Sugata

"Su"' is a prefix meaning good and "gata"'' is the past passive participle of "to go".{{cite web |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert E. |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S. |editor-first1=Robert E |editor-first2=David S |editor-last1=Buswell |editor-last2=Lopez |title=Sugata - meaning |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-4300 |website=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001 |date=20 July 2017|isbn=9780691157863 }}

Among other meanings, Buddhaghosa says the Buddha is sugata because both the way he took (gata) is good (su) and where he has gone (gata) is good (su).{{harvnb|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=865}} The Mahayana author Haribhadra also says the Buddha is sugata because he is one from whom all faults are totally (suṣṭhu) gone (gata), or into whom all good qualities have gone (gata) with none remaining (suparipūrṇa).

It is customary to relate three denotations of sugata with three stages through which a buddha must pass in order to reach the goal of enlightenment: he has gone well beyond rebirth in saṃsāra, he has gone well into nirvāṇa, and he has gone well into the state of perfect buddhahood (samyaksaṃbuddha).{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=865}}

According to Bhikkhu Khantipalo, the term "sugato" can be translated as "auspicious", "fortunate" or more literally "well gone", "one who has gone to goodness", "one whose going was good". This refers to both the fact that his nirvana was good and that his awakening was a good for the world.Laurence-Khantipalo Mills. Buddha, My Refuge: Contemplation of the Buddha Based on the Pali Suttas, page 53.

File:Shishoin temple shibamata Five Tathagatas 2020.jpg in Shinshoin Temple (Shibamata, Katsushika, Tokyo). From right to left: Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava, Vairocana, Amitābha, and Amoghasiddhi.]]

Teeuw and Robson mention "5 saugata" in their translation of Kuñjarakarṇa Dharmakathana {{sfn|Teeuw|Robson|1981|p=26}} or Kakawin Kuñjarakarṇa, an Old Javanese kakawin from 15th century written by Mpu Ḍusun. Lokesh Chandra notes that in the Buddhist system this expression would be incorrect; as the pentad isn't termed pañcasugata ("Five Sugatas") but pañcabuddha {{sfn|Chandra|1986|p=404}} ("Five Buddhas"), and refers to the Five Tathāgatas :

1. Vairocana (Shining Buddha),
2. Akṣobhya (Immovable Buddha),
3. Ratnasambhava (Jewel-Born Buddha),
4. Amitābha (Endless-Light Buddha),
5. Amoghasiddhi (Unfailing Buddha).[https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabuddha Wisdom Library; Pancabuddha, Pañcabuddha, Panca-buddha]

In some sects of Vaishnavism, Sugata Buddha is regarded by various Puranas as the ninth avatar among the Dashavatara of Vishnu,{{sfn|Carman|1994|p=211-212}} instead of Gautama Buddha.

Some Vaishnavite schools argue that Sugata Buddha, the incarnation of Vishnu, was born around 1800 BC{{sfn|Vaswani|2017}} in Bodhi-Gaya (Kikata) to Ajana, and was a different person from Gautama Buddha.{{sfn|Keshava|2003|p=42-49}}{{sfn|Tirtha|p=184-197}}

As per the Agni Purana, a Sugata Buddha is four handed like Vishnu. He holds the Vedas, a lotus, a japamala, and a vessel to receive alms.{{source?|date=July 2024}} In Shiva Purana, he is described as a bald man with faded clothes who was sent to earth as a monk with the task of making Tripurasura leave worship of Vedas and Shiva.{{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=Jagdishalal |url=https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart1/page/n7/mode/2up |title=The Siva Purana |publisher=Motilal Banarasidass |year=1950 |volume=1st}}

Sugata ("pleasing gait") is a Prakrit name based on the beauty of the human body, mentioned as an example in the Aṅgavijjā chapter 26. This chapter includes general rules to follow when deriving proper names.Tej Ram Sharma. Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions, page 10.

The Aṅgavijjā (mentioning sugata) is an ancient treatise from the 3rd century CE dealing with physiognomic readings, bodily gestures and predictions and was written by a Jain ascetic in 9000 Prakrit stanzas.

• Buddhahood
• Gautama Buddha in Hinduism

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;Printed sources

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• {{cite book|author=Ḍusun |translator=Teeuw, A.|editor= Robson, S.O.|title=Kuñjarakarṇa Dharmakathana|date=1981|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|location= The Hague|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2CvAAAAIAAJ |isbn=9789024761715 |ref={{sfnref|Teeuw|Robson|1981}}}}

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• {{cite book|author= Mills, Laurence-Khantipalo|title=Buddha, My Refuge: Contemplation of the Buddha Based on the Pali Suttas|date=1990|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|location=Kandy, Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiAVBgAAQBAJ|isbn=9552400376}}

• {{cite book|author= Sharma, Tej Ram|title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions|date=1981|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location= Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&q=sugata}}

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• {{Cite book |last=Tirtha |first=Bhakti Ballabh |author-link=Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha |url=http://archive.org/details/Dasavatar_201803 |title=Dasavatara: Ten Manifestations of Godhead |pages=184–197 |chapter=Sri Buddha-Avatara}}

• {{Cite book |last=Vaswani |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSNADwAAQBAJ&dq=son+of+anjan+and+gautama+buddha&pg=PT144 |title=Dasavatara |date=2017-12-22 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-93-86867-18-6 |language=en |author-link=Dada Vaswani}}

• {{Citation | last =Wuaku | first =Albert | year =2013 | title =Hindu Gods in West Africa: Ghanaian Devotees of Shiva and Krishna | publisher =BRILL}}

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;Web sources

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Category:Epithets of Gautama Buddha

Category:Forms of Vishnu