Stephen Switzer
{{Short description|English gardener, garden designer and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
File:Ichnographica Rustica, Vol 2, plate 11, 1718.jpg
Stephen Switzer (1682–1745) was an English gardener, garden designer and writer on garden subjects, often credited as an early exponent of the English landscape garden. He is most notable for his views of the transition between the large garden, still very formal in his writings, and the surrounding countryside, especially woodland.
He himself called his intended style the "Natural and Rural way of Gardens",Quest-Ritson, 114, quoted; Uglow, 127 and a modern garden historian has termed it the "English Forest Style", turning sites such as Wray Wood behind Castle Howard into "a network of meandering walks creating a sort of labyrinth woodland".Johnston, 156 But his main work on the subject, Ichnographica Rustica, or The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's recreation (1715–18) came rather too early for the flood of new American trees and shrubs that led to the development of the shrubbery a generation later, and subsequently the woodland garden, and Switzer's schemes for the more distant parts of sites from the house seem to have firmly remained woodland rather than garden. Like many later gardening writers, his views are often expressed with more intemperate fervour than clarity.
Although he had never travelled abroad to see them,Quest-Ritson, 112 Switzer admired and emulated the formal grandeur of French broad prospects and woodland avenues, finding in the state of horticulture an index of cultural health, in Augustan Rome as in contemporary Britain, where August Designs [his example is Blenheim Palace], denote that Greatness of Mind that reigns in the English Nobility and Gentry".Switzer, The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation 1715:63, quoted by James Turner, "Stephen Switzer and the Political Fallacy in Landscape Gardening History", Eighteenth-Century Studies 11.4 (Summer 1978:489-496) p. 490.
His landscape design principles parallel those expressed in Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington and the views on "natural" gardening expressed in essays by Joseph Addison, but his rejection of formality was perhaps rather limited by later standards. The contrast between the text and the illustrations in the Ichnographica, which show highly formal gardens with fearsomely high and straight clipped hedges, "has puzzled historians for many years", and perhaps results from a lack of communication with the illustrator, or a loss of nerve.Quest-Ritson, 114-115
Life and work
Switzer received sufficient early training in Hampshire to be taken on as a garden boy working for George London and Henry Wise in their Brompton nursery, in Kensington, now part of London.
Rising through the ranks of the largest nursery and landscaping operation of the day, Switzer helped execute London's designs at Castle Howard, Yorkshire (from 1706), notably the wilderness, at Cirencester Park, Gloucestershire (from about 1713), and at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire.Today's Blenheim landscape is largely the product of Lancelot "Capability" Brown, who remade the earlier landscape features. Switzer also designed the garden at Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire (about 1716). He is credited with the landscaping of Leeswood Hall, Flintshire, for Sir George Wynne in the 1720s.{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=567|desc=Leeswood Hall|grade=II*|access-date=16 June 2020}}
In 1715 Switzer published a work on "Forest, or Rural Gardening", The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation,Its full title is The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation, or, an Introduction to Gardening, Planting, Agriculture, and the other Business and Pleasure of a Country life which he expanded to form his Ichnographia (1718; lightly revised and enlarged with two further essaysOne, A further Account of Rural or Extensive Gardening, appears from its text to have been written about 1730, according to David Jacques, "The Art and Sense of the Scribblerus Club in England, 1715–35", Garden History 4.1 (Spring 1976:30–53) p. 52 note 7. as Ichnographia Rustica 1741–42). He also published The Practical Husbandman and Planter (1733) and An Introduction to a General System of Hydrostaticks and Hydraulicks (1729).
Ichnographia seems targeted "at the owners of villas who sought a small estate near London", recognising that "the Fatigues of Court and Senate often force the illustrious Patriots of their Country to retreat, and breathe the sweet and fragrant Air of gardens", many of which were on gentle hills. He advised that "all the adjacent Country be laid open to view", showing the "extensive charms of Nature, and the voluminous Tracts of a pleasant County",Quest-Ritson, 106, quoted still a realistic hope at that date.
He distinguished between city and country gardens, and saw no point in growing flowers in the latter, as "the nobler Diversions of the Country take place ... [after the end of May] ... when the Beauty of Flowers is gone, and Borders are like Graves, and rather a Blemish than Beauty to our finest gardens". Even in 1715 this was a considerable exaggeration, but not a complete one.Quest-Ritson, 114, quoted He was always concerned with the cost of gardening, and opposed walled gardens, except for some fruit in the kitchen garden, most landscaping, topiary ("monstrous shapes of Screws, Monkeys, Giants etc.") and expensive exotic plants.Quest-Ritson, 114
Switzer included the first lengthy historical sketch of the progress of gardening in England in The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation"His lengthy 'History of Gardening' in his Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation (1715) was the first attempt at a comprehensive history of English garden-writing and -making", observed Jacques 1976:119. was vocal in the criticism of topiary and the formality of the "Dutch Garden"David Jacques, "Who Knows What a Dutch Garden Is?", Garden History 30.2, Dutch Influences (Winter 2002:114–130). and introduced the term ferme ornée, the "ornamental farm" integrating the "useful" and "profitable" aspects of kitchen gardening and animal husbandry with apparently artless beautiful and charming views and details.
His main rival in the practical, though not the literary, aspects of early tentative exercises in "naturalistic" planting schemes was Charles Bridgeman, another gardener trained by London and Wise. Coming from Cambridgeshire, Bridgeman probably escaped Switzer's scorn for "several Northern Lads which ... by the help of a little Learning, and a great deal of Impudence ... invade the Southern provinces and ... pretend to know more in one Twelve-month, than a laborious, honest Southern Countryman does in Seven Years ... ."Quest-Ritson, 106, quoted Capability Brown (1716–1783), from Kirkharle in distant Northumberland, may not have done.
Selected publications
- 1715-18: Ichnographica Rustica, or The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's recreation. [https://archive.org/details/ichnographiarust01swit_0 Volume 1]; [https://archive.org/details/ichnographiarust02swit Volume 2]; [https://archive.org/details/ichnographiarust03swit Volume 3].
- 1724: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pW07AAAAcAAJ The Practical Fruit Gardener].
- 1727: [https://archive.org/details/practicalkitchen00swit The Practical Kitchen Gardener].
- 1729: Introduction to Hydrostatics and Hydraulics. [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010911457 Volume 1]; [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010911390 Volume 2].
- 1731: Cythisus of the Ancients.
- 1733–1734: [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011571215 The Practical Husband and Planter. or, Observations on the Ancient and Modern Husbandry, Planting and Gardening, Etc]. Monthly journal. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxj8kr Volume 1] ; [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxj8ks;view=1up;seq=9 Volume 2].
- 1734: Universal System of Water and Water Works. 2 Vol.
Notes
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References
- Johnston, Mark, The Tree Experts: A History of Professional Arboriculture in Britain, 2021, Windgather Press, {{ISBN|9781911188919}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-jgxEAAAQBAJ google books]
- Quest-Ritson, Charles, The English Garden: A Social History, 2003, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-029502-3}}
- Uglow, Jenny, A Little History of British Gardening, 2004, Chatto & Windus, {{ISBN|0701169281}}
External links
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Category:English garden writers
Category:English landscape architects
Category:18th-century English historians