Super-Poissonian distribution

In mathematics, a super-Poissonian distribution is a probability distribution that has a larger variance than a Poisson distribution with the same mean.{{Cite journal | last1 = Zou | first1 = X. | last2 = Mandel | first2 = L. | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.41.475 | title = Photon-antibunching and sub-Poissonian photon statistics | journal = Physical Review A | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 475–476 | year = 1990 | pmid = 9902890|bibcode = 1990PhRvA..41..475Z }} Conversely, a sub-Poissonian distribution has a smaller variance.

An example of super-Poissonian distribution is negative binomial distribution.{{Cite journal | last1 = Anders | first1 = Simon | last2 = Huber | first2 = Wolfgang | doi = 10.1186/gb-2010-11-10-r106 | title = Differential expression analysis for sequence count data | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 11 | pages = R106 | year = 2010 | issue = 10 | pmc = 3218662 | pmid=20979621 | doi-access = free }}

The Poisson distribution is a result of a process where the time (or an equivalent measure) between events has an exponential distribution, representing a memoryless process.

Mathematical definition

In probability theory it is common to say a distribution, D, is a sub-distribution of another distribution E if D 's moment-generating function, is bounded by E 's up to a constant.

In other words

:

E_{X\sim D}[\exp(t X)] \le E_{X\sim E}[\exp(C t X)].

for some C > 0.{{Cite book |last=Vershynin |first=Roman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TahxDwAAQBAJ&dq=high+dimensional+probability&pg=PR11 |title=High-Dimensional Probability: An Introduction with Applications in Data Science |date=2018-09-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-24454-1 |language=en}}

This implies that if X_1 and X_2 are both from a sub-E distribution, then so is X_1+X_2.

A distribution is strictly sub- if C ≤ 1.

From this definition a distribution, D, is sub-Poissonian if

:

E_{X\sim D}[\exp(t X)]

\le E_{X\sim \text{Poisson}(\lambda)}[\exp(t X)]

= \exp(\lambda(e^t-1)),

for all t > 0.{{Cite journal |last=Ahle |first=Thomas D. |date=2022-03-01 |title=Sharp and simple bounds for the raw moments of the binomial and Poisson distributions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167715221002662 |journal=Statistics & Probability Letters |language=en |volume=182 |pages=109306 |doi=10.1016/j.spl.2021.109306 |arxiv=2103.17027 |issn=0167-7152}}

An example of a sub-Poissonian distribution is the Bernoulli distribution, since

:E[\exp(t X)] = (1-p)+p e^t \le \exp(p(e^t-1)).

Because sub-Poissonianism is preserved by sums, we get that the binomial distribution is also sub-Poissonian.

References