Stephan Burián von Rajecz

Stephan Burián von Rajecz was born in Stomfa, Kingdom of Hungary (now Stupava, Slovakia) on 16 January 1851 into an ancient Hungarian noble family. In 1891, he married Olga née Freiin Fejérváry von Komlós-Keresztes (1861–1931), a daughter of General Géza Freiherr Fejérváry von Komlós-Keresztes, who briefly served as Hungarian Minister-President.'Burián v. Rajecz, Stephan Graf', Neue Deutsche Biographie, vol. 3, Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1957, p. 52.

Burián entered the consular branch of the Austro-Hungarian foreign service following graduation from the Consular Academy. He subsequently served in Alexandria, Bucharest, Belgrade and Sofia. From 1882 to 1886 he headed the Consulate General in Moscow before being appointed as consul general in Sofia from 1887 to 1895, then served as minister in Stuttgart from 1896 to 1897 and in Athens from 1897 to 1903, which won him a reputation of a Balkan expert.'Burian von Rajecz Stefan Graf', Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, vol. 1, Vienna, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1957, p. 129. In 1900, he was raised to the rank of Baron.

In July 1903, Baron Burián was appointed by Emperor Franz Joseph I to serve as Joint Finance Minister of Austria-Hungary, replacing the deceased Benjamin Kállay von Nagy-Kálló who had held the post since 1882. While the Imperial Finance Ministry only was responsible for the financing of common aspects of the Dual Monarchy, i.e. the Foreign Policy, the Army and the Navy), the administration of the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina fell under his responsibility following the annexation in 1908. Burián administered the two territories with a relatively mild hand and attempted to provide the population with a greater voice in the imperial administration. His conciliatory approach, however, failed to calm the country and only earned him the wrath of fellow bureaucrats.'Burian von Rajecz Stefan Graf', op. cit. Burián left the post in February 1912 as he was finding it increasingly difficult to reconcile the various factions.[http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/burian.html 'Graf István Burián von Rajecz', Solving Problems Through Force]

In June 1913, Baron Burián was appointed minister besides the King of Hungary, i.e. the Hungarian minister to the Court of Vienna, the closest connection between the Court of Vienna and Budapest.Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, New York, Garland, 1996, p. 153. In his position of Hungarian emissary to Vienna, he successfully mediated between Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold and the Hungarian Minister-President Count István Tisza during the July Crisis.Graydon A. Tunstall, Jr, 'Austria-Hungary', in Richard F. Hamilton & Holger H. Herwig (eds.), The Origins of World War I, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 120.

In January 1915, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Count Berchtold was pressured by Germany to make territorial concessions to Italy as the price of securing that country's neutrality. When he acquiesced to the German proposal, he was forced from office on 13 January by hardliners.Tucker, op. cit. Baron Burián's name was put forward by Count Tisza, who was a close friend and ally, as Berchtold's successor which was accepted, albeit reluctantly, by Emperor Franz Joseph.[http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/burian.html 'Graf István Burián von Rajecz', op. cit.]

Baron Burián intended to increase the prestige of the monarchy and to get parity with Germany but also to negotiate peace with the help of the United States.{{cite book |last=Afflerbach |first=Holger |date=2015 |title=The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6AFCgAAQBAJ&q=Stephan+Buri%C3%A1n+von+Rajecz+WW+I&pg=PA122 |location=London |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |page=122 |isbn=978-3110346220}}{{cite book |last=Hollander |first=Neil |title=Elusive Dove: The Search for Peace During World War I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJydAgAAQBAJ&q=Stephan+Buri%C3%A1n+president+wilson&pg=PA178|date=19 December 2013 |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=178 |isbn=978-0786478910}} (He would fail in the latter, after Germany announced in 1916 that it intended to start full submarine warfare, leading the US to prepare for war.){{cite book |last=Buttar |first=Prit|date=19 September 2017 |title=The Splintered Empires: The Eastern Front 1917–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlgyDwAAQBAJ&q=Stephan+Buri%C3%A1n+germany+submarine&pg=PA56|publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=56 |isbn=978-1472819857 |access-date=28 August 2018}}

A relative moderate, he initially resisted German pressure for territorial concessions as the price of maintaining Italy's neutrality, although he somewhat vacillated towards the end as Austro-Hungarian forces suffered a crushing defeat with the surrender of Przemysl in March. This did nothing, however, to prevent Italy from joining the Entente in May 1915 and declaring war.{{cite book |last=Afflerbach |first=Holger |date=2015 |title=The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6AFCgAAQBAJ&q=Stephan+Buri%C3%A1n+von+Rajecz+WW+I&pg=PA122 |location=London |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |page=122 |isbn=978-3110346220}} Considered a protégé of Count Tisza, he proved to be much steadfast in resisting German pressure as regards territorial concessions to Romania at the cost of Hungary. This led to Romania entering the side of the Entente in August 1916. Baron Burián resisted the plan to offer vast amounts of territory to Bulgaria{{cite book |last=Afflerbach |first=Holger |date=2015 |title=The Purpose of the First World War: War Aims and Military Strategies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6AFCgAAQBAJ&q=Stephan+Buri%C3%A1n+von+Rajecz+WW+I&pg=PA122 |location=London |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |page=122 |isbn=978-3110346220}} but he did win Bulgaria to the side of the Central Powers in October 1915 and provided for stronger ties with the Ottoman Empire.Tucker, op. cit.

Baron Burián insisted that Germany treat Austria-Hungary as an equal in all military, economic and political activism, which only antagonised German opinion. He opposed Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, insisted on retention of Austro-Hungarian control on the Balkan front and demanded recognition of Austro-Hungarian interests in Poland. However, he increasingly lacked the material resources to back up his claims for equality with Germany.Stephen Pope & Elizabeth-Anne Wheal, The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War, London, Macmillan, 1995, p. 93f. He further angered Germany and its military leaders by proposing a peace plan that called for the re-establishment of a free Belgium and the return of all captured French territory in exchange for recognition of German and Austro-Hungarian rights in Eastern Europe. As a result of this peace proposal, he was forced to resign in December 1916, which reflected the extent of German control over imperial policy.Tucker, op. cit. He was replaced by Count Ottokar Czernin and returned to serve as Imperial Finance Minister.

File:Burián István.jpg

Following the Sixtus Affair, the position of Count Czernin had become untenable and on 15 April 1918, Baron Burián was recalled by Emperor Charles I to serve as imperial foreign minister again, with instructions to negotiate an end to the war on favorable terms.{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/burian_von_rajecz_istvan_graf |title=Burián von Rajecz, István, Graf |last=Fried |first=Marvin Benjamin |date=26 July 2016 |website=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |publisher=Freie Universität Berlin |access-date=29 August 2018 }} Burián sought a compromise peace settlement, a course he had consistently advocated, but the deteriorating military situation of Austria-Hungary provided him little margin for manoeuvre facing increasing disputes with the German ally.Holger H. Herwig & Neil M. Heyman, Biographical Dictionary of World War I, London, Greenwood Press, 1982, p. 102f. He signed the peace treaty with Finland on 29 May 1918 in Vienna.[https://archive.org/details/cu31924027837396/page/n835 Texts of the Finland "Peace": With Map] (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), pp. 47–48 (German text of treaty with English translation).

On 14 September 1918, Baron Burián issued a public appeal for all nations to end the war by diplomatic negotiations. On 5 October, he and the German Chancellor requested President Wilson's participation in peace negotiations on the basis of the Fourteen Points. Within weeks, he recognized the weak state of the Austro-Hungarian Army and that Germany would not agree to the unconditional surrender demanded by the Allies.{{cite book |last=Morrow |first=John |date=5 October 2003 |title=The Great War: An Imperial History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kH4YDQAAQBAJ&q=Stephan+Buri%C3%A1n+14+points+1918&pg=PT310|location=Basel |publisher=De Gruyter Oldenbourg |isbn=0415204399}} He resigned from office on 24 October, realising that nothing could prevent the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.Pope & Wheal, op. cit. He was succeeded by Count Gyula Andrássy the Younger and thus became the penultimate Foreign Minister of the Dual Monarchy. For his services, Burián was elevated to the rank of Count (Graf) in 1918.

Count Burián took no active part in diplomacy or politics after the war and spent his remaining years writing his war memoirs, which were published posthumously in German as Drei Jahre aus der Zeit meiner Amtsfuhrung im Kriege in 1923. The English language version, Austria in dissolution; being the personal recollections of Stephan, count Burian, was translated by Brian Lunn, and was published in 1925.{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/austriaindissolu00step|title = Austria in dissolution; being the personal recollections of Stephan, count Burian|translator-first = Brian|translator-last = Lunn|translator-link = Brian Lunn|publisher = Doran}}

Count Burián died on 20 October 1922 and is buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery.

During the war, Count Burián had sought to balance several sometimes conflicting demands; winning the war, preserving the Austria-Hungary's status and defending Hungary's position within the Dual Monarchy.Spencer C. Tucker & Priscilla Mary Roberts (eds.), Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 243f. Certainly a task that was nothing short of overwhelming. Considered to be serious, legalistic and unimaginative, personal traits that made him a good fit for the bureaucracy and the Imperial Cabinet.[http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/burian.html 'Graf István Burián von Rajecz', op. cit.] However, his rigidity and pedantry likely made him a less suitable choice at the helm of Austro-Hungarian diplomacy at such a decisive period as World War I with a greater need for flexibility according to one historian.For more on Count Burián's personality traits and his legacy, see István Diószegi, 'Außenminister Stephan Graf Burián. Biographie und Tagebuchstelle', Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös nominatae, Sectio historica, no. 8, 1966, pp. 169-208.

The author of the 2014 book, Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans during World War I, Marvin Benjamin Fried of the London School of Economics and Political Science, offers a similar, but more favourable evaluation. "Although he was criticized as being doctrinaire, inflexible, and a Balkanist without a wider purview, Burián had a clear vision to protect Austro-Hungarian prestige, integrity, and power, which he was determined to uphold in face of compounding internal and external pressures."{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/burian_von_rajecz_istvan_graf |title=Burián von Rajecz, István, Graf |last=Fried |first=Marvin Benjamin |date=26 July 2016 |website=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |publisher=Freie Universität Berlin |access-date=29 August 2018 }}

File:Burián István1.JPEG|Baron Stephan Burián von Rajecz, 1913

File:Der Minister Stephan Freiherr Burian von Rajez 1915 C. Scolik.png|Der Minister Stephan Burián von Rajez 1915

File:Burian István-1.jpg|Burián István (Stephan) in 1888

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• {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1896}} Austria-Hungary:{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=767&size=45|chapter=K. und K. Gemeinsames Finanz-Ministerium|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1918|location=Vienna|access-date=15 November 2021|page=393}}
• Commander of the Order of Franz Joseph, with Star, 1894{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=424&size=45|chapter=Ritter-orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1918|location=Vienna|access-date=15 November 2021|pages=[https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=427&size=45 53], [https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&size=45&page=431 57], [https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&size=45&page=535 161]}}
• Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1905; in Diamonds, 1908
• Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1910; in Diamonds, 1916
• Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1918[http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights7.htm Chevaliers de la Toison d'Or]
• {{flag|Kingdom of Prussia}}: Knight of the Black Eagle
• {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 25 January 1908{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001034653&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1921|page=198|language=es}}
• {{Flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, 1897{{citation|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg|year=1907|chapter=Königliche Orden|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=720NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122 122]|location=Stuttgart|publisher=Landesamt}}
• {{flagicon|Greece|royal}} Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
• {{flag|Principality of Bulgaria}}: Grand Cross of St. Alexander, in Diamonds
• {{flag|Baden}}: Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1897{{citation|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden|year=1910|chapter=Großherzogliche Orden|page=[https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1881509 261]|location=Karlsruhe|language=German}}
• {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}: Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, 31 July 1897{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Verdienst-Orden Philipps des Großmütigen|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=763&skin=2021|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=936&skin=2021 168]|lang=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1898|publisher=Staatsverlag|via=hathitrust.org}}
• {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}: Order of Osmanieh, 2nd Class
• {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}: Officer of the Star of Romania
• {{flagicon image|Early 20th Century Qajar Flag.svg}} Persian Empire: Order of the Lion and the Sun, 4th Class
• {{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}}: Officer of the Cross of Takovo
• {{flag|Finland}}: Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty{{Cite book|last=Tiainen|first=Jani|title=Suomen kunniamerkit / The orders, decorations, and medals of Finland|date=2010|publisher=Apali|isbn=978-952-5877-03-8|location=Tampere|language=fi, en|page=29}}

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{{notelist}}

• Drei Jahre: Aus der Zeit meiner Amtsführung im Kriege. Berlin, Verlag Ullstein, 1923. 333 p.
• [https://archive.org/details/austriaindissolu0000blun/page/n5/mode/2up Austria in dissolution: being the personal recollections of Stephan, Count Burián / translated by Brian Lunn, M. A.. London: E. Benn, 1925. 455 р.]

{{reflist}}

• István Diószegi, A ballplatzi palota utolsó gazdája, Kortárs, 1966.
• Gusztáv Gratz, A dualizmus kora, 1867–1918.

• [http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_1/129.pdf 'Burian von Rajecz Stefan Graf', Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950]
• [http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/0001/bsb00016319/images/index.html?seite=68 'Burián v. Rajecz, Stephan Graf', Neue Deutsche Biographie]
• [http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.b/b971398.htm 'Burián-Rajecz, Stephan Graf', AEIOU]
• [http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/burian.html 'Graf István Burián von Rajecz', Solving Problems Through Force]
• [http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/burian.htm 'Istvan von Burian', firstworldwar.com]
• [http://mek.niif.hu/00300/00355/html/index.html 'Burián István, gróf', Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon]
• {{Cite EB1922 |last=Pribram |first=Alfred Francis |wstitle=Burian von Rajecz, Stephen, Baron|short=x}}
• [http://img25.rajce.idnes.cz/d2502/14/14860/14860040_e4f141f87b115ef4cfc8eaec77586a89/images/DSC00847.jpg The gravestone of Count Burián at the Vienna Central Cemetery]
• [http://img25.rajce.idnes.cz/d2502/14/14860/14860040_e4f141f87b115ef4cfc8eaec77586a89/images/DSC00846.jpg The gravestone of Count Burián at the Vienna Central Cemetery]
• Marvin Benjamin Fried: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/burian_von_rajecz_istvan_graf/ Burián von Rajecz, István, Graf], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
• {{PM20|FID=pe/002778}}

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