Substance-related disorder

Common symptoms include:

• Sudden changes in behaviour – may engage in secretive or suspicious behaviour
• Mood changes – anger towards others, paranoia and little care shown about themselves or their future
• Problems with work or school – lack of attendance
• Changes in eating and sleeping habits
• Changes in friendship groups and poor family relationships
• A sudden unexplained change in financial needs – leading to borrowing/stealing money

There are many more symptoms such as physical and psychological changes, though this is often dependent on which substance is being used. It is, however, common that people who use substances will experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if the drug is taken away from them.{{cite web |title=Drug Abuse and Dependence Symptoms |url= http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/tc/drug-abuse-and-dependence-symptoms |website=www.webmd.com |date=2014-12-03 |access-date= April 17, 2015}}{{cite web |title=Drug Abuse and Addiction |website=www.helpguide.org |url= http://www.helpguide.org/articles/addiction/drug-abuse-and-addiction.htm |access-date = April 17, 2015}}

It is also reported that others have strong cravings even after they have not used the drug for a long period of time. This is called being "clean". To determine how the brain triggers these cravings, multiple tests have been done on mice.{{cite news |last=Aldhous|first=Peter |title='Drug binge' mice reveal why cravings linger |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13630-drug-binge-mice-reveal-why-cravings-linger.html |access-date=2011-10-08 |newspaper=Newscientist |date=2008-04-09}} It is also now thought that these cravings can be explained by substance-related disorders as a subcategory of personality disorders as classified by the DSM-5.{{ cite book | author = American Psychiatric Publishing | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.) | date = 2013}}

Substance-related disorders were originally subcategorized into "substance use disorders" (SUD) and "substance-induced disorders" (SID).{{DorlandsDict|nine/100010056|substance-related disorders}}{{cite book |author1=Marc Galanter |author2=Herbert D. Kleber |title=The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of substance abuse treatment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&pg=PA59 |access-date=23 April 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-276-4 |pages=59 |via=books.google.com}} Though DSM-IV makes a firm distinction between the two, SIDs often occur in the context of SUDs.{{cite book |author1=Michael B. First|author2=Allen Frances|author3=Harold Alan Pincus |title=DSM-IV-TR guidebook |url=https://archive.org/details/dsmivtrguidebook0000firs |url-access=registration |access-date=23 April 2010 |year=2004 |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |isbn=978-1-58562-068-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dsmivtrguidebook0000firs/page/123 123]–}}

Substance-induced disorders include medical conditions that can be directly attributed to the use of a substance.{{DorlandsDict|nine/100010072|Substance-induced disorders}} These conditions include substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders (e.g., substance-induced delirium, substance-induced psychosis, and substance-induced mood disorders).{{cite book |author=Roderick Shaner |title=Psychiatry |url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatry00shan|url-access=registration |access-date=23 April 2010 |date=1 April 2000 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-683-30766-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychiatry00shan/page/n22 1]–}}

{{Main|Substance use disorder}}

In the DSM-IV, it was formally divided in substance use and in substance dependence,{{Cite book |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |year=1994 |edition=4th}} but in the DSM-5-TR both were combined into a single condition called "Substance-use disorder".{{Cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |date=2022 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |isbn=978-0-89042-576-3 |edition=5th}} In this new revision more presenting symptoms are required before a diagnosis is made. It also considers each different substance as its own separate disorder, based upon the same basic criteria. The DSM-5 TR also defines the term "drug addiction" as because of its uncertain definition and its potentially negative connotation.

There are many potential complications that can arise due to substance use such as severe physiological damage, psychological changes and social changes that are often not desirable.

Physiological damage is often the most obvious, observed as an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism: For instance, there are several known alcohol-induced diseases (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic cardiomyopathy.) Substance use is also often associated with premature ageing, fertility complications, brain damage and a higher risk of infectious diseases due to a weakened immune system.{{cite journal |last=Baignet |first=Michael | title = Physical complications of substance abuse: what psychiatrists need to know | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/452724_2|access-date=April 17, 2015}}{{cite web| title = Drug Addictions: complications | website = Mayo Clinic | url = http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/basics/complications/con-20020970 |access-date= April 17, 2015}}

Long-term use has been linked to personality changes such as depression, paranoia, anxiety which can be related to psychological disorders. It is often reported that substance use coincides with personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder. It has also now been linked to severe brain damage leading to an inability to control behaviours, which could explain why many people who use substances go on to develop addictions.{{cite web| title=Drug Abuse and Dependence Symptoms | url= http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/tc/drug-abuse-and-dependence-symptoms |website=www.webmd.com |access-date=April 17, 2015}}{{cite journal |last1=Trull |last2= Sher |last3= Minks Brown | last4=Durbin |last5=Burr | title = Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorder: A review and integration | journal = Clinical Psychology Review|year=2000|volume=20|issue=2|pages=235–253| doi=10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00028-8|pmid= 10721499 |s2cid= 14781055 }}{{cite journal |last1=Jentsch |first1=J. D. |author-link1=J. David Jentsch |last2=Taylor |first2 =J. R. | title = impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behaviour by reward related stimuli | journal = Psychopharmacology |year=1999|volume=146|issue=4|pages=373–390|doi=10.1007/pl00005483|pmid=10550488 |s2cid=23450515 }}

Substance use is often regarded as negative in society and therefore those who engage in such behaviours can often be subject to social discrimination. The use of many drugs can lead to criminal convictions, whether the drug itself is illegal or people who use them use unlawful methods to fund their substances. It is also more likely that someone will partake in criminal or anti-social behaviour when they are under the influence of a drug.

{{col div|colwidth=30em}}

• Anxiety
• Behavioural sciences
• Chemical dependency
• Major depressive disorder
• Psychological trauma
• Self-medication
• Shared care
• Substance use disorder
• Drug rehabilitation
• Dual diagnosis

{{colend}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB =

| ICD11 = {{ICD11|6C40}}-{{ICD11|6C4Z}}

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F10}}-{{ICD10|F19}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|291}}-{{ICD9|292}}; {{ICD9|303}}–{{ICD9|305}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus =

| eMedicineSubj =

| eMedicineTopic =

| MeshID = D019966

}}

{{Commons category|Substance-related disorders}}

• National Institute on Drug Abuse: "[http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/brain-and-addiction NIDA for Teens: Brain and Addiction]".

{{abuse}}

{{Mental and behavioral disorders|selected = substances}}

{{Psychoactive substance use}}

Category:Substance dependence