Strategic National Stockpile

The actual supply of drugs and supplies that make up the SNS are located in 12{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/10/coronavirus-strategic-national-stockpile/ |title=Coronavirus outbreak tests nation's emergency medical stockpile |date=March 10, 2020 |website=STAT |language=en-US |access-date=March 18, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617151645/https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/10/coronavirus-strategic-national-stockpile/ |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |quote="With roughly 200 employees, the SNS maintains 12 sites across the country, but keeps their location classified, citing security concerns."}} secret locations strategically placed throughout the US. The locations appear to look like ordinary commercial warehouses. Inside the warehouses, supplies are stacked on shelves that can measure five stories high.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/04/24/inside-the-secret-u-s-stockpile-meant-to-save-us-all-in-a-bioterror-attack|title=Inside the secret U.S. stockpile meant to save us all in a bioterror attack|last=Sun|first=Lena|date=April 24, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=May 5, 2019|language=en}} Armed personnel guard the warehouse contents and, according to NPR in 2020, during the COVID-19 global pandemic, "rows of ventilators, which can support people who are having trouble breathing, are kept charged up and ready to roll at a moment's notice."{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/14/814121891/why-even-a-huge-medical-stockpile-will-be-of-limited-use-against-covid-19|title=Why Even A Huge Medical Stockpile Will Be Of Limited Use Against COVID-19|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=March 18, 2020}}

The SNS holds a variety of items that would be helpful to the general population in the event of a widespread disease outbreak.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Each push pack weighs about {{convert|50|ST|lb t kg}}. Its contents include broad-spectrum oral and intravenous antibiotics, emergency medicines, IV fluids and kits, airway equipment, bandages, vaccines, antitoxins, and ventilators.{{Cite web |url=https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/MCMTraining/Miscellaneous%20Resources%20and%20Documents/SNS_Push%20Package%20Catalogl_2-1-12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=April 3, 2020 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923031451/https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/MCMTraining/Miscellaneous%20Resources%20and%20Documents/SNS_Push%20Package%20Catalogl_2-1-12.pdf |url-status=dead }} The material deploys by unmarked trucks and airplanes within 12 hours of the receipt of a request by the CDC. The U.S. Marshals Service provides armed security from these federal sites to local destinations. The SNS has adequate vaccines and countermeasures in its stockpile, including 300 million smallpox treatment courses and enough anthrax vaccines to handle a three-city incident.{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/27/483069862/inside-a-secret-government-warehouse-prepped-for-health-catastrophes|title=Inside A Secret Government Warehouse Prepped For Health Catastrophes|last=Greenfieldboyce|first=Nell|date=June 27, 2016|work=NPR.org|access-date=2017-06-29|language=en}}

CHEMPACKs contain nerve agent antidotes to help in the event of a nerve agent attack or industrial accident.{{Cite web | url=https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/chempack.htm | title=Chempack - Chemm | access-date=April 3, 2020 | archive-date=September 8, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908180028/https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/chempack.htm | url-status=dead }} As of 2015, 1,960 CHEMPACKs were forward-deployed in more than 1,340 locations across each state and territory of the United States.{{Cite web | url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2015/02/cdcs-chempack-program-the-stockpile-that-may-protect-you-from-a-chemical-attack/ |title = CDC's CHEMPACK Program—The Stockpile that may protect you from a chemical attack | | Blogs | CDC| date=February 19, 2015 }}

During the first decade of the Cold War, the United States accumulated a civil defense medical stockpile at 32 storage facilities. The supplies began to degrade in the 1960s, and were disposed of and the stockpile program closed in 1974.[https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-strategic-national-stockpile-was-ready-but-not-for-this-135266 Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this]

In April 1998, President Bill Clinton read the Richard Preston novel The Cobra Event, a fiction book about a mad scientist spreading a virus throughout New York City. As a result, Clinton held a meeting with scientists and cabinet officials to discuss the threat of bioterrorism. He was so impressed that he asked the experts to meet with senior-level aides at the Department of Defense and in the Department of Health and Human Services.{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Doug Bock |title=Inside the Chaotic, Cutthroat Gray Market for N95 Masks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/magazine/n95-masks-market-covid.html |website=The New York Times |date=November 17, 2020 |access-date=22 November 2020}} At that time, the government had stockpiles of medications for military personnel, but did not have them for civilians. Shortly after, The Washington Post wrote that Clinton surprised many in Washington at how fast he and his National Security Council had moved to change that. By October, Clinton signed into law{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ277/PLAW-105publ277.pdf|title=PUBLIC LAW 105–277—OCT. 21, 1998|website=Congress|language=en|access-date=April 4, 2020}} a new budget of $51 million for pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiling to be carried out by the CDC.{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5800393/coronavirus-national-stockpile-history/|title=The Surprising Origins of the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=March 18, 2020}}

The US Congress appropriated funds for the CDC to create a pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpile to handle biological and chemical threats from disease that could affect large numbers of the US civilian population, in Public Law 105–277 dated October 21, 1998.{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ277/PLAW-105publ277.pdf#page=359|title=PUBLIC LAW 105–277—OCT. 21, 1998|website=Congress|language=en|access-date=April 4, 2020}} The original name was the National Pharmaceutical Stockpile (NPS) program, but additional materials have been added to the stockpile since the original authorization .{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

The federal government implemented a pandemic blueprint for distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E.) from the Strategic National Stockpile, in coordination with public and private efforts.

On March 1, 2003, the NPS was renamed the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) program with joint management by Department of Homeland Security and Department of Health and Human Services.{{cite web |url=https://www.phe.gov/about/sns/Pages/responses.aspx |title=Stockpile Responses |author= |website=phe.gov |publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services |access-date=July 30, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715201347/https://www.phe.gov/about/sns/Pages/responses.aspx |archive-date=July 15, 2020 }}

In 2005 and in preparation for a predictable pandemic influenza, the Bush administration called for the coordination of domestic production and stockpiling of protective personal equipment.{{Cite news|last=Manjoo|first=Farhad|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/25/opinion/coronavirus-face-mask.html|title=Opinion {{!}} How the World's Richest Country Ran Out of a 75-Cent Face Mask|date=March 25, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 25, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} {{Fact or opinion|date=April 2020}} In 2006, the US Congress funded the integration of protective equipment to a Strategic National Stockpile: 52 million surgical masks and 104 million N95 air-filtration masks were acquired and added.

Public Health Emergency lists large-scale deployments from the SNS in response to emergencies.

The SNS successfully deployed 12-hour "push packages" to New York City and Washington, D.C., in response to the September 11 attacks, and managed inventory (MI) to numerous locations in response to the anthrax terrorist attacks of 2001.

Following the landfall of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the Gulf coast of Mississippi and Louisiana in September 2005, the CDC deployed SNS assets, technical assistance and response units, plus the newly developed and rapidly deployable "federal medical contingency stations" to state-approved locations near or in the disaster areas. The contingency stations, later renamed Federal Medical Stations (FMS), are caches of equipment and supplies provided by the SNS, set up in local "buildings of opportunity" and staffed by local or federal medical personnel to provide triage, low acuity care, and temporary holding of displaced patients for whom local acute care systems are damaged or destroyed.

Since the original deployment following Hurricane Katrina, FMSs have been deployed to support other major disaster responses including Superstorm Sandy. The FMS program is a collaboration between CDC and the Office of Emergency Management under the HHS Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. In 2014, responding to stakeholder feedback, a 50-bed FMS cache was developed and made available in addition to the original 250-bed FMS.HHS, ASPR FMS Concept of Operation, 2014

The SNS released one-quarter of its antiviral drug inventory (Tamiflu and Relenza), personal protective equipment (PPE), and respiratory protection devices, to help every US state respond to the H1N1 Influenza 2009 swine influenza outbreak in the United States.{{cite web |url=http://cdc.gov/swineflu/index.htm |access-date=April 27, 2009 |title=2009 H1N1 Flu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430030136/http://cdc.gov/swineflu/index.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2009 }}

After the 2009 flu pandemic in which tens of millions of masks were distributed, fiscal constraints imposed by the agency's $600 million annual budget led officials to decide that replenishing a large inventory of N95 face masks was of less priority than stockpiling other equipment and drugs for diseases and disasters.{{cite news |last1=Beth Reinhard and Emma Brown |title=Face masks in national stockpile have not been substantially replenished since 2009 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/face-masks-in-national-stockpile-have-not-been-substantially-replenished-since-2009/2020/03/10/57e57316-60c9-11ea-8baf-519cedb6ccd9_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=22 November 2020}}

During the first Trump administration, Trump falsely claimed his administration inherited an ‘empty’ stockpile from the previous administration.D'Angelo Gore [https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/trump-falsely-claims-he-inherited-empty-stockpile Trump Falsely Claims He Inherited ‘Empty’ Stockpile] April 3, 2020 FactCheck.orgFile:Strategic National Stockpile A Look Back at the Last 20 Years.webmhd.webm

From 2017 to 2019, the Trump administration failed to replace masks and other supplies used in earlier disasters. In May 2020, in a House subcommittee meeting, whistle-blower Dr. Rick Bright, previous director of Department of Health and Human Services’ Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, explained that the Trump administration had ignored his early warnings to stock up on masks and other supplies to combat the coronavirus.{{cite news |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl Gay |title=Lives Were Lost' as Warnings Went Unheeded, Whistle-Blower Tells House |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/us/politics/whistle-blower-coronavirus-trump.html |website=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=22 November 2020}}

The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) of the Department of Health and Human Services managed the Strategic National Stockpile from October 1, 2018. Prior to that, the stockpile was managed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

File:In response to increasing -COVID19 pandemic, HHS is deploying personal protec....webm outbound from an SNS warehouse]]

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, SNS was involved in providing supplies to the repatriation efforts of State Department employees from China and Japan. It also shipped thousands of N95 masks to the states of Washington, Massachusetts, and New York to respond to their surging infection rates.{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5800200/strategic-national-stockpile-coronavirus/|title=States Need Medical Supplies to Fight Coronavirus. Can the National Stockpile Keep Up With Demand?|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2020}} In March 2020, SNS director Steven Adams said it had stockpiled 13 million masks and had placed an order for 500 million more by September 2021. The SNS was criticized for containing over 5 million expired masks.

In the early stages of the pandemic the availability of mechanical ventilators to sustain patients became a serious concern. The stockpile had added ventilators to its inventory during the 2000s and 2010s and established plans to distribute them, although a series of studies and reports expressed doubt that the ventilators would be sufficient in an influenza pandemic.{{Cite web|last=de Puy Kamp|first=Majlie|title=Federal officials repeatedly warned that US hospitals lacked enough ventilators|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/27/cnn10/ventilators-supply-government-warnings-coronavirus-invs/index.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=CNN|date=March 27, 2020 }} Although ventilators were ordered for the stockpile under the Defense Production Act, medical practices shifted toward other respiratory treatments as understanding of the disease improved, resulting in a surplus of unused machines.{{cite news|last=Cha|first=Ariana Eunjung|title=Doctors express glimmers of hope as they try out new approaches against coronavirus|date=May 31, 2020|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/13/coronavirus-treatments/|access-date=2025-03-08}}

On March 29, 2020, HHS accepted a donation of 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine sulfate from Sandoz and one million doses of Resochin (chloroquine phosphate) from Bayer Pharmaceuticals for use in treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients or in clinical trials. The SNS will work with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to deliver the doses to states.{{cite press release |author=ASPR Press Office |date=March 29, 2020 |title=HHS accepts donations of medicine to Strategic National Stockpile as possible treatments for COVID-19 patients |url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/03/29/hhs-accepts-donations-of-medicine-to-strategic-national-stockpile-as-possible-treatments-for-covid-19-patients.html |url-status=dead |publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720161920/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/03/29/hhs-accepts-donations-of-medicine-to-strategic-national-stockpile-as-possible-treatments-for-covid-19-patients.html |archive-date=July 20, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020}} The U.S. Food and Drug Administration later withdrew Emergency Use Authorization for these drugs after studies found they had no benefit for treating COVID-19.

On April 1, 2020, Department of Homeland Security officials told reporters that the cache of personal protective equipment stored by the SNS was almost depleted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. This was later confirmed by President Donald Trump. PPE from the SNS was sent directly to health facilities across the country.{{cite news |last=Miroff |first=Nick |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/coronavirus-protective-gear-stockpile-depleted/2020/04/01/44d6592a-741f-11ea-ae50-7148009252e3_story.html |title=Protective gear in national stockpile is nearly depleted, DHS officials say — The Washington Post |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |access-date=April 1, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708113610/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/coronavirus-protective-gear-stockpile-depleted/2020/04/01/44d6592a-741f-11ea-ae50-7148009252e3_story.html |archive-date=July 8, 2020}}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, states criticized the lack of availability of medical supplies from the federal stockpile. At a White House press conference on April 2, 2020, senior advisor Jared Kushner commented "The notion of the federal stockpile was it's supposed to be our stockpile. It's not supposed to be states' stockpiles that they then use."{{cite web |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-17/ |title=Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing |author= |date=April 3, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |quote=You also have a situation where, in some states, FEMA allocated ventilators to the states. And you have instances where, in cities, they’re running out, but the state still has a stockpile. And the notion of the federal stockpile was it’s supposed to be our stockpile; it’s not supposed to be state stockpiles that they then use. So we’re encouraging the states to make sure that they’re assessing the needs, they’re getting the data from their local — local situations, and then trying to fill it with the supplies that we’ve given them. |location=James S. Brady Press Briefing Room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200404/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-17/ |via=National Archives |work=whitehouse.gov |archive-date=January 20, 2021}}{{cite news |last=Wulfsohn |first=Joseph A. |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Trump rips CBS reporter over question on Kushner stockpile remarks: 'You ought to be ashamed of yourself' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-cbs-reporter-kushner-stockpile-remarks |url-status=live |work=Fox News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604020706/https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-cbs-reporter-kushner-stockpile-remarks |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQbNHOF8_jY?t=6530 | title=President Donald Trump and White House Coronavirus Task Force Daily Press Briefing | FULL — 4/2/2020 - YouTube | website=YouTube | date=April 2, 2020 }} The idea that the stockpile was not a backup for states that run out of supplies was disputed by Governor Laura Kelly of Kansas,{{cite news |last=Ordoñez |first=Franco |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Jared Kushner's Role In Coronavirus Response Draws Scrutiny |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/03/826945491/jared-kushners-role-in-coronavirus-response-draws-scrutiny |url-status=live |work=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514114000/https://www.npr.org/2020/04/03/826945491/jared-kushners-role-in-coronavirus-response-draws-scrutiny |archive-date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 }} among others.

The description of the stockpile, as listed on its website, was changed the day after Kushner's remarks to better align with them, from:

"Strategic National Stockpile is the nation’s largest supply of life-saving pharmaceuticals and medical supplies for use in a public health emergency severe enough to cause local supplies to run out. When state, local, tribal, and territorial responders request federal assistance to support their response efforts, the stockpile ensures that the right medicines and supplies get to those who need them most during an emergency. Organized for scalable response to a variety of public health threats, this repository contains enough supplies to respond to multiple large-scale emergencies simultaneously."{{cite web |title=Strategic National Stockpile (April 3 web archive) |url=https://www.phe.gov/about/sns/Pages/default.aspx |publisher=U.S. Department Health & Human Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403134414/https://www.phe.gov/about/sns/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=April 3, 2020 }}{{Cite web | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/491037-trump-administration-changes-definition-of-national-stockpile-after |title = Trump administration changes definition of national stockpile after Kushner remarks|date = 3 April 2020| first=Nathaniel| last=Weixel| website=thehill.com}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/03/strategic-national-stockpile-description-altered-after-kushners-remarks-163181 |title = Strategic National Stockpile description altered online after Kushner's remarks| first=Quint| last=Forgey| website=politico.com| date=April 3, 2020 }}{{Cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/03/jared-kushner-stands-trump-proceeds-offer-very-trumpian-claim-about-stockpiles/ |title =The Trump administration just changed its description of the national stockpile to jibe with Jared Kushner's controversial claim| first=Aaron| last=Blake| website=washingtonpost.com}}

to:

"The Strategic National Stockpile's role is to supplement state and local supplies during public health emergencies. Many states have products stockpiled, as well. The supplies, medicines, and devices for life-saving care contained in the stockpile can be used as a short-term stopgap buffer when the immediate supply of adequate amounts of these materials may not be immediately available."

Washington State announced on April 5, 2020, that it would return more than 400 ventilators it had received from the Stockpile "... to help states facing higher numbers of COVID-19 cases."{{Cite web|url=https://www.governor.wa.gov/news-media/we%E2%80%99re-together-%E2%80%93-washington-state-send-ventilators|title=We're in this together – Washington state to send ventilators|website=governor.wa.gov|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=April 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408064403/https://www.governor.wa.gov/news-media/we%E2%80%99re-together-%E2%80%93-washington-state-send-ventilators|url-status=dead}}

On April 8, 2020, HHS contracted with DuPont for 2.25 million Tyvek suits to be delivered to the SNS to be used as PPE for frontline healthcare workers.{{cite press release |author=ASPR Press Office |date=April 8, 2020 |title=HHS to Provide Millions of TYVEK Protective Suits for U.S. Healthcare Workers |url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/04/08/hhs-provide-millions-tyvek-protective-suits-us-healthcare-workers.html |url-status=dead |publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625211440/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/04/08/hhs-provide-millions-tyvek-protective-suits-us-healthcare-workers.html |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020}} By April 13, 2020, HHS used the Defense Production Act (DPA) to contract for ventilator production with General Electric, Hill-Rom, Medtronic, ResMed, and Vyaire. Additionally, they contracted with Hamilton and Zoll for ventilator production without using the DPA. The seven contracts were expected to produce 137,431 ventilators by the end of 2020 at a total cost of $1.435 billion.{{cite press release |author=ASPR Press Office |date=April 13, 2020 |title=HHS Announces New Ventilator Contracts, Orders Now Totaling Over 130,000 Ventilators |url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/04/13/hhs-announces-new-ventilator-contracts-orders-now-totaling-over-130000-ventilators.html |url-status=dead |publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717003113/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/04/13/hhs-announces-new-ventilator-contracts-orders-now-totaling-over-130000-ventilators.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020}}

In January 2022, amidst a surge in cases caused by the more contagious Omicron variant, the CDC updated its guidance[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/types-of-masks.html Types of Masks and Respirators] to emphasize the greater protection from wearing N95 masks in indoor public spaces.[https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/01/15/1073273768/n95-mask-respirator-cdc Ready for an N95? Here's how to find a high-quality one that fits you well] The Biden administration announced it would distribute 400 million N95 masks from the SNS{{cite web |title=Biden administration to distribute 400 million N95 masks to the public for free Politics |date=2022-01-19 |website=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523194558/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/politics/n95-masks-biden-administration-covid-19/index.html |archive-date=2023-05-23 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/19/politics/n95-masks-biden-administration-covid-19/index.html}} which started arriving in late January and early February.[https://www.npr.org/2022/01/25/1075640873/free-n95-masks-covid Free N95 masks are arriving at pharmacies and grocery stores. Here's how to get yours]

The stockpile was again used during the 2022 monkeypox outbreak. In May 2022, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) confirmed the United States released some of their Jynneos monkeypox vaccine supply from their Strategic National Stockpile for people who are "high-risk".{{Cite web |last1=Howard |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Langmaid |first2=Virginia |date=2022-05-23 |title=US in process of releasing monkeypox vaccine from national stockpile for 'high-risk' people, CDC says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/23/health/monkeypox-cdc/index.html |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=CNN}} On May 27, 2022, the CDC specified the indications for the Jynneos vaccine: research laboratory personnel, clinical laboratory personnel performing diagnostic testing for orthopoxviruses, designated response team members, and health care personnel who administer live smallpox Vaccine or care for patients infected with orthopoxviruses.{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=Agam K. |date=2022 |title=Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination of Persons at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7122e1.htm |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |language=en-us |volume=71 |issue=22 |pages=734–742 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1 |pmid=35653347 |pmc=9169520 |s2cid=249142212 |issn=0149-2195}}

In March of 2021, the New York Times alleged mismanagement involving the Strategic National Stockpile, stating, "In one telling example, The Times found, the government approved a plan in 2015 to buy tens of millions of N95 respirators — lifesaving equipment for medical workers that has been in short supply because of Covid-19 — but the masks repeatedly lost out in the competition for funding over the years leading up to the pandemic, according to five former federal health officials involved in the effort. During the same period, Emergent sold the government nearly $1 billion in anthrax vaccines, financial disclosures show."{{cite news |last1=Hamby |first1=Chris |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl Gay |title=How One Firm Put an 'Extraordinary Burden' on the U.S.'s Troubled Stockpile |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/06/us/emergent-biosolutions-anthrax-coronavirus.html |website=The New York Times |date=March 6, 2021 |access-date=8 March 2022}}

Section 403 of the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 (H.R. 307; 113th Congress) reauthorized the Strategic National Stockpile for FY2014-FY2018. It required the Secretary of Health and Human Services to:

1. submit to the appropriate congressional committees, to the extent that the disclosure of such information does not compromise national security, the annual review of the contents of the Stockpile; and
2. review and revise the contents of the Stockpile to ensure that the potential depletion of countermeasures currently in the Stockpile is identified and appropriately addressed, including through necessary replenishment.{{cite web|title=H.R. 307|date=March 13, 2013|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/307|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=April 10, 2013}}

{{reflist}}

{{Library resources box}}

• [https://www.phe.gov/about/sns/Pages/default.aspx Official site]
• {{YouTube|5NYnlJbHUno|"Strategic National Stockpile: A Look Back at the Last 20 Years"}}

{{U.S. biological defense}}

Category:Biological warfare

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Category:Strategic reserves of the United States

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