Susan Stover

Stover earned her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Washington State University in 1976. She then completed an internship and residency in equine surgery at UC Davis. After working in private practice in Washington state, she returned to UC Davis where she became board certified by the American College of Veterinary Surgeons.{{cite web|title=Merial-NIH National Veterinary Scholars Symposium|url=https://merial.vet.ohio-state.edu/sites/merial.vet.ohio-state.edu/files/imce/2016%20Merial-NIH%20final%20updated%207-22.pdf|website=merial.vet.ohio-state.edu|access-date=9 August 2016|page=31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915011319/https://merial.vet.ohio-state.edu/sites/merial.vet.ohio-state.edu/files/imce/2016%20Merial-NIH%20final%20updated%207-22.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2016}} In 1987, she earned her Ph.D. in comparative pathology,{{cite web|title=Name droppers: UCD equine surgeon earns national honor|url=http://www.davisenterprise.com/features/name-droppers/name-droppers-ucd-equine-surgeon-earns-national-honor/|publisher=The Davis Enterprise|accessdate=8 August 2016|date=11 December 2014}} doing orthopedic research into dorsal metacarpal disease in Thoroughbred racehorses, colloquially known as "bucked shins".

In 2010, Washington State University presented Stover with the Distinguished Veterinary Alumnus Award for Excellence in Teaching and Research after two students that she mentored received James Wilson Awards for the Best Equine Publication by a resident or graduate student, in addition to her own distinguished research.{{cite web|title=Veterinary Executive Report|url=https://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/docs/librariesprovider16/docs-newsletter/advance/springsummer2010.pdf?sfvrsn=2|website=vetmed.wsu.edu|accessdate=8 August 2016|date=Spring–Summer 2010}}

In 2013, UC Davis honored her with the 2013 Alumni Achievement Award "for her contributions to veterinary orthopedic research, particularly toward understanding musculoskeletal injuries of racing horses and improving racetrack safety."

In 2014, she received a Founders Award from the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) in recognition of her wide-ranging orthopedic research, from studies of equine and small animal surgery, to basic bone biology, musculoskeletal diseases and human orthopedics. The ACVS also noted that she had provided clinical training to 26 ACVS residents, was a research advisor for 37 ACVS residents and was an orthopedic research supervisor of 79 graduate academic and 36 DVM students. Of her trainees, 29 went on to hold faculty positions. Colleagues stated: "I believe Dr. Sue Stover's contributions to the advancement of equine musculoskeletal health and injury prevention can only be described as monumental," and "I would consider this level of advanced training to veterinarians and ACVS residents as unparalleled."{{cite web|title=2014 Founders Award – Stover|url=https://www.acvs.org/sites/default/files/files/Awards/2014-Founders-Award-Stover.pdf|website=acvs.org|accessdate=8 August 2016}} She was the first female surgeon and ninth overall to be so recognized.{{cite web|title=Hall of Fame honor for renowned equine veterinarian|url=http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2016/08/06/hall-of-fame-renowned-equine-vet/|website=Horsetalk.co.nz|accessdate=8 August 2016|date=6 August 2016}}

In 2016, Stover received the Lifetime Excellence in Research Award from the American Veterinary Medical Association. "Throughout her distinguished career, Dr. Stover has played a pivotal role in improving our understanding of performance-related injuries in racing horses," said Dr. Joe Kinnarney, president of the AVMA.{{cite web|title=Dr. Susan M. Stover receives the 2016 AVMA Lifetime Excellence in Research Award|url=https://www.avma.org/News/PressRoom/Pages/Dr-Susan-M-Stover-2016-AVMA-Lifetime-Excellence-Research-Award.aspx|website=American Veterinary Medical Association|accessdate=8 August 2016}} In August, the University of Kentucky announced that she had been selected for induction into their Equine Research Hall of Fame in Lexington.{{cite web|title=University of Kentucky to Honor Vet Stover|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/213919/university-of-kentucky-to-honor-vet-stover|website=bloodhorse.com|accessdate=26 August 2016}}

In 2022, Stover delivered the Frank J. Milne State-of-the-Art Lecture at the annual American Association of Equine Practitioners conference, titled “Skeletal Injuries in Equine Athletes: Pathogenesis and Training Concepts for Injury Prevention.” This lecture is highly attended and only speakers with a profound impact on equine medicine are selected to deliver it.{{cite web |last1=Warren |first1=Rob |title=Dr. Sue Stover Delivers Milne Lecture at AAEP |url=https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/news/dr-sue-stover-delivers-milne-lecture-aaep |website=UC Davis Veterinary Medicine News |date=20 November 2022 |access-date=1 February 2024}}

{{As of|2024}}, Stover is a professor at UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, teaching musculoskeletal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathology to veterinary students. She is also the Director of the J. D. Wheat Orthopedic Research Laboratory, and has over 200 research publications.

Stover is known internationally for her research into equine bone development and its response to repetitive use. In 1994, she published a study on catastrophic breaks of the humerus in racehorses, showing they were most often preceded by stress fractures. She then systematically identified similar stress fractures underlying the development of most performance-related fractures in equine athletes.

Another study showed that the risk of a thoroughbred suffering a catastrophic injury was increased by a factor of 16 if the horse was wearing high toe grabs (a cleat on the front of the horseshoe designed to improve traction) on the front feet.{{cite web|last1=Marquardt|first1=Lucas|title=Is this the death of synthetic racing?|url=http://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/pdf/magazine/Synthetics-Aug2014.pdf|website=thoroughbreddailynews.com|accessdate=9 August 2016}} In 2008, the graded stakes committee of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association adopted a rule that limited the allowable height of toe grabs on racetracks that hold graded stakes races.{{cite web|title=Graded Stakes Tied to Adoption of Rules|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/152749/graded-stakes-tied-to-adoption-of-rules|website=bloodhorse.com|accessdate=13 August 2016}}

In response to the breakdowns of Barbaro and Eight Belles in Triple Crown races, Stover was asked to testify before the House Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection on the topic "Breeding, Drugs and Breakdowns: The State of Thoroughbred Horseracing and the Welfare of the Thoroughbred" in June 2008. She stated that although the rise in breakdowns was "devastating", there were promising initial results from the switch in California to synthetic dirt surfaces. "Given time, I'm optimistic we can prevent many more injuries," she said.{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=James M.|title=Racing's reformation?|url=http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/racings-reformation?id=&sk=&date=&pageID=2|website=veterinarynews.dvm360.com/|accessdate=8 August 2016}}

Subsequent data from the Equine Injury Database showed that the synthetic surfaces were significantly safer to racehorses. For the period of January 1, 2009 through January 31, 2013:

• For synthetic tracks, the rate was 1.22 breakdowns per 1,000 starts.
• For turf courses, the rate was 1.63 per 1,000.
• For dirt surfaces, the rate was 2.08 per 1000.

Stover helped develop a "track in a box" to see how simulated hoof impacts are affected by different surfaces. Stover said, "In the laboratory, many new factors — for example, new surfaces and horseshoes — can be studied that optimize traction while reducing injury risk. Laboratory studies also control the environmental circumstances, thus avoiding the confounding of the results incurred by the multiple environmental variants in natural racetrack settings."{{cite web|title=Funding for New Racetrack Surfaces Study|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/148326/funding-for-new-racetrack-surfaces-study|website=bloodhorse.com|accessdate=13 August 2016}} Roughly 50% of catastrophic breakdowns involve the fetlock joint, which connects the pastern and cannon bone. When a hoof strikes a racing surface, there is some slide, which helps reduce impact forces in excess of 10,000 Newtons but increases the risk of hyperextension of the joint. If the slide is too short, fractures of the first phalanx (P1) may result. This happens most frequently on turf and may be associated with studs on the horseshoe.{{cite web|title=Restricting Foot Slide Causes P1 Fractures|url=https://www.americanfarriers.com/articles/7977-restricting-foot-slide-causes-p1-fractures|website=www.americanfarriers.com|accessdate=26 August 2016}} On the other hand, Stover said that "the more hyperextension the fetlock undergoes, the higher the stresses that are put on the structures that are failing. If we can show that certain surfaces minimize hyperextension, they should minimize catastrophic injuries."

Despite the improved safety record, several tracks (including Santa Anita, Del Mar and Keeneland) that installed synthetic surfaces in the mid-2000s had switched back to natural dirt by 2015, a change that made Stover ask, "Are we making decisions based on scientific evidence, or things we don’t know much about?" She added, "From my perspective, synthetic tracks are still safer. If we modify a surface, it affects every horse that’s training or racing, and we have the opportunity to make a difference – a big difference – to those horses."

In addition to racing surface and horseshoeing, Stover helped identify other risk factors for the development of fractures, including:{{cite journal|last1=Anthenill, L. Stover, S. M., Gardner, I., Hill, A.|title=Risk factors for proximal sesamoid bone fractures associated with exercise history and horseshoe characteristics in Thoroughbred racehorses|journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research|date=July 2007|volume=68|issue=7|pages=760–71|doi=10.2460/ajvr.68.7.760|pmid=17605612|url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/17605612/Risk-factors-for-proximal-sesamoid-bone-fractures-associated-with-exercise-history-and-horseshoe-cha|accessdate=26 August 2016|doi-access=free}}

• sex – intact males are more likely to breakdown than geldings or females
• career length – the risk of breakdown is higher for horses that have spent more time in active training and that have had a long gap since their last layup
• exercise pattern – higher exercise intensities over the course of a year also present a significant risk factor

Her research has helped lead to better early detection, monitoring of at risk-horses and changes to training methods. These include:{{cite journal|last1=Stover|first1=Susan M.|title=The epidemiology of Thoroughbred racehorse injuries|journal=Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice|date=December 2003|volume=2|issue=4|pages=312–322|doi=10.1053/j.ctep.2004.04.003}}{{cite web|last1=Ferraro|first1=Gregory L.|title=Ask the Vets: New Data on Racehorse Injury Prevention|url=http://archive.ctba.com/01magazine/jun01/askthevet.pdf|publisher=California Thoroughbred|access-date=26 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918184441/http://archive.ctba.com/01magazine/jun01/askthevet.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2016}}

• shoeing the horse to make sure the angle of the heel is not too low
• engaging in more frequent but shorter high speed works
• avoiding too much high speed distance activity over short periods of time
• recognizing horses with mild injuries and giving them time to recover

Studies directed by her have also led to improvements in surgical repair methods in both large and small animals.{{cite web|title=2013 Alumni Achievement Awards|url=http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whatsnew/article.cfm?id=2726 |website=UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine|accessdate=8 August 2016}} She is also involved in research regarding the association between the development of osteoporosis in horses and the inhalation of cytotoxic silicate-laden soil.

Stover is the author or co-author of over 200 research publications, including:

• {{cite journal|last1=Stover, S. M., Johnson, B. J., Daft, B. M., Read, D. H., Anderson, M., Barr, B. C., ... Ardans, A. A.|title=An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in racehorses|journal=Equine Veterinary Journal|date=1992|volume=24|issue=4|pages=260–263|url=https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026888958&origin=inward&txGid=0|doi=10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02831.x|pmid=1499531}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Johnson, B.J., Stover, S.M., Daft, B.M., (...), Woods, L., Stoltz, J.|title=Causes of death in racehorses over a 2 year period|journal=Equine Veterinary Journal|date=1994|volume=26|issue=4|pages=327–30|doi=10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.x|pmid=8575402}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Kane, A.J., Stover, S.M., Gardner, I.A., (...), Read, D.H., Ardans, A.A.|title=Horseshoe characteristics as possible risk factors for fatal musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses|journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research|date=1996|volume=57|issue=8|pages=1147–52|doi=10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.08.1147 |pmid=8836365}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Estberg, L., Stover, S.M., Gardner, I.A., (...), Stoltz, J., Woods, L.|title=Relationship between race start characteristics and risk of catastrophic injury in Thoroughbreds: 78 cases|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|date=1998}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Stover|first1=Susan|title=The epidemiology of thoroughbred racehorse injuries|journal=Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice|date=2003|volume=3|issue=4|pages=312–322|doi=10.1053/j.ctep.2004.04.003}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Stover, S. M., Murray, A.|title=The California Postmortem Program: leading the way|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice|date=2008|volume=24|issue=1|pages=21–36|doi=10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.009|pmid=18314034|url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/18314034/The-California-Postmortem-Program-leading-the-way}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Pollock, S. Hull, M. L., Stover, S. M., Galuppo, L. |title=A Musculoskeletal Model of the Equine Forelimb for Determining Surface Stresses and Strains in the Humerus—Part I. Mathematical Modeling |journal=Journal of Biomechanical Engineering |date=2008|volume=130 |issue=4 |page=041006 |doi=10.1115/1.2898726 |pmid=18601448 }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Setterbo, J., Garcia, T., Campbell, I., Reese, J., Morgan, J., Kim, S., Hubbard, M., Stover, S. M.|title=Hoof accelerations and ground reaction forces of Thoroughbred racehorses measured on dirt, synthetic, and turf track surfaces|journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research|date=2009|volume=70|issue=10|pages=1220–9|url=http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/19795936/Hoof-accelerations-and-ground-reaction-forces-of-Thoroughbred-racehorses-measured-on-dirt-synthetic-|doi=10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1220|pmid=19795936|doi-access=free}}

Stover has also authored five book chapters:{{cite web|title=Susan Stover – UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty|url=http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/faculty/results.cfm?fid=13064|website=UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine|accessdate=26 August 2016}}

• {{cite book|author1=Stover, Susan|editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=N. Edward|editor2-last=Sprayberry|editor2-first=Kim A.|title=Robinson's Current Therapy in Equine Medicine.|date=2014|publisher=W B Saunders Co|isbn=9781455745555|pages=879–885 |location=St. Louis, MO|chapter-url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9781455745555#ancs17|chapter=Stress Fracture Diagnosis in Racehorses}}
• {{cite book|author1=Stover, Susan|editor1-last=Moore|editor1-first=Nathaniel A.|editor2-last=White|editor2-first=James N.|title=Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness|date=1998|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia, Pa. |isbn=0721646018|chapter=Stress Fractures}}
• {{cite book|author1=Stover, Susan|editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=N. Edward|title=Current therapy in equine medicine 3|date=1992|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0721634753|edition=3rd|chapter=Dorsal metacarpal disease}}
• {{cite book|author1=Stover, Susan|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=Bradford P.|title=Large animal internal medicine|date=1990|publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis|isbn=0801650623|chapter=Bucked shins and stress fractures of the metacarpus in the horse}}
• {{cite book|author1=Stover, Susan|editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=N. Edward|title=Current therapy in equine medicine 2|date=1987|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0721614914|chapter=Pre- and post-operative management of the colic patient}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Susan+Stover Publications authored by Susan Stover – PubFacts]
• [https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/susan-m-stover/publications/ Susan Stover – Research Output – UC Davis]
• [https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005343052 Susan Stover – Scopus]

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