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Sumo languages

{{Short description|Misumalpan languages of Nicaragua and Honduras}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Sumo

| nativename = Sumu

| states = Nicaragua, Honduras

| region = Huaspuc River and its tributaries

| ethnicity = Sumo people

| speakers = 9,000

| date = 1997–2009

| ref = e18

| familycolor = American

| fam1 = Misumalpan

| fam2 = Sumalpan

| iso3 =

| lc1 = yan

| ld1 = Mayangna

| lc2 = ulw

| ld2 = Ulwa

| glotto = sumu1234

| glottorefname = Sumuic

}}

Sumo (also known as Sumu) is the collective name for a group of Misumalpan languages spoken in Nicaragua and Honduras. Hale & Salamanca (2001) classify the Sumu languages into a northern Mayangna, composed of the Tawahka and Panamahka dialects, and southern Ulwa. Sumu specialist Ken Hale considered the differences between Ulwa and Mayangna in both vocabulary and morphology to be so considerable that he prefers to speak of Ulwa as a language distinct from the northern Sumu varieties.

Phonology

=Consonants=

class=wikitable style=text-align:center
colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Labial

! colspan="2" |Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Palatal

! rowspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!lateral

rowspan="2" |Nasal

!{{small|voiceless}}

|{{IPAlink|m̥}}

|{{IPAlink|n̥}}

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ŋ̊}}

|

{{small|voiced}}

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|{{IPAlink|n}}

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|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}

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rowspan="2" |Plosive

!{{small|voiceless}}

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|t}}

|

|

|{{IPAlink|k}}

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{{small|voiced}}

|{{IPAlink|b}}

|{{IPAlink|d}}

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colspan="2" |Fricative

|

|{{IPAlink|s}}

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|

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|{{IPAlink|h}}

rowspan="2" |Liquid

!{{small|voiceless}}

|

|{{IPAlink|r̥}}

|{{IPAlink|l̥}}

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{{small|voiced}}

|

|{{IPAlink|r}}

|{{IPAlink|l}}

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colspan="2" |Semivowel

|{{IPAlink|w}}

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|{{IPAlink|j}}

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=Vowels=

class=wikitable style=text-align:center
rowspan=2|

!colspan=2|Front

! colspan=2|Back

{{small|short}}

!{{small|long}}

!{{small|short}}

!{{small|long}}

Close

|{{IPAlink|i}}

|{{IPAlink|iː}}

|{{IPAlink|u}}

|{{IPAlink|uː}}

Open

|{{IPAlink|a}}

|{{IPAlink|aː}}

|

|

Sources

  • Hale, Ken, and Danilo Salamanca (2001) "Theoretical and Universal Implications of Certain Verbal Entries in Dictionaries of the Misumalpan Languages", in Frawley, Hill & Munro eds. Making Dictionaries: Preserving indigenous Languages of the Americas. University of California Press.
  • Norwood, Susan (1997). Gramática de la lengua sumu. Managua: CIDCA.

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of Nicaragua}}

{{Languages of Honduras}}

Category:Misumalpan languages

Category:Languages of Nicaragua

Category:North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region

Category:Languages of Honduras

{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}