Streptomyces lavendulae

{{speciesbox

| taxon = Streptomyces lavendulae

| authority = (Waksman and Curtis 1916) Waksman and Henrici 1948 (Approved Lists 1980)

| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

| subdivision =

subsp. lavendulae (Waksman and Curtis 1916) Pridham 1970 (Approved Lists 1980)
subsp. grasserius (Kuchaeva et al. 1961) Pridham 1970 (Approved Lists 1980)

| synonyms =

"Actinomyces lavendulae" Waksman and Curtis 1916
"Actinomyces lavendulae subsp. grasserius" Kuchaeva et al. 1961

}}

Streptomyces lavendulae is a species of bacteria from the genus Streptomyces. It is isolated from soils globally and is known for its production of medically useful biologically active metabolites. To see a photo of this organism click [http://www.hpfiedler-group.de/images/metabolites/019_fluostatins_c_e_streptomyceslavendulae_acta1383.jpg here].

== Description and significance ==

Streptomyces lavendulae was first isolated from soil in 1916,Waksman SA, Curtis RE. 1916. The actinomyces of the soil. Soil Sci. 1:99-134. and has since been isolated from many soils throughout the world. It is characterized by colorless growth with lavender colored aerial mycelium, though white mutants have been observed . The order Actinomycetales is composed of organisms well known for their ability to make a wide range of biologically active metabolites.Ikea H, Ishikawa J, Hanamoto A, Shinose M, Kikuchi H, Shiba T, Sakaki Y, Hattori M, Omura S. 2003. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12692562 Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis.] Nat Biotechnol. 21:526-531. S. lavendulae produces many medically useful antibiotics including streptothricinWaksman SA, Bugie E, Schatz A. 1944. [http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19452700911.html?freeview=true Isolation of Antibiotic Substances from Soil Micro-Organisms, with special reference to Streptothricin and Streptomycin]. Proceedings of Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 19(23):537-548. and lavendamycin,Balitz DM, Bush JA, Bradner WT, Doyle TW, O'Herron FA, Nettleton DE. 1982. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7076573/?ncbi_mmode=std Isolation of lavendamycin, a new antibiotic from Streptomyces lavendulae]. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 35(3):259-65. although some mutant strains exist without aerial mycelium, which are unable to produce antibiotics.Waksman SA, Schatz A. 1945. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078562/ Strain specificity and production of antibiotic substances. VI Strain variation and production of streptothricin by Actinomyces lavendulae]. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 31:208-214.

== Cell morphology and physiology ==

Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria that resemble fungi in structure with a complex branched network of cells called a mycelium. Isolates of Streptomyces lavendulae from different soils around the world vary morphologically and physiologically, with some strains producing straight aerial mycelium, while other isolates form spiral mycelium.Waksman SA, Harris D, Lechevalier M. 1951. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14861173 Studies on Streptomyces Lavendulae]. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. 62:149-161. The coloration of the mycelia can range from white to lavender to a deep red. These mycelia later give rise to spores that are oval with a smooth surface. All strains of S. lavendulae produce dark pigments on organic media, which can range in color from brown to greenish-black.Mencher JR, Heim AH. 1962. [http://mic.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-28-4-665 Melanin Biosynthesis by Streptomyces lavendulae.] Microbiology. 28:665-670. S. lavendulae growth occurs between 20 °C and 43 °C and its optimum temperature is 37 °C and growth and sporulation occur at pH ranging from 5.0-8.0 and its optimum pH is 7.0.Shibata M, Uyeda M, Kido Y, Toya N, Nakashima R, Terazumi R. 1980. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7251468 A New Antibiotic K-82 A and Minor Components Produced by Streptomyces lavendulae, Strain No. K-82]. The Journal of Antibiotics. 33:11 1231-1235.

Metabolism

Streptomyces have the ability to utilize many different compounds as part of their metabolism including sugars, amino acids, and alcohols through the production of extracellular enzymes. Carbon utilization studies on S. lavendulae have shown good or moderate growth with glucose, fructose, and arabinose as the substrate.Nishimura M, Inouye S. 2000. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7533372_Inhibitory_Effects_of_Carbohydrates_on_Cholesterol_Esterase_Biosynthesis_in_Streptomyces_lavendulae_H646-SY2 Inhibitory Effects of Carbohydrates on Cholesterol Esterase Biosynthesis in Streptomyces lavendulae H646-SY2. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering]. 90:5 564-566.

== Genome structure ==

While most bacteria have circular chromosomes, all actinomycetes chromosomes are linear and fairly large, 8-9Mb.Lin YS, Kieser HM, Hopwood DA, Chen CW. 1994. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7715445/?ncbi_mmode=std The chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces lividans 66 is linear.] Mol Microbial. 14(5):1103.Redenbach M, Kieser HM, Denapaite D, Eichner A, Cullum J, Kinashi H, Hogwood DA. 1996. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8843436 A set of ordered cosmids and a detailed genetic and physical map for the 8 Mb Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chromosome]. Mol Microbial. 21:77-96. In addition, actinomycete genomes contain extrachromosomal genetic elements such as rolling circle replication plasmids.Kieser T, Hopwood DA, Wright HM, Thompson CJ. 1982. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6283316 pIJ101, a multi-copy broad host-range Streptomyces plasmid: functional analysis and development of DNA cloning vectors]. Mol Gen Genet. 185(2):223-228. These extrachromosomal genetic elements have been shown to transport their own genes as well as chromosomal genes to other actinomycete hosts.Hosted TJ, Wang T, Horan AC. 2004. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15184568 Characterization of the Streptomyces lavendulae IMRU 3455 linear plasmid pSLV45]. Microbiology. 150:1819-1827. This provides a pathway for genetic information to be exchanged between cells, and could provide a mechanism for the transfer of antibiotic resistance between organisms. One study found genes for streptothricin resistance, an antibiotic produced by Actinomycete bacteria, on plasmids within gram-negative bacteria.Tschäpe H, Tietze E, Prager R, Voigt W, Wolter E, Seltmann G. 1984. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6098905/?ncbi_mmode=std Plasmid-borne streptothricin resistance in gram-negative bacteria]. Plasmid. 12:3 189-196.

== Pathology ==

Streptomyces lavendulae has not been identified as a pathogen and is not known to be the cause of any human diseases.

Medical importance

= Production of antibiotics =

Filamentous soil bacteria from the genus Streptomyces are important sources of biologically active compounds used in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In fact, bacteria from the genus Streptomyces produce 75% of commercially and medically useful antibiotics.Miyadoh S. 1993. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/saj/7/2/7_7_100/_article Research on Antibiotic Screening in Japan over the Last Decade: A Producing Microorganisms Approach]. Actinomycetologica. 9:100-106. In 1942, Streptothricin, an antibiotic made by Actinomycetes, was found to be produced by a strain of S. lavendulae.Waksman SA, Woodruff HB. 1942. [http://ebm.sagepub.com/content/49/2/207.short Streptothricin, a new selective bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent, particularly active against gram-negative bacteria]. Proc Soc Exptl Biol Med. 49:207-210.

Many natural compounds have led to the discovery of drugs used to treat human disease. Out of the 22,500 biologically active compounds that have been extracted from microbes, 45% are from Actinomycetota.Demain AL, Sanchez S. 2009. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19132062 Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress]. J Antibiot. 62:5-16. In 1956, Streptomyces lavendulae was found to produce an antibiotic called Mitomycin C, which has been studied for its cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.Lown JW, Begetter A, Johnson D, Morgan AR. 1976. [http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/o76-018#.VlVLb4RlnVo Studies related to antitumor antibiotics. Part V. Reactions of mitomycin C with DNA examined by ethidium fluorescence assay. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry.] 54:2 110-119.

= Antibiotic resistance =

It has been observed that cultures of S. lavendulae that produce streptothricin are resistant to the effects of this antibiotic.Cundliffe E. 1989. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2679354/?ncbi_mmode=std How Antibiotic-Producing Organisms Avoid Suicide. Annual Review of Microbiology]. 43:207-233. Many studies show the presence of multiple pathways for resistance toward a single antibiotic with the resistance genes located next to the antibiotic biosynthetic genes.Cundliffe E. 1992. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1302178 Self-protection mechanisms in antibiotic producers]. Ciba Found Symp. 171:199-214. Mytomycin C (MC), an antibiotic produced by S. lavendulae, exhibits cytotoxicity when the activated drug covalently binds complementary strands of DNA.Iyer VN, Szybalski W. 1964. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14162693 Mitomycins and porfiromycin: chemical mechanism of activation and cross-linking of DNA]. Science. 145:55-56. Streptomycetes contain an average G+C content of 70% making them very susceptible to the harmful effects of MC. S. lavendulae has three known genetic loci for resistance to MC. The first genetic locus (mcr) codes for two genes which inactivate MC in vivo through an oxidation process.August PR, Rahn JA, Flickinger MC, Sherman DH. 1996. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8917108 Inducible synthesis of Mitomycin C resistance gene product (MCRA) from Streptomyces lavendulae]. Gene: An International Journal on Genes and Genomes. 175:261-267. The second locus (mrd) binds with MC as a complex which prevents drug activation.Sheldon PJ, Johnson DA, August PR, Liu HW, Sherman DH. 1996. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9045843 Characterization of a Mitomycin-Binding Drug Resistance Mechanism from the Producing Organism, Streptomyces lavendulae]. Journal of Bacteriology. 179:5 1796-1804.

The third locus (mct) encodes a membrane-associated protein involved in the excretion of MC from the cell.Sheldon PJ, Mao Y, He M, Sherman DH. 1999. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10198016 Mitomycin Resistance in Streptomyces lavendulae Includes a Novel Drug-Binding-Protein-Dependent Export System]. Journal of Bacteriology. 181:8 2507-2512. These antibiotic resistance genes are tightly linked within the MC biosynthetic gene cluster. This coordinated gene regulation along with the multiple resistance loci effectively confer MC antibiotic resistance to S. lavendulae.

References

External links

[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=15344&submit=Search Type strain of Streptomyces lavendulae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

lavendulae

Category:Bacteria described in 1951