Surgical extirpation
Surgical extirpation is a type of occasionally invasive surgical procedure in which an organ or tissue is completely removed or eradicated.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/therapeutics/Surgical-extirpation|title=Surgical extripation|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=26 April 2020}} Extirpation is used in the treatment of various medical conditions and also as a means to prevent the spread of cancer.{{Cite encyclopedia |title=therapeutics - Surgical therapy - medicine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/therapeutics/Surgical-therapy#ref293963 |language=en |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2017-09-01}}
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Types of extirpation
Extirpation of the appendix, or appendectomy, is the standard treatment utilized in cases of acute appendicitis.{{cite book|editor-last1=Longo |editor-first1=Dan L. |display-editors=etal |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07174889-6|page=Chapter 300|edition=18th|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=331&Sectionid=40727094|access-date=1 September 2017}}{{cite book|last1=Tintinalli|first1=Judith E.|title=Emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-174467-6|page=Chapter 84|edition=7.|url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=348&Sectionid=40381551|access-date=1 September 2017}} Approximately 300,000 individuals in the United States have their appendix removed each year.{{cite journal|last1=Mason|first1=RJ|title=Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary?|journal=Surgical Infections|date=August 2008|volume=9|issue=4|pages=481–8|pmid=18687030|doi=10.1089/sur.2007.079}}
Extirpation of the colon, or colectomy, is used in the treatment of patient's ulcerative colitis whose condition is resistant to other therapies. In many cases, the removal of the colon may entirely cure the disease.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kornbluth A, Sachar DB | title = Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee | journal = The American Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 1371–85 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40036.x | pmid = 15233681 | s2cid = 18310799 | doi-access = free }}{{eMedicine|med|2336|Ulcerative colitis}} A colectomy may also be utilized in the treatment of colon cancer.
Extirpation of the gallbladder, known as a cholecystectomy, may be used as a treatment for recurrent gallstones or cholecystitis.{{cite journal | author=Neri V | author2=Ambrosi A | author3=Fersini A | author4=Tartaglia N | author5=Valentino TP | title=Antegrade dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy | journal=Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons | volume=11 | issue=2 | pages=225–8 | year=2007 | pmid=17761085 | pmc=3015719 }} This type of procedure is typically elective and outcomes following the procedure are typically good.{{cite web|title=Gallstones|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/gallstones/Pages/facts.aspx|website=NIDDK|access-date=1 September 2017|date=November 2013}} The rate of cholecystectomies being performed on patients with cholecystitis has increased markedly since the first laparoscopic procedure was performed in 1985; jumping from 2.2% in 1996 to 31.4% in 2008.{{Cite journal |last1=Bardakcioglu |first1=Ovunc |last2=Khan |first2=Ashraf |last3=Aldridge |first3=Christopher |last4=Chen |first4=Jiajing |date=August 2013 |title=Growth of laparoscopic colectomy in the United States: analysis of regional and socioeconomic factors over time |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=258 |issue=2 |pages=270–274 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e31828faa66 |issn=1528-1140 |pmid=23598378|s2cid=24929078 }}{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=Walker |date=2001 |title=The First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy |journal=Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=89–94 |issn=1086-8089 |pmc=3015420 |pmid=11304004}}