Summertime (George Gershwin song)

{{Infobox song

| name = Summertime

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| type = song

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| language = English

| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1935}}

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| genre = Jazz

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| composer = George Gershwin

| lyricist = DuBose Heyward
Ira Gershwin

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}}

"Summertime" is an aria composed in 1934 by George Gershwin for the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess. The lyrics are by DuBose Heyward, the author of the novel Porgy on which the opera was based, and Ira Gershwin.[http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=490161796&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1 "Summertime" at ASCAP] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211210945/http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=490161796&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1 |date=2006-02-11 }}

The song soon became a popular and much-recorded jazz standard, described as "without doubt ... one of the finest songs the composer ever wrote ... Gershwin's highly evocative writing brilliantly mixes elements of jazz and the song styles of blacks in the southeast United States from the early twentieth century".{{AllMusic|class=composition|id=mc0002436914|title="Summertime"|author=Robert Cummings}} Composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim characterized Heyward's lyrics for "Summertime" and "My Man's Gone Now" as "the best lyrics in the musical theater".{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/macdowell/highlights/heyward/objects.html |title=A Century of Creativity: DuBose and Dorothy Heyward |publisher=Loc.gov |date=1926-08-02 |access-date=2013-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104020839/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/macdowell/highlights/heyward/objects.html |archive-date=2013-11-04 }}

''Porgy and Bess''

Gershwin began composing the song in December 1933, attempting to create his own spiritual in the style of the African American folk music of the period.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/georgegershwinhi00poll|url-access=registration|quote=Gershwin summertime spiritual style.|first=Howard|last=Pollack|author-link=Howard Pollack|title=George Gershwin: His Life and Work|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/georgegershwinhi00poll/page/589 589]|isbn=9780520248649 |access-date=2013-12-29}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoKvjKEsf0MC&q=Gershwin+summertime+negro&pg=PA171|first=William|last=Hyland|title=George Gershwin: A New Biography|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2003|page=171|isbn=9780275981112|access-date=2013-12-29}} Gershwin had completed setting DuBose Heyward's poem to music by February 1934, and spent the next 20 months completing and orchestrating the score of the opera.{{cite web|url=http://www.jazzstandards.com/compositions-0/summertime.htm |title="Summertime" at |publisher=Jazzstandards.com |access-date=2013-12-29}}

The song is sung several times throughout Porgy and Bess. Its lyrics are the first words heard in act 1 of the opera, following the communal "wa-do-wa". It is sung by Clara as a lullaby. The song theme is reprised soon after as counterpoint to the craps game scene, in act 2 in a reprise by Clara, and in act 3 by Bess, singing to Clara's now-orphaned baby after both parents died in the storm.

The song was recorded for the first time by Abbie Mitchell on July 19, 1935, with George Gershwin playing the piano and conducting the orchestra (on: George Gershwin Conducts Excerpts from Porgy & Bess, Mark 56 667).

The 1959 movie version of the musical featured Loulie Jean Norman singing the song. That rendition finished at #52 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmsite.org/afi100songs.html|title=100 Greatest Songs in Movies - AFI|website=www.filmsite.org}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-ap-film-best-songs-list-story.html|title=AFI List of Top 100 Songs From U.S. Films|website=Chicago Tribune}}

Analysis

=Lyrics=

Heyward's inspiration for the lyrics was the southern folk spiritual-lullaby "All My Trials", of which he had Clara sing a snippet in his play Porgy.Edward Jablonski, Lawrence Delbert Stewart, The Gershwin Years: George and Ira, Da Capo Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-306-80739-4}}, p. 202Jeffrey Paul Melnick, A Right to Sing the Blues, Harvard University Press 1999, {{ISBN|0-674-76976-7}}, pp. 129–133 The lyrics have been highly praised by Stephen Sondheim. Writing of the opening line, he says

{{quote|That "and" is worth a great deal of attention. I would write "Summertime when" but that "and" sets up a tone, a whole poetic tone, not to mention a whole kind of diction that is going to be used in the play; an informal, uneducated diction and a stream of consciousness, as in many of the songs like "My Man's Gone Now". It's the exact right word, and that word is worth its weight in gold. "Summertime when the livin' is easy" is a boring line compared to "Summertime and". The choices of "ands" [and] "buts" become almost traumatic as you are writing a lyric – or should, anyway – because each one weighs so much.Joanne Lesley Gordon, Art Isn't Easy: The Achievement of Stephen Sondheim, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois, 1990, p. 13}}

=Music=

Musicologist K. J. McElrath wrote of the song:

Gershwin was remarkably successful in his intent to have this sound like a folk song. This is reinforced by his extensive use (one exception: the note B under the word "high") of the pentatonic scale (C–D–E–G–A) in the context of the A minor tonality and a slow-moving harmonic progression that suggests a "blues". Because of these factors, this tune has been a favorite of jazz performers for decades and can be done in a variety of tempos and styles.

While in his own description, Gershwin did not use any previously composed spirituals in his opera, Summertime is often considered an adaptation of the African American spiritual "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child", which ended the play version of Porgy.{{cite book|editor=Samuel A. Floyd Jr.|title=Black Music in the Harlem Renaissance: A Collection of Essays|location=New York|publisher=Westport|year=1990|isbn=0-313-26546-1|url=https://archive.org/details/blackmusicinharl0000unse}}, p. 22{{cite book | author=Rosenberg, Deena | title=Fascinating Rhythm: The Collaboration of George and Ira Gershwin | publisher=Penguin Books USA | year=1991 | isbn=0-525-93356-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/fascinatingrhyth00rose }}, p. 281

Other versions

Statistics for the number of recordings of "Summertime" vary by source; while older data is restricted to commercial releases, newer sources may include versions self-published online. The Jazz Discography in 2005 listed 1,161 official releases, ranking the song fourth among jazz standards.{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Damon J. |title=Shaping Jazz: Cities, Labels, and the Global Emergence of an Art Form |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4648-1 |page=22, Table 1.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOh9a-rL-e0C&pg=PA22 |access-date=23 June 2020 |language=en}}

Other prominent versions include those by:

In September 1936, a recording by Billie Holiday was the first to hit the US pop charts, reaching number 12.
The Chris Columbo Quintet (US number 93, 1963).{{cite book|first=Joel|last=Whitburn|author-link=Joel Whitburn|year=2003|title=Top Pop Singles 1955–2002|edition=1st|publisher=Record Research Inc.|location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin|isbn=0-89820-155-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/914 914]|url=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/914}}{{sfn|Betts|2004|page=497}}
Billy Stewart's scat-laden R&B version reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the R&B chart in 1966;{{cite book |title= Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–1995|last=Whitburn |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Whitburn |year=1996 |publisher=Record Research |page=421}} his version also reached number 39 in the UK{{sfn|Betts|2004|page=747}} and number 13 in Canada.
Janis Joplin recorded a version for her band Big Brother and The Holding Company's 1968 Cheap Thrills album. The album charted at number 1 for eight weeks on the Billboard 200 chart.{{cite magazine |last1=Cabison |first1=Rosalie |title=Billboard 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1968-12-14/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=11 September 2023 |date=2 January 2013}}
In the UK, a version by the Fun Boy Three reached number 18 on the UK Singles Chart in 1982.{{sfn|Betts|2004|page=302}}
The version by Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald, released on their 1959 album Porgy and Bess, was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in 2022.{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|title=Summertime|id=12519-257-1|access-date=15 October 2022}}

References

Sources

{{cite book|first=Graham|last=Betts|year=2004|title=Complete UK Hit Singles 1952–2004|edition=1st|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn= 0-00-717931-6}}