Rowan Steam Car / ABDL |first= Peter J. |last=Vincent |date=2007-10-20 |access-date=2022-05-15}} Two double-decker units were imported from Belgium by the South Australian Railways in 1895.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|pp=170–176}}

File:Kerr Stuart steam railcar.jpg

In 1913, Kerr, Stuart and Company built a boiler, shipped it to Australia and the Victorian Railways assembled the Kerr Stuart steam railmotor.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|pp=170–176}}

{{Expand section|date=October 2012}}

File:Olomouc, hlavní nádraží, M 124.001 (3).jpg]]

In 1880, Ringhoffer of Prague built a steam railcar for the Österreichische Lokaleisenbahngesellschaft (Austrian local railway). With 32 seats and a maximum speed of {{convert|18|km/h|mph}}, it had been withdrawn by 1900. In the early 20th century, the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways ordered a railcar with a Serpollet boiler from Esslingen, followed by a number of cars with boilers from Komarek of Vienna and carriages from Ringhoffer. The Niederösterreichische Landesbahnen (Lower Austrian State Railway) also bought cars made by Komarek and Rohrbacher. Most cars had been withdrawn by the end of World War I, and those that remained when Austria-Hungary was divided in 1918 were divided between the Czechoslovak State Railways and the Austrian Federal Railways. All units having been withdrawn by the end of the 1950s, {{as of|2012|lc=yes}} one car is preserved in operational condition at the Czech Railway Museum in Lužná (Rakovník District).{{cite web | url=http://www.cdmuzeum.cz/muzeum/exponaty/-7517/ | title=Steam railcar M 124.001 | work=cdmuszeum.cz | access-date=8 October 2012}}

{{clear}}

File:AEGV gőzmotorkocsi.JPG

Between 1901 and 1908, Ganz Works of Budapest and de Dion-Bouton of Paris collaborated to build a number of railcars for the Hungarian State Railways together with units with de Dion-Bouton boilers, Ganz steam motors and equipments, and Raba carriages built by the Raba Hungarian Wagon and Machine Factory in Győr. In 1908, the Borzsavölgyi Gazdasági Vasút (BGV), a narrow-gauge railway in Carpathian Ruthenia (today's Ukraine), purchased five railcars from Ganz and four railcars from the Hungarian Royal State Railway Machine Factory with de Dion-Bouton boilers. The Ganz company started to export steam motor railcars to the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Japan, Russia and Bulgaria.Railroad Gazette – Volume 37 – Page 296 (printed in 1904)Modern Machinery – Volumes 19-20 – Page 206 (Printed in 1906)John Robertson Dunlap, Arthur Van Vlissingen, John Michael Carmody: Factory and Industrial Management – Volume 33 – Page 1003 (printed in 1907)

In 1928, the Leopoldina Railway purchased a steam railcar for inspection services by Sentinel Waggon Works.{{cite book |title=Brazilian railroads |url={{google books|id=naDdBL0NZSUC|page=34|plain-url=yes}} |year=2008 |publisher=Memória do Trem |language=Portuguese |page=34|isbn=9788586094095 }}{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|pp=180–181}}

{{Main|British steam railcars}}

Steam railcars to be built in Britain in the early 20th century for the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) and before entering passenger service one was lent to the Great Western Railway (GWR) for a trial run in the Stroud Valley between Chalford and Stonehouse in Gloucestershire.{{cite web |url=http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_gwr_autotxt.htm |title=First trail in Gloucestershire – Great Western Railway History |access-date=30 January 2013 }} Between 1902 and 1911, 197 steam railcars were built, 99 by the GWR.{{sfn|Jenkinson|1996|p=257}}

Introduced either due to competition from the new electric tramways or to provide an economic service on lightly used country branch lines, there were two main designs, either a powered bogie enclosed in a rigid body or an articulated engine unit and carriage, pivoting on a pin. However, with little reserve power steam railcars were inflexible and the ride quality was poor due to excessive vibration and oscillation. Most were replaced by an autotrain, adapted carriages and a push-pull steam locomotive as these were able to haul additional carriages or goods wagons.

After trials in 1924, the London and North Eastern Railway purchased three types of steam railcars from Sentinel-Cammell and Claytons.

File:Sentinel-Cammell Steam Railcar No 5208 g.jpg

Experiments with a steam railcar in 1926 led to the acquisition of many examples of this type of vehicle by the Egyptian State Railways. Clayton Wagons supplied six twin-car units in 1928.{{cite web|title=Articulated steam rail coach for Egypt|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1928v146-p414.jpg|work=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History|access-date=14 March 2022}} Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company 13 similar vehicles in 1930.{{cite web|title=Articulated steam rail coach for Egypt|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1930v149-p348.jpg|work=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History|access-date=4 March 2022}} Sentinel and Metro-Cammell supplied ten twin-car units in 1934.{{cite web|title=Sentinel-Cammell Steam Railcar No. 5208|url=http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/smu.htm|work=BRC Stockbook|date=9 October 2009|access-date=4 March 2022}}

In 1951, Sentinel and Metro-Cammell built ten 3-car steam railcar units for the Egyptian National Railways. The units were articulated, with an oil-fired boiler supplying steam to two 6-cylinder steam motors. Withdrawn from service in 1962, {{as of|2012|lc=y}} one unit is under restoration at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre.

{{clear}}

File:PLM Purrey.jpg

At the beginning of the 20th century Société Valentin Purrey patented a steam engine that was used in railcars. Built in Bordeaux by 1903 fifty cars had been built, including 40 to the Compagnie Générale des Omnibus-Paris.{{Cite journal|last=Cruciani|first=Marcello|title=Purrey in Italia|journal=I Treni|date=May 1999|pages=17–21|issue=204|language=Italian}} Also, Buffaud & Robatel built a steam railcar for the metre gauge Chemin de fer de Kayes au Niger in Mali.

{{Expand section|date=October 2012}}

File:Dampftriebwagen.jpg

In 1879, Georg Thomas of the Hessian Ludwig Railway developed a double-decker steam railcar, for which he was granted a patent in 1881. The three-axle vehicle consisted of a single-axle engine unit and a two-axle double-deck carriage part, rigidly coupled together and separable only in the workshop. The Hessian Ludwig Railway built three in 1879–80, followed by the Royal Saxon State Railways, the Oels-Gniezno Railway and the Royal Württemberg State Railways. The Royal Bavarian State Railways built a similar Bavarian MCi in 1882. All had been withdrawn in the early 20th century.

In 1895, the Royal Württemberg State Railways ordered a steam railcar using a Serpollet boiler from Esslingen, followed by six more. At first, their performance was unsatisfactory, until Eugen Kittel of the Württemberg State Railways developed a new firebox. Seventeen were built for the Württemberg State Railways and railcars were also made for the Royal Saxon State Railways, Swiss Northeastern Railway and Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways, and the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway in 1914–15.

{{clear}}

File:Württembergischer DW 8 1905.png

In 1918, the Austrian State Railways unit passed to the Czechoslovak State Railways after Austria-Hungary was divided at the end of World War I. At the end of World War II units were divided between the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany, Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany and SNCF of France and all units had been withdrawn by 1953.

In 1906, the Prussian state railways bought two steam railcars, one fired by coal and the other oil, from Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG.

Seven Bavarian MCCi units were built between 1906 and 1908 for the Royal Bavarian State Railways for suburban services in the Munich area, the coach bodies being manufactured by MAN and the engines by Maffei. These had all been withdrawn by the end of the 1920s.

A steam railcar, DR 59, was built by Wismar in 1937 to reduce the dependency on imported diesel or petrol. After the war ownership of the car passed to the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany, and in 1959 was converted into a driving trailer and withdrawn in 1975.

{{clear}}

File:Bengal_Nagpur_(35525925196).jpg

The Great Indian Peninsula Railway bought one steam railcar in 1906 from Kerr, Stuart and Company.{{cite web|title=Kerr, Stuart and Co|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Kerr,_Stuart_and_Co|work=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History|access-date=12 March 2022}}{{cite magazine |title=New Locomotives for the Great Indian Peninsula Ry. |url=https://archive.org/details/locomotiverailwa1219unse/page/114/mode/1up |magazine=The Locomotive Magazine |volume=XII |number=125 |date=14 July 1906 |page=114}} In 1906, the North Western State Railway purchased a steam motor coach from Vulcan Foundry{{cite web|title=Steam motor coach, N.W.R., India|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1906EnV102-p064a.jpg|work=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History|access-date=24 May 2022}} and in 1907 the East Indian Railway bought five steam railcars from Nasmyth, Wilson and Company.{{cite web|title=Steam Railway Motor Coach – East Indian Railway|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:ImV103-p660.jpg|work=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History|access-date=12 March 2022}} In 1925, Sentinel and Metro-Cammell built five twin-car units for the Bengal Nagpur Railway.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|pp=159–160}}{{cite web|title= Bengal Nagpur, Articulated Sentinel-Cammell steam railcar, mid 1920's|url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/29903115@N06/35525925196|website=Flickr |date=June 27, 2017|access-date=May 24, 2022}}

File:Automotrice a vapore FS gruppo 85.jpg

In 1904, two steam railcars were ordered from Purrey; classified as FS 80 these were withdrawn in 1913. Sixty-five railcars, classified as FS 60, were purchased in 1905 to 1907, but found to be under-powered and sixteen were converted into locomotives.{{Cite book|title=Storia delle ferrovie in Italia|first=Italo|last=Briano|volume= III|pages=65–68|oclc=490069757|year=1977|language=Italian}} At the 1906 Milan Fair an FS 85 (it) was exhibited and three were purchased by Kerr, Stuart and Company, followed by 12 also British built FS 86 (it).Bruno Bonazzelli:L'album delle locomotive (seconda parte)

In 1938, three railcars using high-pressure steam were purchased and classified ALv 72 (it). These were sold to Ferrovie Padane in 1940 and converted into passenger coaches.{{cite web|title=Automotrici a vapore ALv 72 |url=http://www.ilmondodeitreni.it/ALv72.htm|access-date=14 May 2022}}

File:Santetsu Steam powered railcar.jpg

{{See also|Sentetsu Shiki class railcars}}

The Japanese Government Railways had several steam railcars in their employ before experimenting with petrol and diesel cars.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|pp=160–164}}

File:FF 33 - LES LOCOMOTIVES FRANCAISES (Cies diverses) Voiture automotrice à vapeur KNVA n°1.jpg

French manufacturers Buffaud & Robatel built a steam railcar for the metre gauge Chemin de fer de Kayes au Niger in Mali.{{cite journal |title=Voiture automotrice à vapeur |trans-title=Steam self-propelled car |journal=Moniteur Industriel |page=111 |date=13 February 1909}}

{{clear}}

In 1907, the Mauritius Government Railways purchased a steam railcar from Kerr, Stuart and Company.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|p=139}}{{cite news |title=Steam rail motor coaches |work=Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE40AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA206 |year=1907 |publisher=Locomotive Publishing Company |page=206}}

{{Clear}}

File:Dampftriebwagen der Otavi Minen- und Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (OMEG) 01.jpg

In 1907, the Otavi Mining and Railway Company in German South West Africa (today's Namibia) purchased two steam railcars built by MAN SE in cooperation with Maffei for 600 mm gauge.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|p=137}}

{{See also|NZR RM class (Sentinel-Cammell)|NZR RM class (Clayton)}}

In 1925 and 1926, two steam railcars were supplied to New Zealand Railways Department, one from Sentinel and Cammell and the other from Claytons.{{cite web|title=Railway steam car for New Zealand|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1925EnV139-p570.jpg|work=Grace's Guide To British Industrial History|access-date=14 March 2022}} They were both withdrawn after a few years.{{cite book |last= Bromby |first= Robin |title= Rails that built a Nation: An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Railways |year= 2003 |publisher= Grantham House |location= Wellington |isbn= 1-86934-080-9 |page=123}}{{cite book|last1=Leitch|first1=David|last2=Scott|first2=Brian|title=Exploring New Zealand's Ghost Railways|publisher=Grantham House|location=Wellington|year=1995|edition=1998|ISBN=1-86934-048-5 |page=78}}

The Nigerian Railways purchased several 3-car steam railcar units in 1954 from Metro-Cammell. The units were articulated, with an oil-fired boiler supplying steam.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|pp=133–134}}

{{Clear}}

In North America, a railcar is known as a Doodlebug and the steam railcar as a steam motor car. The New England Railroad purchased a steam motor car by Schenectady Locomotive Works in 1897.{{Cite journal

|journal=Locomotive Engineering

|title=The "Composite" Car.

|url=https://archive.org/details/locomotiveengine10hill/page/817/mode/1up?view=theater

|date=November 1897

|pages=817–818

}} In 1906, the Canadian Pacific Railway had an oil fired steam railcar{{cite journal |title=Steam Motor Car for the Canadian Pacific Railway |journal=Railway Age |date=August 1906 |pages=254–255}} and in 1908 the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad purchased one by Alco-Schenectady.{{cite journal

| title=Steam Motor Car for the Rock Island

| journal=Railway Age

|date=September 1908

| pages=961–964}}

File:Locomotive_engineering_-_a_practical_journal_of_railway_motive_power_and_rolling_stock_(1897)_(14761365372).jpg in 1897.]]

In 1911, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a steam-powered railcar combining a Jacobs-Schupert boiler and a Ganz Works power truck in an American Car and Foundry body. The resulting doodlebug was designated M-104. It operated experimentally under its own power for only three months. With the steam machinery removed and an unpowered bogie truck substituted, the car operated as an unpowered combine (combination baggage-coach car) until the 1960s.{{cite book |last=Worley |first=E.D. |title=Iron Horses of the Santa Fe Trail |publisher=Southwest Railroad Historical Society |year=1965 |location=US}}

The steam motor cars in North America reached their popular apex before the 1880s, with most fabricated to custom designs by small specialty builders before 1875. nearly all examples were unique and purpose-built to order; a few were experimental cars built and marketed by small firms or individuals on a trial basis and often not entirely successful due to their uniqueness or relative costs. The rise of electric traction was one cause for the ultimate demise of American steam motor cars.{{Cite journal

|journal=Popular Mechanics

|title=Steam Still Rules The Rails

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31

|date=December 1937

|author=Alden P. Armagnac

|pages=32–33,131–132

}}

File:CP_Borsig,_1906.jpg]]

In 1906, the Portuguese Railway Company purchased two steam railcars from Borsig.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|p=124}}

There were a total of three steam railcars in South Africa, all imported from Britain and all running on the Cape gauge of 1,067 mm common there.

{{See also|CGR Railmotor|CSAR Railmotor|South African Clayton Railmotor}}

The Sudan Government Railways bought two steam railcars from Clayton Wagons in 1929.{{sfn|Ostendorf|1977|p=138}}

{{Clear}}

{{further ill|Steam railways in Skåne|sv|Ångspårvägar i Skåne}}

File:BAJ ångvagn 1.jpg

Steam railcars were used in Sweden in the 1880s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}

{{clear}}

File:Pilatusbahn Dampftriebwagen 01.jpg

In 1889, steam railcars were built for the Pilatus Railway, a rack railway in Switzerland with a maximum gradient of 48%.

Cars Nos. 1-9 were built by the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works in Winterthur, followed by No. 10 in 1900 and no. 11 in 1909. The railway was electrified in 1937, and the cars scrapped except for two. Car no. 9 remained until 1981 as a reserve and has since been in the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne. Car no. 10 is on permanent loan to the Deutsches Museum in Munich.{{cite book|first1=R. J. |last1=Buckley |first2=W. J. |last2=Wyse |title=Tramways and Light Railways of Switzerland and Austria |year=1984 |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association |isbn=978-0-900433-96-2}}{{cite book |title=Chronik der Eisenbahn |date=20 December 2005 |publisher=Heel Verlag GmbH |language=German |isbn=978-3-89880-413-4}}

In 1902, a steam railcar was built by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen. Not a success, it was rebuilt in 1907 and sold to the Uerikon Bauma Railway. The railcar was withdrawn in 1950 and {{as of|2012|lc=y}} the railcar is restored.{{Cite book|title=Der Dampfbetrieb der schweizerischen Eisenbahnen, 1847–1966|last1=Moser|first1=Alfred|last2=Winter|first2=Paul|year=1975|publisher=Birkhäuser|language=German|isbn=3-7643-0742-0}}

The Trinidad Government Railway purchased two steam railcars secondhand from the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1921, but they have never been put in operation.{{cite journal |date=1923-12-03 |title=The Trinidad Government Railway - Rolling Stock and Locomotives |journal= Commerce Reports |volume=IV |issue=49 |page=638 |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2uhTVpN2RcC&pg=PA638 |access-date=September 19, 2022}}

One of the coach parts was converted into the Governor's saloon and the other into a second class carriage. In 1931, a Sentinel-Cammell twin articulated steam railcar was acquired.{{cite journal |title=Locomotives of the Trinidad Government Rlys. |url= https://www.steamindex.com/locomag/lcwr42.htm |journal=Locomotive Magazine and Railway Carriage and Wagon Review |volume=42 |issue=522 |date=15 February 1936 |pages=53–55 }}

{{Reflist}}

;Britain

• {{cite book | editor-last=Hedges|editor-first=Martin|year=1980|title=150 Years of British Railways|isbn=0-600-37655-9|publisher=Hamlyn}}
• {{Cite book|last=Jenkinson|first=David|title=History of British Railway Carriages, 1900–53|year=1996|isbn=978-1899816033|publisher=Atlantic Transport}}
• {{Cite book|title=British Steam Railcars|year=1971|last=Rush|first=R.W|publisher=Oakwood Press|isbn=0-85361-144-0}}
• {{Cite book|title=The British Railcar: AEC to HST|year=1984|publisher=David and Charles|last=Tufnell|first=R.M.|isbn=0-7153-8529-1}}

;Austria-Hungary

The following books are in German

• {{cite book|author=Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen|title=Aera nach Golsdorf: Die letzten drei jahrzehnte des osterreichischen Dampflokomotivhaus|year=1981|publisher=Slezak|isbn=978-3-900134-37-2}}
• {{cite book|author1=Alfred Horn|author2=Wilhelm Urbanczik|title=Dampftriebwagen und Gepäcklokomotiven in Österreich, Ungarn, der Tschechoslowakei und Jugoslawien|year=1972|publisher=Bohmann|isbn=978-3-7002-0309-4}}
• Dieter Bäzold, Rolf Löttgers, Günther Scheingraber u. a.: Preußen-Report, Band 9: Zahnrad- und Schmalspurlokomotiven, Triebwagen. Eisenbahn-Journal, Hermann Merker Verlag, Fürstenfeldbruck 1996 Modelleisenbahner Nr. 4: Preußische Dampftriebwagen der Bauart Stoltz, April 1988, S. 17–20
• {{cite book|author=Dieter Zoubek|title=Erhaltene Dampflokomotiven in und aus Österreich 2004|year=2004|publisher=Zoubek, Dieter|isbn=978-3-200-00174-9}}
• {{cite book|author1=Helmut Griebel|author2=Josef Otto Slezak|author3=Hans Sternhardt|title=BBÖ Lokomotiv-Chronik 1923–1938|date=1 December 1985|publisher=Slezak|isbn=978-3-85416-026-7}}
• {{cite book|author1=Johann Blieberger|author2=Josef Pospichal|title=Enzyklopädie der kkStB-Triebfahrzeuge, Band 4: Die Reihen 83 bis 100, Schmalspur- und nicht mit Dampf betriebene Bauarten|publisher=bahnmedien.at| year=2011|isbn=978-3-9502648-8-3}}
• {{cite book|author1=Friedrich Slezak|author2=Josef Otto Slezak|title=Vom Schiffskanal zur Eisenbahn: Wiener Neustädter kanal and Aspangbahn|year=1981|publisher=Verlag Josef Otto Slezak|isbn=978-3-900134-72-3}}
• Verzeichnis der Lokomotiven, Tender, Wasserwagen und Triebwagen der k. k. österreichischen Staatsbahnen und der vom Staate betriebenen Privatbahnen nach dem Stande vom 30. Juni 1917, 14. Auflage, Verlag der k. k. österreichischen Staatsbahnen, Wien, 1918

The following books are in Czech

• {{cite book|author=Karel Beneš|title=Železnice na Podkarpatské Rusi|year=1995|publisher=Nakl. dopravy a turistiky|isbn=978-80-85884-32-6}}
• {{cite book|author=Karel Just|title=Parní lokomotivy na úzkorozchodných tratích ČSD|year=2001|publisher=Vydavatelství dopravní literatury Luděk Čada|isbn=978-80-902706-5-7}}

The following books are in Hungarian

• {{cite book|author=Ernő Lányi|title=Nagyvasúti vontatójárművek Magyarországon|year=1984|publisher=Közlekedési Dokumentációs Vállalat|isbn=978-963-552-161-6}}
• {{cite book|author=Villányi György|title=Gőzmotorkocsik és kismozdonyok|publisher=Magyar Államvasutak Rt|year= 1996}}

;Germany

These sources are in German

• {{cite journal|author=Peter Henkel|title=Der Dampftriebwagen nach Thomas|journal= Die Bahn und Ihre Geschichte = Schriftenreihe des Landkreises Darmstadt-Dieburg 2|location=Darmstadt|year=1985|publisher= Georg Wittenberger / Förderkreis Museen und Denkmalpflege Darmstadt-Dieburg)}}
• {{cite book|author=Deutsche Reichsbahn|author-link=Deutsche Reichsbahn|year=1935|title=Hundert Jahre deutsche Eisenbahnen. Jubiläumsschrift zum hundertjährigen Bestehen der deutschen Eisenbahnen}}
• {{cite book|author1=Lutz Uebel|author2=Wolfgang Richter|title=MAN – 150 Jahre Schienenfahrzeuge aus Nürnberg|year= 1994}}
• {{cite journal|author=Peter Zander|title=Doppelstöckige Dampftriebwagen der Bauart Thomas|journal= Modell Eisenbahner. Eisenbahn-Modellbahn-Zeitschrift |year=1989}}
• {{cite book|author=Hermann Lohr|title=Lokomotiv Archiv Württemberg|year=1988|publisher=Transpress|isbn=978-3-344-00222-0}}
• {{cite book|author=Hermann Lohr|title=Lokomotiv Archiv Baden|year=1988|publisher=Transpress|isbn=978-3-344-00210-7}}
• {{cite book|author=Wolfgang Valtin|title=Verzeichnis aller Lokomotiven und Triebwagen: Dampflokomotiven und Dampftriebwagen|year=1992|publisher=Transpress|isbn=978-3-344-70740-8}}
• {{cite book|author=Werner Willhaus|title=Kittel-Dampftriebwagen: Innovation des Nahverkehrs vor über 100 Jahren|date=September 2008|publisher=EK-Verlag|isbn=978-3-88255-106-8}}
• {{cite book|author=Rainer Zschech|title=Dampf- und Verbrennungstriebwagen: Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, Deutsche Reichsbahn, Deutsche Bundesbahn|year=1993|publisher=Transpress|isbn=978-3-344-70766-8}}
• {{cite book|author1=Erich Preuß|author2=Reiner Preuß|title=Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen|year=1991|publisher=Transpress|isbn=978-3-344-70700-2}}
• Fritz Näbrich, Günter Meyer, Reiner Preuß: Lokomotivarchiv Sachsen 2, Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin, 1983
• Krauss-Maffei, Deutsches Museum Munich (ca. 1977): Lokomotiven im Deutschen Museum

;Other countries

These sources are in German

• {{Cite book|title=Dampftriebwagen, Bauarten, Typen und Systeme|year=1977|last=Ostendorf|first=Rolf|publisher=Motorbuchverlag, Stuttgart|isbn=3-87943-517-0}}

{{Commons category|Steam railcars}}

Category:Railcars

Category:1847 introductions

Category:1847 in rail transport