Subhi al-Tufayli

Al-Tufayli spent nine years studying theology in the city of Najaf, Iraq, during the Saddam Hussein era, where he met other Islamist clerics, and he was influenced by Lebanese cleric Musa al-Sadr.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWxZAQAAQBAJ&q=subhi+tufayli+musa+al+sadr&pg=PA28 | title=The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology and Political Program| isbn=9789053569108| last1=Alagha| first1=Joseph Elie| year=2006| publisher=Amsterdam University Press}} Returning to Lebanon, al-Tufayli joined with Abbas al-Musawi to help found the Shiite Islamic group of Hezbollah in the Beqaa Valley in 1982. Beqaa is one of Hezbollah's three main regions of support in Lebanon.Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon : The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, (1997), p.46

Tufayli attained reputation as the most learned Shi'ite cleric in the Beqaa Valley from a comparatively young age.{{Cite book |last1=Reich |first1=Walter |title=Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind |last2=Kramer |first2=Martin |publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-943875-89-7 |location=Washington DC, USA |pages=138 |chapter=8: The moral logic of Hezbollah}} Viewing him as the top-ranking Shia religious cleric within its ranks, Hezbollah elected al-Tufayli as their "President of the Islamic Republic" of Ba'albek. Hezbollah militant units patrolled Beqaa valley, enforcing strict religious norms and dress-codes amongst its residents; and banned Western cultural trends.{{Cite book |last=Ranstorp |first=Magnus |title=Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-68401-6 |location=London, UK |pages=35, 36, 65, 66 |doi=10.1057/9780230377509}}

In 1984, al-Tufayli was replaced by Abbas al-Musawi as head of Hezbollah. Hezbollah's hostage-taking campaign had wound down since the "Kuwait 17" bombers of the 1983 Kuwait bombings who were linked to leading Hezbollah members were now free, and the Taif Agreement had essentially ended the Civil War in Lebanon.Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, 1997, p.105

After the death of Khomeini in 1989, Hezbollah saw increasing Iranian control and was made to undergo fundamental structural changes. During the first conclave of the organization in 1989, Al-Tufayli was chosen as the first secretary-general of Hezbollah, a position he held until 1991. However, the period was marked by heavy factionalism within the organization, between Tufayli's followers who pursued a more independent policy and the Nasrallah faction that toed a staunchly pro-Iranian line. Tufayli supporters got systematically sidelined and the Nasrallah faction steadily gained ascendency in the organization structures with the backing of Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and Iranian President Rafsanjani. This culminated in the appointment of Khamenei loyalist Hassan Nasrallah as the third secretary-general of Hezbollah during its third conclave in 1993.{{Cite book |last=Elie Alagha |first=Joseph |title=Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto |publisher=Pallas Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-8555-037-2 |pages=22}}{{Cite book |last=Ranstorp |first=Magnus |title=Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-68401-6 |location=London, UK |pages=72, 77 |doi=10.1057/9780230377509}}

As flashpoint in the rivalry was Tufayli's opposition to Hezbollah's participation in 1992 general elections, which was supported by Ali Khamenei. Tufayli viewed this as a distraction from the more pressing armed struggle against "Zionist occupation of Southern Lebanon". Despite strong protests from the Tufayli faction, Hezbollah participated in elections, winning 12 seats and effectively transformed into a political party within the Lebanese system.{{Cite book |last=Elie Alagha |first=Joseph |title=Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto |publisher=Pallas Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-8555-037-2 |pages=22, 23}}{{Cite book |last=Ranstorp |first=Magnus |title=Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-68401-6 |location=London, UK |pages=75–77 |doi=10.1057/9780230377509}} By 1994, Tufayli had publicly admitted that he no longer any influence in the group:

"I am an ordinary militant, and I do not participate in decision-making. This has been true since the time of the legislative elections."{{Cite book |last=Ranstorp |first=Magnus |title=Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-68401-6 |location=London, UK |pages=77 |doi=10.1057/9780230377509}}

Al-Tufayli continued to oppose Hezbollah's participation in Lebanese national elections{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecroissant.com/sample_printall.php?issuedate=2007-09-21 |title=The break with Hezbollah and Hassan Nasrallah |access-date=19 December 2007 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716230104/http://www.thecroissant.com/sample_printall.php?issuedate=2007-09-21 |url-status=dead }}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/52217.stm Lebanese army hunts down radical cleric] and its "moderation" toward the Lebanese state. [http://www.meib.org/articles/0202_l1.htm Hezbollah: Between Tehran and Damascus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013193510/http://www.meib.org/articles/0202_l1.htm |date=13 October 2007 }} He also disagreed with Hezbollah’s support of the Government crack down on drug cultivation.Middle East International No 562, 7 November 1997; Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Giles Trendle p.16 al-Tufayli himself however stated that the internal split in Hezbollah was caused by Iran's take over of Hezbollah from the original Lebanese leadership, and Iran's opposition to tactics under his leadership of violence against Israel and a demand to the end of the state of Israel; al Tufayli stated explicitly that Iran wanted to use Hezbollah as a "border guard" for Israel.Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211206/ERqE2XiVFy8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313131409/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERqE2XiVFy8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERqE2XiVFy8| title = Iran Alliance with US-Israel- YouTube2 | website=YouTube| date = 11 April 2012 }}{{cbignore}}

Al-Tufayli also promoted the cause against the corruption in South Lebanon, Beirut and the whole state, as Musa al-Sadr did, in his Movement of the 1970s. On 4 July 1997 he organised a protest demonstration in Baalbeck. Despite being banned and the army being deployed in attempt to prevent people attending, an estimated 10,000 people took part in the demonstration. The protest received support from Zahle and Dany Chamoun.Middle East International No 554, 11 July 1997; Giles Trendle p.9[http://www.lebanon.com/news/local/1997/7/7.htm News from Beirut July 7 1997]

Al-Tufayli said it is "completely unacceptable that a human being could be humiliated because of poverty or because they were in need."[http://www.lebanon.com/news/local/1997/7/14.htm News from Beirut July 7 1997] In the autumn he organised demonstrations in sixty villages around Brital and Nabi Chit protesting neglect of rural areas and competition from imported crops. Roads were blocked with burning tyres and dumped farm produce. Around 3,000 troops were deployed and 23 protesters arrested. One of the triggers of the protest was the increase of school fees for the new academic year to $300 per child. At the time, the average annual per capita income in the Beqaa valley was less than $500. Al-Tufayli advocated refusing to pay taxes and stopping repayment of UNDP soft loans.Middle East International No 562, 7 November 1997; Giles Trendle p.16

In January 1998 al-Tufayli and MP Khadr Tulays were expelled from Hezbollah. A week later, 30 January, al-Tufayli and a group of armed men took over a school in Baalbek where Hezbollah officials were meeting. There followed a two-hour shootout with the Lebanese Army which left two soldiers and three of al-Tufayli’s followers, including MP Tulays, dead. There were fifty civilian casualties, including a woman killed. Al-Tufayli and around thirty gunmen succeeded in escaping to his home village, Brital. Subsequently, his office in Beirut and radio station, “The Voice of the Resistance”, were closed down but al-Tufayli himself was not detained.Middle East International, No 568, 13 February 1998; Reinoud Leenders p.12 Daily Star reported Tulays killed while attempting to negotiate ceasefire

He created a breakaway group from Hezbollah with a more populist anti-corruption tone.

[http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue1/jv9no1a1.html Hizballah Rising: The Political Battle for the Loyalty of the Shi'a of Lebanon MERIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108230437/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue1/jv9no1a1.html |date=8 November 2006 }} March 2005

In February 2013, al-Tufayli berated Hezbollah for fighting on behalf of the Syrian government in the Syrian civil war. He said, "Hezbollah should not be defending the criminal regime that kills its own people and that has never fired a shot in defense of the Palestinians". al-Tufayli added: "those Hezbollah fighters who are killing children and terrorizing people and destroying houses in Syria will go to hell".[http://www.yalibnan.com/2013/02/26/hezbollah-fighters-dying-in-syria-will-go-to-hell-tufaili/ "Hezbollah fighters dying in Syria will go to hell, Tufaili"]. Ya Libnan, 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013. He also berated the Lebanese Army for not stopping Lebanese citizens crossing the border to fight in Syria.[http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/26/268422.html "Hezbollah fighters killed in Syria will ‘go to hell,’ says former leader"]. Al Arabiya, 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013. He also claimed that ISIS was created by Iranian and Syrian Governments with help from Russia.{{Cite web |title=FMR. Hizbullah Leader Tufayli Criticizes Intervention in Syria: The Shiites Must Reach Understanding with All Sunnis "Without Exception," Confront West, Russia |url=https://www.memri.org/tv/fmr-hizbullah-leader-tufayli-criticizes-intervention-syria-shiites-must-reach-understanding-all}}

During the closing stages of the Battle of Aleppo in December 2016, al-Tufayli accused Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and his allies of "slaughtering thousands of Muslims", suggested they allowed the Islamic State to exist in order to undermine the Syrian opposition, and lamented what he described as a US-Russian alliance against Muslim interests.{{Cite news |date=17 December 2016 |title='Karbala is in Aleppo this year': ex-Hizballah leader |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/karbala-aleppo-year-ex-hizballah-leader |access-date=2 October 2024 |work=The New Arab}}

In January 2007, al-Tufayli has stated that Hassan Nasrallah is implementing the agenda of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ali Khamenei,[https://www.memri.org/tv/former-hizbullah-secretary-general-subhi-al-tufeili-nasrallah-implements-khameneis-policy-lebanon Former Hizbullah Secretary-General Subhi Al-Tufeili: Nasrallah Implements Khamenei's Policy in Lebanon] 28 January 2007 that the Islamic Republic's doctrine of "Rule of the Jurisprudent" (Wilayat al-Faqih) is un-Islamic and its government tyrannical.[http://www.memri.org/report/en/09/0/0/0/0/0/6081.htm Former Hizbullah Secretary-General Subhi Al-Tufeili: 'The Worst Dictatorships Do Not Do What Is Being Done Today in Tehran'; The Rule of the Jurisprudent Is a 'Heretical Doctrine']. (from an interview with former Hizbullah secretary-general Subhi Al-Tufeili, which aired on Murr TV on January 30, 2012) al-Tufayli claims that Hezbollah today is acting as border guards for Israel and mercenaries for Iran and the West.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERqE2XiVFy8 "True Face of Hezbollah" video

Explaining his opposition to the Iranian regime and its geopolitical agenda, Tufayli states:

"[Khomeini's] successors who came after him built their politics on Persian identity... They exploited sectarianism for the benefit of their Persian project... They deceive the Shia in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and everywhere else telling them ‘you are minorities in Sunni areas’ and this is not true."{{Cite news |last=El-Bar |first=Karim |date=30 December 2016 |title='They exploited sectarianism': Former Hezbollah leader Tufayli talks Iran, Syria |work=Middle East Eye |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/they-exploited-sectarianism-former-hezbollah-leader-tufayli-talks-iran-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020060106/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/they-exploited-sectarianism-former-hezbollah-leader-tufayli-talks-iran-syria |archive-date=20 October 2021}}

• Hezbollah
• Lebanon hostage crisis

{{reflist|33em}}

• [http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0202_l1.htm Hezbollah: Between Tehran and Damascus] by Gary C. Gambill and Ziad K. Abdelnour
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/52217.stm Lebanese army hunts down radical cleric]

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{{s-ttl|title=Secretary-General of Hezbollah|years=1989–1991}}

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Category:1947 births

Category:Living people

Category:Hezbollah founders

Category:Islamic Dawa Party

Category:Lebanese Islamists

Category:Lebanese Shia clerics

Category:People from Baalbek District

Category:People of the Lebanese Civil War

Category:Secretaries-general of Hezbollah

Category:Lebanese warlords