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Sticta

{{Short description|Genus of lichens}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Sticta carolinensis - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

| image_caption = Sticta carolinensis

| taxon = Sticta

| authority = (Schreb.) Ach. (1803)

| type_species = Sticta sylvatica

| type_species_authority = (Huds.) Ach. (1803)

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

| synonyms_ref =

| synonyms = *Diclasmia {{small|Trevis. (1869)}}

  • Dysticta {{small|Clem. (1909)}}
  • Dystictina {{small|Clem. (1909)}}
  • Lichen sect. Sticta {{small|Schreb. (1791)}}

}}

Sticta is a genus of lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical areas, and includes about 114 species. These lichens have a leafy appearance, and are colored brown or black. Sticta species with cyanobacteria as photobionts can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, and due to their relative abundance and high turnover, they contribute appreciably to the rainforest ecosystem. They are commonly called spotted felt lichens.[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=STICT2 Plant Profile for Sticta (spotted felt lichen), USDA]

Description

The vegetative bodies of the Sticta, the thalli, are foliose, or leafy in appearance. They typically have dimensions of {{convert|2|to|5|cm|in|1}} in diameter, although specimens with diameters of up to {{convert|10|cm|in|0}} have been recorded. The lobes are rounded, and the upper surface is black or brown, while the lower surface has a light to dark brown layer of fine hairs (a {{lichengloss|tomentum}}), with a few craters, called {{lichengloss|cyphellae}}. Thalli often smell of shrimp or fish. The vegetative reproductive structures called isidia or soredia are often present on species in this genus; apothecia (cup-shaped spore-bearing structures) are rarely found. Sticta species are usually found growing on bark, wood, or mossy rock.{{cite book |vauthors=Geiser L, McCune B|title=Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Oregon State University Press |location=Corvallis |year=1997 |page=277 |isbn=0-87071-394-9}}

{{lichengloss|Photobiont}} partners of Sticta species include members of the green algae genera Chloroidium, Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris, Heveochlorella, and Symbiochloris.

The liverwort genus Monoclea contains lichen-like organisms completely unrelated to, but readily confused with Sticta.

Distribution and habitat

Sticta species are primarily tropical in distribution, but some species have been reported from as north as Norway,{{cite journal |author=Jørgensen PR|title=Sticta dufourii Del. and its parasymbiont Arthonia abelonae P.M. Jørg. n. sp. in Norway |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=18 |pages=331–40}} and as far south as the southern tip of South America.

Most species of Sticta grow on bark, wood, or mossy rock, usually in humid areas.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic analysis of small and large ribosomal RNA subunits has confirmed that the genus Sticta is monophyletic.{{cite journal |vauthors= Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F |year=2003|title=Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |pages=449–64 |doi= 10.3732/ajb.91.3.449 |issue=3 |pmid=21653401}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Stenroos SE, Stocker-Wörgötter I, Yoshimura L, Myllis A, Hyvönen TJ |year=2003|title= Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobariaphotomorphs |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=81 |issue= 3|pages=232–47 |doi=10.1139/b03-027 }}

Indicators of ecological continuity

Some epiphytic lichen species may be used as "ancient woodland indicators"; they can used to quantitatively assess the degree to which a forest has had a long history of canopy continuity.Gilbert, pp. 70–71. The presence of these species is a reliable indicator that the forest has existed back to early medieval times, without being clear-cut and regrown. Two Sticta species, namely, S. dufournii or the blue-green algal morphotype S. canariensis, are among several species of lichens that may be used to calculate the New Index of Ecological Continuity (NIEC), considered the most sensitive and accurate determination of forest continuity.Gilbert, pp. 257–59.

Bioactive compounds

A comprehensive comparative study on the antioxidant activity of lichens from Hawaii and Iceland revealed the Hawaiian lichen S. weigelii to be a potent producer of antioxidative compounds.{{cite journal | pmid = 25808912 | doi=10.1111/1462-2920.12850 | title=Comparative analysis of the antioxidant properties of Icelandic and Hawaiian lichens |date=March 2015 | journal=Environmental Microbiology |vauthors=Hagiwara K, Wright PR, etal | volume=18 | issue=8 | pages=2319–2325 }}

Species

File:Sticta caperata (48720485562).jpg

File:Sticta fragilinata (4752114181).jpg, North Carolina]]

File:Sticta limbata 705296.jpg

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References

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

{{cite journal |last=Aptroot |first=André |title=Sticta alpinotropica, a new saxicolous lichen species from the alpine zone of Mt Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=40 |issue=5 |year=2008 |doi=10.1017/s0024282908007834 |pages=419–422}}

{{cite journal |last1=Dal Forno |first1=Manuela |last2=Moncada |first2=Bibiana |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |title=Sticta aongstroemii, a newly recognized species in the S. damicornis morphodeme (Lobariaceae) potentially endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Brazil |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=50 |issue=6 |year=2018 |doi=10.1017/s0024282918000403 |pages=691–696}}

{{cite journal |last1=Di Meglio |first1=Joseph R. |last2=Goward |first2=Trevor |title=Resolving the Sticta fuliginosa morphodeme (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) in northwestern North America |journal=The Bryologist |volume=126 |issue=1 |year=2023 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-126.1.090 |pages=90–110}}

{{cite journal |last1=Galloway |first1=D.J. |year=1983 |title=New taxa in the New Zealand lichen flora |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428544}}

{{cite journal |author= Galloway DJ|year=1994|title=Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: I. Southern South American species|journal=The Lichenologist |volume=26 |issue= 3|pages=223–82 |doi=10.1006/lich.1994.1019}}

{{cite journal |last1=Galloway |first1=D. J. |title=Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach.: V*. Australian species |journal=Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution |volume=15 |issue=1 |year=1998 |pages=117–160 |doi=10.11646/bde.15.1.12}}

{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk |url-access=limited |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk/page/n676 666]|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}

{{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |last2=Goffinet |first2=Bernard |title=Sticta deyana: A new endemic photomorphic lichen from the imperiled mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=40 |issue=4 |year=2016 |doi=10.1600/036364415x689979 |pages=933–941}}

{{cite book |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Nelson |first2=Matthew P. |year=2018 |chapter=Ediacarans, Protolichens, and Lichen-Derived Penicillium: A Critical Reassessment of the Evolution of Lichenization in Fungi |title=Transformative Paleobotany. Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of Thomas N. Taylor |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Krings |editor-first2=Néstor Rubén |editor-last2=Cúneo |editor-first3=Carla J. |editor-last3=Harper |editor-first4=Gar W. |editor-last4=Rothwell |pages=551–590 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-813012-4.00023-1 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-813012-4}}

{{cite journal |last1=Magain |first1=Nicolas |last2=Sérusiaux |first2=Emmanuël|title=Dismantling the treasured flagship lichen Sticta fuliginosa (Peltigerales) into four species in Western Europe |journal=Mycological Progress |volume=14 |issue=10 |year=2015 |doi=10.1007/s11557-015-1109-0|hdl=2268/186416 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=T. |last2=Miadlikowska |first2=J. |last3=Lutzoni |first3=F. |year=2003 |title=The lichen genus Sticta in the Great Smoky Mountains: A phylogenetic study of morphological, chemical, and molecular data |journal=The Bryologist |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=61–79|doi=10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0061:TLGSIT]2.0.CO;2}}

{{cite journal |last1=Mercado-Díaz |first1=Joel A. |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |last3=Moncada |first3=Bibiana |last4=Widhelm |first4=Todd J. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Elucidating species richness in lichen fungi: The genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) in Puerto Rico |journal=Taxon |volume=69 |issue=5 |year=2020 |pages=851–891 |doi=10.1002/tax.12320}}

{{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |title=Ten new species of Sticta and counting: Colombia as a hot spot for unrecognized diversification in a conspicuous macrolichen genus |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=2012 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.74.1.1 |pages=1–29}}

{{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Coca |first2=Luis Fernando |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |title=Neotropical members of Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) forming photosymbiodemes, with the description of seven new species |journal=The Bryologist |volume=116 |issue=2 |year=2013 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-116.2.169 |pages=169–200}}

{{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |last3=Coca |first3=Luis Fernando |title=Six new apotheciate species of Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) from the Colombian Andes |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=45 |issue=5 |year=2013 |doi=10.1017/s0024282913000376 |pages=635–656}}

{{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Luecking |first2=Robert Karl |last3=Lumbsch |first3=H. Thorsten |title=Rewriting the evolutionary history of the lichen genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae subfam. Lobarioideae) in the Hawaiian islands |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |year=2020 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=95–119 |doi=10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0005 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Mercado-Díaz |first2=Joel A. |last3=Smith |first3=Clifford W. |last4=Bungartz |first4=Frank |last5=Sérusiaux |first5=Emmanuël |last6=Lumbsch |first6=H. Thorsten |last7=Lücking |first7=Robert |title=Two new common, previously unrecognized species in the Sticta weigelii morphodeme (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) |journal=Willdenowia |volume=51 |issue=1 |year=2021 |doi=10.3372/wi.51.51103 |pages=35–45 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349571209 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Rincón-Murillo |first2=Diego |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |title=Three new lobarioid lichens (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) from Colombia, honoring Enrique Forero |journal=Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales | volume=47 |issue=184 |date=2023-09-27 |doi=10.18257/raccefyn.1978 |doi-access=free |pages=619–640}}

{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=J. |year=1888 |title=Lichenologische Beiträge XXVII |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=17–25}}

{{cite journal |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1861 |title=Expositio Lichenum Novae Caledoniae |journal=Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique |volume=15 |pages=37–54 |language=la}}

{{cite journal |last1=Øvstedal |first1=D.O. |last2=Gremmen |first2=N.J.M. |year=2010 |title=New lichen species from Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island |journal=Folia Cryptogamica Estonica |volume=47 |pages=43–49}}

{{cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=William B. |last2=Masumoto |first2=Hiroshi |title=Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=53 |issue=5 |year=2021 |doi=10.1017/S0024282921000335 |pages=347–393 |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=A. |last2=Goward |first2=T. |last3=Di Meglio |first3=J. |last4=Dillman |first4=K. |last5=Spribille |first5=T. |last6=Goffinet |first6=B. |year=2018 |title=Sticta torii sp. nov., a remarkable lichen of high conservation priority from northwestern North America |journal=Graphis Scripta |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=105–114}}

{{cite web |title=Synonymy: Sticta (Schreb.) Ach., Methodus, Sectio post. (Stockholmiæ): 275 (1803) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=5234 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=23 January 2022}}

{{cite journal |last1=Suárez |first1=Alejandra |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |title=Sticta viviana (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales: Lobariaceae), a new species from Colombian paramos |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=45 |issue=2 |year=2013 |doi=10.1017/s0024282912000680 |pages=153–157}}

{{cite journal |last1=Upreti |first1=D.K. |last2=Divakar |first2=P.K. |year=2010 |title=A new species in the lichen genus Sticta (Schreb.) Ach. (Lobariaceae) from the Indian subcontinent |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=90 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1127/0029-5035/2010/0090-0251}}

}}

=Cited literature=

  • {{cite book |author=Gilbert O.L. |title=Lichens |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=0-00-220082-1}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7616341}}

Category:Peltigerales genera

Category:Lichen genera

Category:Taxa described in 1791

Category:Taxa named by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber