Succubus#Yakshini

File:Fritz Schwimbeck - My Dream, My Bad Dream. 1915.jpg, 1915]]

A succubus ({{plural form|succubi}}) is a female demon who is described in various folklore as appearing in the dreams of male humans in order to seduce them. Repeated interactions between a succubus and a man will lead to sexual activity, a bond forming between them, and ultimately sexual intercourse, as she requires semen to survive. The establishment and perpetuation of such a relationship enables the production of a hybrid offspring known as a cambion, but at the expense of the man, whose mental and physical health will deteriorate rapidly, eventually resulting in his death if the succubus continues courting him for a protracted period.

In modern representations, a succubus is often depicted as a beautiful seductress or enchantress, rather than as demonic or frightening, to attract people instead of repulsing them. The male counterpart to the succubus is the incubus. Historically, folkloric belief in succubi was motivated by distressing nighttime phenomena, chiefly wet dreams and sleep paralysis.

Etymology

The term derives from Late Latin {{Lang|la|succuba}} "paramour" from {{Lang|la|succubare}} "to lie beneath" ({{Lang|la|sub}}- "under" and {{Lang|la|cubare}} "to lie"),{{cite dictionary |url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/succuba |title= Succuba |dictionary= dictionary.com}} used to describe this being's implied sexual position relative to the sleeper's position. The English word "succubus" dates from the late 14th century. The succubus is also known as the earth wanderer.

{{cite dictionary

|url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=succubus

|title= Succubus

|dictionary= Online Etymology Dictionary

|first= Douglas |last= Ha

|author-link= Douglas Harper

|quote= late 14c., alteration (after incubus, giving a masc. form to a word generally felt as of female meaning) of Late Latin succuba

}}

In folklore

As depicted in the Jewish mystical treatise Zohar and the medieval Jewish satirical text Alphabet of Ben Sira, Lilith was Adam's first wife, who later became a succubus.{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Raphael |author-link=Raphael Patai |year=1990 |origyear=1967 |chapter=Lilith |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 |title=The Hebrew Goddess |location=Detroit |publisher=Wayne State University Press |edition=3rd Enlarged |series=Raphael Patai Series in Jewish Folklore and Anthropology |pages=221–251 |isbn=978-0814322710 |oclc=20692501}} She left Adam and refused to return to the Garden of Eden after she mated with the archangel Samael.{{cite book |author-last=Mcdonald |author-first=Beth E. |year=2009 |chapter=In Possession Of The Night: Lilith As Goddess, Demon, Vampire |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2tgt184wXkC&pg=PA173 |editor-last=Sabbath |editor-first=Roberta Sternman |title=Sacred Tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qur'an As Literature and Culture |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=Brill Publishers |pages=173–182 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004177529.i-536.42 |isbn=978-90-04-17752-9}} In Zoharistic Kabbalah, there were four succubi who mated with the archangel Samael. The four original queens of the demons were Lilith, Eisheth Zenunim, Agrat bat Mahlat, and Naamah.{{cite web |title=Zohar: Chapter XXXII |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/zdm/zdm041.htm |website=Internet Sacred Text Archive}} A succubus may take the form of a beautiful woman, but closer inspection may reveal deformities of her body, such as bird-like claws or serpentine tails.{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Jane P.|title=Early modern supernatural : the dark side of European culture, 1400–1700|year=2012|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-0313393433|pages=40}} Folklore also describes men being forced to perform the act of cunnilingus.{{cite book |last=Guiley |first=Rosemary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDdcVt9-jnMC&pg=PA95 |title=The encyclopedia of witches, witchcraft and wicca |publisher=Facts On File |year=2008 |isbn=978-1438126845 |edition=3rd |location=New York |page=95}} In later folklore, a succubus took the form of a siren.

Throughout history, priests and rabbis, including Hanina ben Dosa and Abaye, tried to curb the power of succubi over humans.Geoffrey W. Dennis, The encyclopedia of Jewish myth, magic and mysticism. p. 126 However, not all succubi were malevolent. According to Walter Map in the satire {{Lang|la|De nugis curialium}} (Trifles of Courtiers), Pope Sylvester II (999–1003) was allegedly involved with a succubus named Meridiana, who helped him achieve his high rank in the Catholic Church. Before his death, he confessed of his sins and died repentant.{{cite web |title=History of the Succubus |url=http://www.cyodine.com/succubus/History.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717001332/http://www.cyodine.com/succubus/History.htm |archive-date=17 July 2004 |website=cyodine.com}}

Ability to reproduce

According to the Kabbalah and the school of Rashba, the original three queens of the demons, Agrat bat Mahlat, Naamah, Eisheth Zenunim, and all their cohorts give birth to children, except Lilith.{{cite web |author=Humm |first=Alan |title=Kabbala: Lilith, Queen of the Demons |url=http://www.lilithgallery.com/library/lilith/Queen-of-the-Demons.html |access-date=21 September 2016 |publisher=lilithgallery.com}} According to other legends, the children of Lilith are called Lilin.

According to the {{Lang|la|Malleus Maleficarum}}, or Witches' Hammer, written by Heinrich Kramer (Institor) in 1486, succubi collect semen from men they seduce. Incubi, or male demons, then use the semen to impregnate human females,Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator – 1928), The Malleus Maleficarum, Part2, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/mm02b08a.htm chapter VIII], "Certain Remedies prescribed against those Dark and Horrid Harms with which Devils may Afflict Men," at [http://www.sacred-texts.com sacred-texts.com] thus explaining how demons could apparently sire children, despite the traditional belief that they were incapable of reproduction. Children so begotten—cambions—were supposed to be those that were born deformed, or more susceptible to supernatural influences.Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy, Sisung Kelle S. (Editor) (1996), Angels A to Z, Entry: Incubi and Succubi, pp. 218, 219, Visible Ink Press, {{ISBN|0-7876-0652-9}}

King James in his dissertation titled Dæmonologie refutes the possibility for angelic entities to reproduce and instead offered a suggestion that a devil would carry out two methods of impregnating women - the first, to steal the sperm out of a dead man and deliver it into a woman. If a demon could extract the semen quickly, the substance could not be instantly transported to a female host, causing it to go cold. This explains his view that succubi and incubi were the same demonic entity, only to be described differently based on the tormented sexes being conversed with. The second method was the idea that a dead body could be possessed by a devil, causing it to rise and have sexual relations with others. However, no mention has been found of a female corpse being possessed to elicit sex from men.{{cite book|last1=Warren|first1=Brett|title=The Annotated Dæmonologie of King James. A Critical Edition. In Modern English|date=2016|isbn=978-1-5329-6891-4|pages=79–83|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform }}

In non-Western literature

=Buddhist canon=

A Buddhist scripture regarding prayer to Avalokiteśvara, the Dharani Sutra of Amoghapāśa, promises to those who pray that "you will not be attacked by demons who either suck your energy or make love to you in your dreams."{{cite book |last1=Yü |first1=Chün-fang |url=https://archive.org/details/kuanyinchinesetr0000ychn |publisher=Columbia University Press |title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara |year=2001 |isbn=023112029X |location=New York |page=57 |url-access=registration}}

=Arabian mythology=

In Arabian mythology, the {{Lang|ar-latn|qarînah}} ({{lang|ar|قرينة}}) is a spirit similar to the succubus, with origins possibly in ancient Egyptian religion or in the animistic beliefs of pre-Islamic Arabia.{{cite book |first= Samuel M. |last= Zwemer |author-link= Samuel Marinus Zwemer |title= Studies in Popular Islam: Collection of Papers dealing with the Superstitions and Beliefs of the Common People |location= London |publisher= Sheldon Press |year= 1939 |chapter= 5 }} A {{Lang|ar-latn|qarînah}} "sleeps with the person and has relations during sleep as is known by the dreams".{{cite book |first= A. J. N. |last= Tremearne |title= Ban of the Bori: Demons and Demon-Dancing in West and North Africa |year= 1914 |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924029887431 }} They are said to be invisible, but a person with "second sight" can see them, often in the form of a cat, dog, or other household pet. "In Omdurman it is a spirit which possesses. ...Only certain people are possessed and such people cannot marry or the qarina will harm them."{{cite book |first= J. Spencer |last= Trimingham |author-link= J. Spencer Trimingham |title= Islam in the Sudan |location= London |publisher= Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. |year= 1965 |page= 172 }}

In Upper Egyptian folk belief, the qarînah can be appeased by sacrificing an all-black animal to her. The animal is slaughtered without prayers, and it is cooked without salt. No one speaks during the meal and it is buried in the house of those it has afflicted.{{Cite book |last=Winkler |first=Hans |title=Ghost Riders of Upper Egypt}}