Surus
{{short description|Hannibal's war elephant}}
File:Pièce Hannibal.jpg (Spain) depicting Hannibal and an African elephant]]
{{Campaignbox Second Punic War}}
{{Campaignbox Punic Wars}}
Surus was believed to be the last war elephant of Carthaginian general Hannibal's army in Italy.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/histoire/20180713.OBS9671/hannibal-et-ses-elephants-n-ont-pas-encore-livre-tous-leurs-secrets.html|title=Hannibal et ses éléphants n'ont pas encore livré tous leurs secrets |language=fr |publisher=L'Obs |author=Jean-Paul Fritz |date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 May 2019}}
History
Several Roman writers give accounts of Surus, a large elephant with a tusk broken. According to Plautus, Surus wore a red cloth, and may also have carried a red shield and a howdah (a construction on the animal's back), which served as a platform for Hannibal, who had difficulties overlooking the battlefield after losing one eye from an infection. According to some accounts, the animal was the last of the 37 war elephants Hannibal took with him on his 218 BC crossing of the Alps, during the Second Punic War.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/apr/03/where-muck-hannibals-elephants-alps-italy-bill-mahaney-york-university-toronto |title=The truth about Hannibal's route across the Alps |work=The Guardian |author=Philip Ball |date= 3 Apr 2016 |access-date=31 May 2019}}
Although a Carthaginian coin struck in the time of Hannibal depicts a North African elephant, historians believe Surus was a Western Asiatic or Syrian elephant descended from those seized by the Ptolemies of Egypt in the Syrian Wars, as its name, "Surus", would translate as "The Syrian".{{cite news |last=Wilford |first=John Noble |title=The Mystery of Hannibal's Elephants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/18/science/the-mystery-of-hannibal-s-elephants.html |access-date=14 March 2013 |newspaper=New York Times |date=September 18, 1984 }} However, others have proposed it was a North African elephant like the rest of animals used by Carthage, interpreting the name as a nickname Romans would have given it for its broken tusk (surus or sudus being the name for a stake used in fortifications).Ido Yahalom, The Carthaginian Elephants and their Handlers: Only African Forest Elephants and Local Personnel, 2018, Folia Phoenicia
See also
References
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Further reading
- {{cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |year=2011 |title=Hannibal: The Military Biography of Rome's Greatest Enemy |publisher=Potomac Books |page=33 |isbn=978-1-59797-686-2 }}
- {{cite book |last=Kistler |first=John M. |year=2006 |title=War Elephants |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Praeger |pages=122–123 |isbn=0-275-98761-2 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Scullard |first=H. H. |year=1953 |title=Ennius, Cato, and Surus |journal=The Classical Review |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=140–142 |doi=10.1017/S0009840X00995805 |s2cid=162984205 }}
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