Suryakant Tripathi
{{short description|Indian poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Suryakant Tripathi
| birth_name = Surjokumar Tiwari
| pseudonym = Nirala
| image = File:Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'.jpg
| alt = Suryakant Tripathi
| caption = Nirala's portrait featured in Anamika c. 1923
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|02|21}}
| birth_place = Midnapore, Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|10|15|1899|02|21}}
| death_place = Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation =
{{hlist|Poet|novelist|essayist|story-writer|composer|sketch artist|translator}}
| language = {{hlist|Hindi}}
| nationality = Indian
| period = Chhayavaad
| notableworks = Ram Ki Shakti Puja (poem), Saroj Smriti (poem), Tulsidas (poem), Ravindra Kavita Kanan (essay collection), Kulli Bhat (novel), Anamika, Parimal (poetry collections)
| spouse = {{marriage|Manohara Devi|1914|1921|end=died}}
| children = 2
| signature = Suryakant Tripathi Nirala Signature.png
| native_name =
}}
Suryakant Tripathi (21 February 1899 – 15 October 1961) was an Indian poet, writer, composer, and sketch artist who wrote in Hindi. He is considered one of the four major pillars{{efn|The other three pillars of Chhayavad are Jaishankar Prasad, Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant.}} of the Chhayavad period in Hindi literature. He is renowned with the epithet Mahāprāṇ{{efn|In Indian linguistics, "Mahāprāṇ" refers to consonants that require more effort to pronounce and expel more air during articulation. These consonants are similar to aspirated consonants. Literally, when used to describe a person, ""Mahāprāṇ" means "one with great life."}} and his pen name Nirālā{{efn|Suryakant adopted his pen name while contributing to Matwala, a Hindi bi-weekly magazine first published on 26 August 1923, from Kolkata. Other contributors included writers such as Mahadev Prasad Seth, Shivpoojan Sahay, and Navjadik Lal Srivastava.}}.{{cite journal|last=Rubin|first=David|author-link=David Rubin (writer)|date=1971|title=Nirala and the Renaissance of Hindi Poetry|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=31|issue=1|pages=111–126 |doi=10.2307/2053055 |jstor=2053055 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2053055|access-date=24 July 2024}}
He possessed a mastery of traditional poetic meters, with many of his compositions adhering to these forms. Additionally, he revolutionised Hindi poetry by pioneering the use of free verse, becoming the first Hindi poet to do so. He demonstrated to readers that poetry could retain its poetic essence and rhythm even without rhyming lines.{{Cite web |url=https://oralhistory.ws/resources/the-resilient-spirit-of-suryakant-tripathi-nirala/ |title=The Resilient Spirit of Suryakant Tripathi Nirala |last=C. |first=Zachary |date=16 May 2023 |website=Oral History |access-date=24 July 2024 }}{{cite journal|last=Luniewska|first=Kamila Junik|author-link=|date=2019|title=Towards the Visual: New Genres and Forms of Storytelling in India|journal=Politeja|volume=59|issue=2|pages=149–160|doi=10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.10|jstor=26916359|doi-access=free}}
He experienced a tumultuous life, marred by family losses and societal hardships. His writings, marked by a deep affinity with nature and a critique of social injustices, established him as a prominent figure in Chhayavadi and subsequent poetic movements, connecting traditional and contemporary themes. His dedication to social reform and literary creativity highlights his significant impact on modern Hindi literature.{{cite journal|last=Varma|first=L.B.|date=1999|title=Historical significance of Nirala's writing|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=60|pages=858–862|jstor=44144156|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44144156|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726203016/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144156|url-status=live}}
Biography
Tripathi was born on 21 February 1899{{efn|The exact birthdate of Nirala remains a topic of debate. While most scholars agree on 21 February 1899, some argue that he was born on 26 January 1896. The discussion becomes even more complicated with the widely held belief that he was born on Vasant Panchami. However, neither 1896 nor 1899 had Vasant Panchami fall on 26 January or 21 February.}} at Mahishadal in Midnapore in Bengal Presidency{{cite book |title=The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566349-5 |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwaAQAAIAAJ&q=Surya+Kant+Ttipathi+1899 |quote=Sharma makes out a good case for 1899 as the year of Nirala's birth rather than 1896 or 1897, as most historians have it. |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206152849/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwaAQAAIAAJ&q=Surya+Kant+Ttipathi+1899 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Bandopadhyay |first1=Manohar |title=Lives and Works of Great Hindi Poets |date=1994 |publisher=B.R. Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7018-786-8 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OZjAAAAMAAJ&q=SURYA+KANT+TRIPATHI+21+February+1899 |quote=He was born on February 21, 1899 at Mahishadal in Mednapur |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206152850/https://books.google.com/books?id=1OZjAAAAMAAJ&q=SURYA+KANT+TRIPATHI+21+February+1899 |url-status=live }} into a Kanyakubja Brahmin family.{{cite book |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Arvind Krishna |title=Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad |date=12 December 2006 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5214-094-7 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNgvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT197 |language=en}} Nirala's father, Pandit Ramsahaya Tripathi, was a government servant and was a tyrannical person. His mother died when he was very young. Nirala was educated in the Bengali medium at Mahishadal Raj High School at Mahishadal, a princely state in Purba Medinipur.{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MahishadalRajCollege/Mahishadal_Raj_College.shtml | title = Mahishadal Raj College | publisher = College Admission | accessdate = 9 April 2019 | archive-date = 25 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190425021659/https://www.collegeadmission.in/MahishadalRajCollege/Mahishadal_Raj_College.shtml | url-status = live}} File:Nirala's name in School.jpgSubsequently, he shifted to Lucknow and thence to village Gadhakola of Unnao district, to which his father originally belonged. Growing up, he gained inspiration from personalities like Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda, and Rabindranath Tagore.
After his marriage at the age of 15, Nirala learned Hindi at the insistence of his wife, Manohara Devi. He independently started deciphering the grammar of modern standard Hindi by studying two Hindi journals available to him in Bengal: Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi's influential magazine Sarasvatī and Maryādā, edited from Varanasi.{{cite journal
| last1 = Pauwels
| first1 = Heidi
| date = 2001
| title = Diptych in Verse: Gender Hybridity, Language Consciousness, and National Identity in Nirālā's "Jāgo Phir Ek Bār"
| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society
| volume = 121
| issue = 3
| pages = 449–481
| doi = 10.2307/606672
| jstor = 606672
| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/606672.pdf
| access-date= 24 July 2024
}} Soon, he started writing poems in Hindi, instead of Bengali. After a bad childhood, Nirala had a few good years with his wife. But this phase was short-lived as his wife died when he was 22, and later his daughter Saroj also died. Nirala lost half of his family, including his wife and daughter, in the 1918 Spanish flu influenza outbreak.{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Avijit |title=How literature has helped us make sense of pandemics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-literature-has-helped-us-make-sense-of-pandemics/articleshow/74841225.cms |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605142357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-literature-has-helped-us-make-sense-of-pandemics/articleshow/74841225.cms |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Chishti |first1=Seema |title=References to death and disease in Hindi literature |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/ |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523044916/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/references-to-death-and-disease-in-hindi-literature-6357805/ |url-status=live }}
Most of his life was somewhat in the bohemian tradition. He wrote strongly against social injustice and exploitation in society. Since he was more or less a rebel, both in form and content, acceptance did not come easily. What he got in plenty was ridicule and derision. All these may have played a role in making him a patient of schizophrenia in his later life and he was admitted to Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi.{{cite news |title=निराला, नज़रुल, मजाज़ भी रहे हैं रांची पागलखाने में |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-39967752 |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=BBC |date=19 May 2017 |language=hi |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219154115/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-39967752 |url-status=live }}
Works
Nirala's early works were shaped by the literary culture of West Bengal and the influence of Rabindranath Tagore. His initial poetry reflects the Bengali Renaissance and Contextual Modernism, aligning with the mystical-romanticism, or Chhayavad, that emerged in Hindi literature in the subsequent decades. Over time, Nirala evolved a distinctive style, diverging from his early influences and exploring a range of literary genres, including free verse.{{cite book
| last = Chakravorty
| first = Swapan Kumar
| author-link = Swapan Kumar Chakravorty
| title = Nameless Recognition: The Impact of Rabindranath Tagore on Other Indian Literatures
| publisher = Director General, National Library, Kolkata
| year = 2011
| isbn = 9788185348117
| page = 78-80
}}
File:Matvala Magazine.jpg magazine (24 November 1923), featuring Nirala's poem Sandhyā Sundarī]]
Nirala's poetry illustrated a profound connection with the living spirits of nature. His mystical poems, rich with the devotion of medieval Bhakti poetry, explored nature within a metaphysical framework that aligned with his Advaita beliefs.{{cite book
| last = Priyanka
| first = Prachi
| editor-last1 = Bryson
| editor-first1 = Michael
| title = The Routledge Companion to Humanism and Literature
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2022
| isbn = 9780367494117
| pages = 129
}} While the concept of nature as a manifestation of the absolute was common among Chhayavadi poets, Nirala uniquely portrayed the natural world, not only as a female but also as a fundamentally erotic entity, as seen in works such as Sandhyā Sundarī, Jūhī kī kalī, and Yāminī jāgī.{{cite book
| last = Ritter
| first = Valerie
| author-link =
| title = Kāma's Flowers: Nature in Hindi Poetry and Criticism, 1885-1925
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| year = 2011
| isbn = 9781438435671
| pages = 230–235
}}
Nirala's poetry and prose were also deeply rooted in populism. He aimed to create a society free from exploitation, injustice, and tyranny.{{cite journal
| last1 = Patel
| first1 = Kalpesh B.
| date = 2019
| title = Evaluation of Niral's poetry in the context of populistism
| journal = International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews
| volume = 6
| issue = 1
| url = http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20544131.pdf
| access-date = 24 July 2024
}} This commitment to social reform makes Nirala the only Chhayavadi poet whose works bridge into the poetic movements of the post-Chhayavad period, such as Prayogvad and Pragativad.
His poem Rām kī śakti Pūjā explores selfless action through the struggles of Rama, serving as an allegory for broader themes of resilience and social struggle.{{cite book
| last = Pandey
| first = Ram Dal
| author-link =
| title = An Analysis of Nirala's Poem 'Rām Kī Śakti-Pūjā'
| publisher = Anuradha Prakashan
| year = 2018
| isbn = 9789386498700
| pages = 20–25
}} Saroj Smriti, written after the untimely death of his daughter Saroj, transcended his emotional outpouring with a deep sense of regret and sadness. Its subdued treatment and pensive dignity elevated it to epic stature, and it remained one of the finest elegies in Hindi literature.{{cite book
| last = Gupta
| first = Manju
|editor-last1 = Datta
|editor-first1= Amaresh
| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| year = 1988
| isbn = 9788126011940
| pages = 1149
}}
In Kukkurumuttā, he used the metaphor of mushrooms growing in lowly conditions to critique capitalism. This poem, while presenting a light-hearted narrative, contains a critical examination of socio-economic injustices.{{cite journal
|last1 = Murty
|first1 = B.S.M.
|date = 2016
|title = Kukurmutta
|journal = Indian Literature
|volume = 68
|issue = 3
|pages = 81–90
|jstor = 27309348
|url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/27309348
|access-date = 24 July 2024
|archive-date = 24 July 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240724165756/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27309348
|url-status = live
}}
Themes of minority subjectivity and social critique are also prominent in Nirala's prose writings, such as Kullī bhāṭ and Caturī Camār. These works critique entrenched hierarchies and caste-bound structures. In Kullī bhāṭ he reflects on his personal experiences, including his wife's support, his devotion to Saraswati, his encounter with Kulli - a socially disapproved man, and his commitment to Hindi literature, which collectively influenced his progressive and romantic poetics.{{cite journal
|last1 = Sharma
|first1 = Ruchi
|date = 2021
|title = A Portrait of the Artist as a Social Reformer: Nirala's A Life Misspent and "Chaturi, the Shoemaker"
|journal = Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics
|volume = 44
|issue = 4
|pages = 204–212
|url = https://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JCLA-44.4_Ruchi-Sharma.pdf
|access-date = 24 July 2024
|archive-date = 9 March 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143655/https://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JCLA-44.4_Ruchi-Sharma.pdf
|url-status = live
| last = Priyanka
| first = Prachi
| editor-last1 = Bryson
| editor-first1 = Michael
| title = The Routledge Companion to Humanism and Literature
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2022
| isbn = 9780367494117
| pages = 124–145
}}
Nirala was also a musician who composed songs using the harmonium.{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/suryakant-tripathi-nirala-the-poet-who-freed-hindi-poetry/368573/ |title=Suryakant Tripathi Nirala — the poet who 'freed' Hindi poetry|author=Unnati Sharma |date=21 February 2020 |website=ThePrint |access-date=24 July 2024}} His anthology of songs, titled Gītikā and published in 1936, features a collection of his musical works. In the preface of this book, he demonstrates his compositional skills and elaborates on the various talas and ragas suitable for his songs.{{cite book
| last = Tripathi Nirala
| first = Suryakant
| title = Geetika
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| year = 2018
| isbn = 9788171786435
| pages = 10–30
}} Over time, his works from Geetika and other anthologies have been set to music by prominent artists, including those specialising in genres of Hindustani classical music like Dhrupad, and Khayal, as well as popular music artists with a wider appeal.{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/for-the-love-of-hindi-poetry/article24640933.ece |title=For the love of Hindi poetry |author=Murtaza Ali Khan |date=9 October 2018 |website=The Hindu |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724165755/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/for-the-love-of-hindi-poetry/article24640933.ece |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://thebetterindia.com/71118/harpreet-musician-classical-hindi-poets/#google_vignette |title=What Happens When A Young Musician Gives Voice To Poets Like Nirala, Pash And Bulleh Shah |author=Manabi Katoch |date=16 October 2016 |website=The Better India |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724165755/https://thebetterindia.com/71118/harpreet-musician-classical-hindi-poets/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}
Analyses and Translations
Ram Vilas Sharma, a prominent literary critic, described Nirala's Rāma kī Śakti Pūjā, Tulsīdās, Saroj-smṛti, and Parimal as exemplary models of creative criticism. Sharma was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1970 for his scholarly work, Nirālā kī sāhitya sādhānā, which is a comprehensive three-part study of Nirala presented at a session of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan.{{cite book
| first = Sisir Kumar
| last = Das
| title = A History of Indian Literature
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| year = 1995
| pages = 908
| isbn = 978-81-7201-798-9
}}
Another critical analysis of Nirala's works is Nirala: Aatmhanta Astha, written by Doodhnath Singh, a noted Hindi writer, critic, and poet.{{cite web|title=Nirala : Aatmhanta Astha|url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/lok/literary-criticism/nirala-aatmhanta-astha|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|accessdate=14 January 2018}}
Many of Nirala's poems were translated by David Rubin, and are available in the collections, 'A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala' (Columbia University Press, 1976), included in the UNESCO Representative Works of Indian series;, 'The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets' (Oxford University Press, 1993), and 'Of Love and War: A Chayavad Anthology' (Oxford University Press, 2005).{{cite book
| last = Tripathi Nirala
| first = Suryakant
| title = A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| year = 1976
| isbn = 0231041608
}} Nirala's literary oeuvre has been the subject of extensive study, with numerous books and research papers continuing to be published today.{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/books/suryakant-tripathi-nirala-gautam-choubey-translation |title=Can a Translation Pay Fitting Tribute to a Linguistic Polymath? |author=Ashutosh Thakur |date=27 May 2024 |website=The Wire |access-date=24 July 2024}}
Honors and Legacy
File:Suryakant Tripathi 1976 stamp of India.jpg
Despite his extensive literary contributions, Nirala was not conferred with any civilian or literary awards during his lifetime, possibly due to his rebellious nature and his avoidance of gifts and honours. In 1947, the Nagari Pracharini Sabha commemorated his birth on Vasant Panchami, and the Uttar Pradesh government awarded his collection of poems, Aparā, a reward of Rs 2100. Posthumously, in 1970, Nirala was featured on a commemorative postal stamp released by the Government of India to mark his birth anniversary.{{cite web |url=http://www.indianphilatelics.com/stamps/commemorative-stamps/1975-1977/item/3833 |title=Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' |author=Praful Thakkar |date=2013 |website=Indian philately |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726203016/http://www.indianphilatelics.com/stamps/commemorative-stamps/1975-1977/item/3833 |url-status=live }}
In 1998, the Films Division of India produced a 20-minute short documentary film on Nirala's life, directed by Rajiv Kumar, which explores his works and achievements.{{Cite web|title=Suryakant Tripathi Nirala {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/suryakant-tripathi-nirala|access-date=12 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612085831/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/suryakant-tripathi-nirala|url-status=live}}
Doordarshan, the national broadcaster of India, produced a half-hour film titled Aparājeya Nirālā (lit. Unvanquished Nirala), focusing on Nirala's life. This film included songs based on Nirala's poems and featured Kathak recitals by various artists.
In 2016, Kumar Vishwas hosted Mahākavī, a television documentary series that premiered on the television channel ABP News. This series aimed to present the life stories, poems, and previously unknown facts about ten legendary Hindi poets of the twentieth century. The third episode was dedicated to Nirala, that featured Saurabh Raj Jain in the role of Nirala and included poems sung by Kumar Vishwas.{{cite web |url=http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/mahakavi-episode-3-dr-kumar-vishwas-narrates-story-of-great-poet-suryakant-tripathi-nirala-who-spent-his-life-like-fakeer-499889/ |title=Mahakavi: Episode 3: Dr Kumar Vishwas narrates story of great poet Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' who spent his life like 'Fakeer {{pipe}} |website=Abpnews.abplive.in |date=20 November 2016 |accessdate=26 April 2017 |archive-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222425/http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/mahakavi-episode-3-dr-kumar-vishwas-narrates-story-of-great-poet-suryakant-tripathi-nirala-who-spent-his-life-like-fakeer-499889/ |url-status=dead }}
Sculptures of Nirala have been installed at various cultural venues across different cities. His bust is located at his final residence in the Daraganj neighbourhood of Allahabad.{{cite web |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Nirala%E2%80%99s-Bust/10461 |title=Nirala's Bust |date=2022 |website=Sahapedia |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726171715/https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Nirala%E2%80%99s-Bust/10461 |url-status=live }} In front of the central library at Allahabad Central University stands a statue of Nirala. Additionally, a full-sized sculpture is installed at Nirala Chowk in Lucknow, which is named in his honour.{{cite web |url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/tourist-place/allahabad-central-university |title=Allahabad Central University |website=District Prayagraj |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624133445/https://prayagraj.nic.in/tourist-place/allahabad-central-university/ |url-status=live }}
In the Unnao District, a park named Nirālā Udyān, an auditorium called Nirālā Prekṣāgṛha, and a degree college known as Mahāprāṇ Nirālā Degree College have all been named in his honour.[http://unnao.nic.in/person.htm Famous Personalities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016084339/http://unnao.nic.in/person.htm |date=16 October 2013 }} Unnao district Official website.
Bibliography
The table below provides a list of Nirala's writings, with the year indicating their publication date. All the works listed here were published during Nirala's lifetime, with the exception of Sandhya Kakli. This list excludes derivative works, compilations, or anthologies, such as Raga-Viraga and Ant-Anant, which were published later and include works from earlier books.{{cite book |editor-last1=Diwakar |editor-first1=Ramdhari Singh |editor-last2=Mishra|editor-first2=Mithilesh Kumari |date= 1998 |title= Parishad Patrika |trans-title= Council's Magazine |language=Hindi|location=India |publisher=Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad |page=190}}
| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" | |||
| scope="col" class="unsortable" | S.No.
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Title ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Year ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Context/Note | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"| Poetry | |||
| 1 | Anamika (I) | 1923 | |
| 2 | Parimal | 1930 | |
| 3 | Geetika | 1936 | Anthology of songs |
| 4 | Anamika (II) | 1939 | Contains Ram Ki Shakti Puja and Saroj Smriti |
| 5 | Tulsidas | 1939 | Based on Tulsidas |
| 6 | Kukkurmutta | 1942 | |
| 7 | Anima | 1943 | |
| 8 | Bela | 1946 | |
| 9 | Naye Patte | 1946 | |
| 10 | Apara | 1946 | Edited by Mahadevi Varma |
| 11 | Archana | 1950 | |
| 12 | Aradhana | 1953 | |
| 13 | Geet Kunj | 1954 | |
| 14 | Sandhya Kakli | 1969 | Posthousmously published |
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Novels | |||
| 1 | Apsara | 1931 | |
| 2 | Alka | 1933 | |
| 3 | Prabhavati | 1936 | |
| 4 | Nirupama | 1936 | |
| 5 | Chameli | 1939 | Incomplete |
| 6 | Choti ki pakad | 1946 | |
| 7 | Kale Karname | 1950 | |
| 8 | Indulekha | 1960 | Incomplete |
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Story collection | |||
| 1 | Lilly | 1934 | |
| 2 | Sakhi | 1935 | |
| 3 | Sukul ki Bibi | 1941 | |
| 4 | Chaturi Chamar | 1945 | |
| 5 | Devi | 1948 | |
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Sketch story | |||
| 1 | Kulli Bhat | 1939 | Some scholars consider it as a novel |
| 2 | Billesur Bakriha | 1942 | -do- |
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Essay Collections | |||
| 1 | Ravindra Kavita-Kanan | 1924 | Critical analysis of Tagore's poetry |
| 2 | Prabandha Padma | 1934 | |
| 3 | Prabandha Pratima | 1940 | |
| 4 | Pant aur Pallav | 1949 | Based on Sumitranandan Pant's anthology Pallav |
| 5 | Chayan | 1950 | |
| 6 | Chabuk | 1957 | |
| 7 | Sangrah | 1962 | |
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | Historical Prose | |||
| 1 | Bhakta Dhruva | 1931 | |
| 2 | Bhisma | 1933 | Based on Bhisma |
| 3 | Maharana Pratap | 1935 | Based on Maharana Pratap |
| 4 | Bhakta Pralada | 1936 | Based on Prahlada |
| 5 | Mahabharata | 1939 | Simplified retelling of the Mahabharta |
| 6 | Ramayana ki antarkathaye | 1946 | Based on the Ramayana |
In addition to these works, Nirala also translated numerous texts from Bengali into Hindi. The following list highlights these translations.
- Anand Math (आनन्दमठ)
- Vish-Vriksh (विष वृक्ष)
- Krishnakant ka Vil (कृष्णकांत का विल)
- Kapalkundala (कपाल कुण्डला)
- Durgesh Nandini (दुर्गेश नन्दिनी)
- Raj Singh (राज सिंह)
- Raj Rani (राज रानी)
- Devi Chaudharani (देवी चौधरानी)
- Yuglanguliya (युगलांगुलीय)
- Chandrasekhar (चन्द्रशेखर)
- Rajni (रजनी)
- Sri Ramkrishna Vachnamrit (श्री रामकृष्ण वचनामृत)
- Bharat mein Vivekanand (भारत में विवेकानंद)
- Rajyog (राजयोग)
References
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Notes
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External links
- [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%22%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%22 Nirala at Kavita Kosh] – A large collection of Hindi Poetry
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Category:Hindi-language writers
Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district
Category:People from Prayagraj
Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh
Category:Poets from West Bengal
Category:Writers from West Bengal
Category:Writers from Prayagraj
Category:20th-century Indian poets