Stem christie

The stem Christiana was developed by Sondre Norheim in the mid-1800s. Norheim was a Norwegian skier and inventor whose innovations included early ski heel bindings that facilitated turning and jumping, and method for turning that included the basic stem, the Christiana, stem Christiana and parallel turns. The term derives from turns employed by Norwegian jumpers in Oslo, Norway—then called "Christiania"—which was later shortened to "christie".{{Cite book|last=Lund|first=Morten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=origin+of+term+christie+ski+turn&pg=PA9|title=Norway: How it all started|date=September 2007|publisher=International Skiing History Association|pages=8–9|language=en}}

This specific type of turn was promoted in the first decade of the 1900s by Austrian ski guide Hannes Schneider as the mainstay of the Arlberg technique, which he called the "Alpine System". Schneider's name is so attached to the turn that he is sometimes identified as its inventor, but he used it to replace the Telemark turn as the standard for descending on skis.

The technique was widely used until the late 1960s, when its use diminished in favor of the parallel turn,{{Cite book|last=Lundin|first=John W.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1223026412|title=Skiing Sun Valley : a history from Union Pacific to the Holdings|date=2020|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-1-4396-7175-7|location=Charleston, SC|pages=361|oclc=1223026412}}{{Cite book|last=Fry|first=John|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975025785|title=Story of Modern Skiing.|date=2017|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-5126-0156-5|pages=93–111|oclc=975025785}} another form of turning on skis introduced by Norheim, alongside new ideas for sidecuts (to what had earlier been parallel inside and outside ski edges). Skis with increasingly parabolic sidecuts accelerated the obsolescence of the stem christie, starting in the late 1990s, because of their improved turning characteristics over skis with minimal sidecut.{{cite web|author=Hall, Johanna | date=Winter 1997 | title=All Mixed Up? How to Make Sense of the Multi-Shaped Lesson | work = PSIA.org | access-date=December 14, 2013 | url=http://www.psia.org/psia_2002/education/TPSArticles/shapedskis/tpswinter97allmixedup.asp | url-status=unfit | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030411055157/http://www.psia.org/psia_2002/education/TPSArticles/shapedskis/tpswinter97allmixedup.asp | archive-date=April 11, 2003}}

• {{cite book | author = Bjaaland, Olav S. | date = 1966 | title = Den moderne skiidrott hundre år: 1866-1966 | publisher = | location = Oslo | page = | isbn = | url = | access-date = }}
• {{cite book | author = Vaage, Jakob | date = 1979 | title = Skienes verden | publisher = Hjemmenes forlag i samarbeid med Foreningen til ski-idrettens fremme | location = Oslo, Norway | page = | isbn=8270061689 | url = | access-date = }}
• {{cite book | author = | editor = Holm, Arild | date = 1980 | title = Alpin skisport: utfor, slalåm, storslalåm | series = Sport og fritid | publisher = Teknologisk Forlag | location = Oslo, Norway | page = | isbn=8251201942 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QC8KOgAACAAJ | access-date = December 29, 2021 }}
• {{cite book | author = Hem, Olav | date = 1996 | title = Idrettsordboka: norsk-engelsk/engelsk-norsk ordbok for vinteridretter | publisher = Universitetsforlaget | location = Oslo | page = | isbn = 8200227758 | url = | access-date = }}

• Snowplough turn - also known as the wedge turn or stem turn
• Parallel turn
• Skiing Topics

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Category:Skiing techniques